COMPLETE AP VERGIL VOCABULARY a, ab Abas
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COMPLETE AP VERGIL VOCABULARY a, ab from, away from, by Abas 1. an Argive King 2. a friend of Aeneas abdo put away, hide, shut up abeo go away, depart, withdraw, deviate abies spruce, fir abluo wash off, purify; cleanse abnuo refuse, decline, reject abripio snatch away, snatch, seize abrumpo break off, destroy, violate abscessus departure, absence abscondo put away, conceal, hide absens absent, distant, left behind absisto withdraw, depart from; cease; abstineo hold back, refrain abstrudo thrust away; hide absum be absent or away from; be wanting ac same as atque – and, and also Acamas one of the Greeks at Troy accedo come or draw near, go to, approach accendo set on fire; inflame; arouse; inspire accingo gird, equip, make ready accipio receive, accept, admit, welcome accumbo recline at, take one’s place at the table accumulo heap up, honor acer sharp, keen, fierce, violent acervus pointed pile, heap Acestes king of Sicily Achates Aeneas’s constant companion Acheron river of the underworld Achilles greatest of the Greek heroes at Troy Achivus Greek, pl. Greeks acies sharp edge, battle line, keen vision acutus sharpened, sharp, pointed, jagged ad to, toward, near, at, by addenseo thicken, pack densely addo give in addition, put to, add, lend adeo to that degree, so adeo adire – go to, approach, reach visit, encounter, meet adfligo shatter, cast down adflo breath upon, inspire adfluo flow to, come to adfor address, speak to adgredior approach, go to adhuc hitherto, till now, as yet adicio throw at, add adigo drive to, drive, hurl, force adimo take to oneself, take away, snatch away aditus approach, audience, entrance adiuro call to witness, swear by adiuvo aid, assist, help adlabor glide to adloquor admiror admoneo admoveo adnitor adnuo adoro adquiro adservo adsiduus adsisto adspecto adspicio adsto adsum adsurgo adultus advena advenio adversor adversus adverto advolo advolvo adytum Aeacides aedes aedifico aeger aemulus Aeneadae Aeneas Aeneius aenum aenus Aeolia Aeolides Aeolus aequaevus aequo justice to aequor aequus aer aeratus aereus aerius aes aestas aestus aetas aeternus aether aetherius address, speak to wonder at, be surprised at warn admonish, remind move or bring to, offer strive, lean on nod assent, promise pray to, worship, adore acquire, gain guard, watch constant, unceasing stand by, attend; make a stand look at, look towards, overlook look at, observe, inspect stand near; be at hand, look on; stand up be present, be at hand, near rise up, stand up, rise adult, full grown stranger, foreigner come to, come oppose, resist turned toward, opposing, facing, adverse turn toward, give heed, note, notice fly to, fly towards roll to or toward sanctuary, shrine, tomb descendant of Aeacus, i.e. Achilles hearth; pl. apartments; house, dwelling build, construct sick, diseased, weary, weak rivaling, competing followers of Aeneas hero of the Aeneid of Aeneas kettle, cauldron of bronze, brazen an island near Sicily, abode of Aeolus son or descendant of Aeolus god of the winds of the same or equal age make equal, adjust, equal, match, do the sea, surface of the sea, a level surface even, level, just, fair air, breeze, mist, cloud made of or covered with bronze; brazen made of or plated with bronze; brazen airy, high, lofty, towering copper, bronze summer, summer air heat, flame; tide, sea, flood age; old age; years, time everlasting, eternal upper air, ether; air; sky, heaven of the ether, of heaven 2 aevum age, time; old age Africa Northern Africa Africus the southwest wind Agathyrsi people of Scythia Agenor a king of Phoenicia and ancestor of Dido ager field, land agger heap, mound; elevation; dike; rampart aggero heap up, increase agitator driver, charioteer agito drive with violence; chase, torment, harass agmen army (on the march), column, train, formation, rank, line agnosco recognize ago drive, do, pursue, conduct imp – Come! Aiax one of two Greek heroes 1. son of Telamon 2. son of Oileus ait says, asserts ala wing, pinion alatus winged Alba Alba Longa, an ancient city of Latium Albanus of Alba, Alban Alcides descendant of Alcaeus, i.e. Hercules ales winged, as noun-winged creature, bird Aletes a friend of Aeneas alienus another’s, foreign aliqui some, any aliquis someone, anyone aliter otherwise alius another, other, else alligo bind, tie, fasten, imprison almus nourishing, fostering, propitious, kindly alo nourish, feed, encourage, strengthen, rear Alpinus of the Alps, Alpine altaria altar alter one of the two, the other alterno do by turns; waver, hesitate alternus one after the other; in turn altus high, lofty; deep, profound; as noun altum – the sea, heaven alumnus nursling, foster-child, child, son alvus belly, body amarus bitter, unpleasant, unwelcome Amazonis an Amazon ambages turning, winding; riddle, mystery; details ambio go around, surround, encircle, approach ambo both; tow ambrosius ambrosial, diving; immortal; lovely amens senseless; frantic, distracted; amazed amicio throw around; wrap, envelop amictus cloak, mantle, robe; veil amicus friendly; as noun - friend amitto lose, send away; let go amnis river, stream; torrent amo love, cherish, like amor love, affection, fondness; as person Cupid amplector enfold, embrace, wind about amplus grand, roomy, spacious; splendid, glorious Amycus king of the Bebrycians or friend of Aeneas an or Anchises Aeneas’s father Anchisiades descendant of Anchises ancora anchor Androgeos son of Minos, king of Crete; or Greek hero slain at Troy anguis serpent, snake angustus narrow, as noun – narrow place anhelus panting, heaving anima breath, breath of life; life, existence; shade, soul spirit animus soul, spirit, heart, courage, daring, feeling Anna Dido’s sister annalis annual, yearly annosus aged, old annus year ante before, in front of, previously antefero put before, carry before Antenor Trojan leader, founder of Patavium Antheus friend of Aeneas antiquus of olden times, ancient, aged, former antrum cave, cavern, grotto aper wild boar aperio open, uncover, disclose, reveal apex tip, point, summit apis bee Apollo god of music and prophecy appareo appear, be disclosed, be seen appello drive to, bring to apto fit, adjust, equip aqua water Aquilo the north wind, wind aquosus watery, rainy, rain-bearing ara altar arbor tree, trunk, shoot arboreus treelike, branching arbos see arbor Arcades Arcadians Arcadius of Arcadia arcanus secret, hidden arceo bind, confine, keep off, debar arcesso cause to come, call, summon Arctos the North arcus bow, rainbow, curve, bend ardens burning, blazing, fiery, flashy ardeo be on fire, burn, blaze 3 arduus argentum Argivus Argolicus Argos arguo aridus aries arma armatus armentum armiger armo armus aro arrigo ars artifex artus arvum arx Ascanius ascendo Asia aspecto aspectus asper aspicio asporto Assaracus ast astrum asylum at ater Atlas atque Atrides Agamemnon atrium attollo attonitus attono auctor audens audeo audio aufero augur augurium aula Aulis aura steep, high, lofty, towering silver; silver plate Greek, Argive of Argos, Greek Greek prove, reveal, betray dry, parched ram, battering ram arms, weapons; tools, equipment armed, equipped cattle for plowing; herd, drove armor-bearer equip, arm shoulder; flank plow, till; inhabit direct to, raise, uplift skill, dexterity; art; practice artist, artisan, contriver joint, limb, frame, body plowed land, cultivated field, field citadel, fortress, stronghold; hill, peak Aeneas’s son climb, mount, ascend Asia Minor look at, gaze at; face sight, view, appearance rough; thorny, jagged; harsh look at, look upon, behold; regard carry away; carry off former king of Troy, Anchises’ grandfather but; yet, at least star; pl. heaven place of refuge; sanctuary but; yet, at least black, dark, sable, dusky; gloomy mt. in N. Africa; personified as giant and, and also; but, than descendant of Atreus, especially or Menelaus court, hall, atrium, room lift up, raise up; rear thunderstruck; awed, amazed, dazed thunder at, stun; strike with awe father, progenitor, producer daring, bold, courageous dare, venture, risk hear, listen to take away, carry off, withdraw, remove seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur the observance of omens, augury court, yard, inner court town on the coast of Boetia air, breeze, wind, blast aureus auricomus auriga auris Aurora morning aurum Ausonius auspex diviner, augur auspicium from birds auster aut autem Automedon auxilium avarus aveho avello Avernus underworld) averto avidus avis avius avus axis bacchor Bacchus balteus barba barbaricus Barcaei beatus bellatrix bello bellum bene benignus bibo bidens biformis bigae biiugus bini bipennis biremis bis bonus Boreas bracchium brattea golden, of gold golden-haired, with golden foliage charioteer, driver ear morning, dawn, personified as goddess of gold Ausonian, Italian an interpreter of omens given by birds, divination by the flight of birds, augury the south wind or; aut…aut= either…or however, on the other hand Greek charioteer of Achilles help, aid, assistance greedy, covetous carry away, take away tear away, pluck, snatch away a lake near Cumae (entrance to the turn away, avert, remove eager, greedy, desirous bird out of the way, remote, trackless grandfather axle, heaven, open sky celebrate the festival of Bacchus god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele belt, sword-belt beard foreign, strange, barbaric inhabitants of Barce, a town in Libya happy, blessed, fortunate female warrior wage war, war war well, agreeably kind, good, friendly, pleasing drink a sheep, (literally-having two teeth) of double form, two-shaped a team of two horses, a two-horse chariot two yoked together two by two, two each a two-edged axe, double axe, battle-axe a ship with two banks of oars twice, double good the north wind, the North arm; the fore-arm thin plate of leaf or metal; metal 4 brevis short, brief bruma winter brumalis wintry bulla knob, stud, bubble, Byrsa citadel of Carthage cado fall, fall down, descend cadus jar, urn caecus blind caedes killing, slaughter, carnage caedo cut, cut down, strike, kill caelestis of heaven, from heaven, as noun – the heavenly bodies caelo engrave, carve caelum sky, heaven, the heavens Caesar Augustus or Julius Caicus friend of Aeneas Caieta town on the coast of Latium calcar spur caleo glow, be hot, be warm calidus warm, hot callis a path, mountain-path calor heat, warmth, glow campus field, plan, level place candeo shine, glitter, glisten canis dog cano sing, sound, play canorus melodious, harmonious cantus song, singing canus white, hoary capesso seize eagerly, snatch at, lay hold of capio seize, grasp, capture capra she-goat captivus prisoner, captive capulus hilt caput head, the summit, person Capys friend of Aeneas or king of Alba carbasus canvas, sail carcer prison, jail cardo hinge careo lack, be free from carina keel; ship carmen song, poem, verse carpo pluck, pick, tear away carus dear, precious, valued Cassandra daughter of Priam and priestess of Apollo castigo correct, chastise, blame, chide castra military camp casus fall, falling-down, ruin, failure caterva crowd, troop, throng Caucasus chain of mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas causa cause, reason, motive cautes crag, pointed rock caverna cave, cavern, grotto cavo hollow out, excavate cavus hollow, excavated Cecropidae Athenians (descendants of Cecrops, founder of Athens) cedo go from, remove, withdraw, abandon celebro frequent, crowd, throng, practice, celebrate celer quick, swift, speedy celero quicken, hasten, accelerate cella store-room, cell, sanctuary celo hide, conceal from, elude, cover celsus lofty, elevated, towering centum 100 Cerealis sacred to Ceres Ceres daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture cerno separate, distinguish, discern, perceive certamen contest, struggle, strife certo fight, contend, struggle certus determined, resolved, fixed, certain cerva hind, deer (female) cervix neck, nape cervus stag, deer (male) cesso delay, loiter, do nothing ceteri the others, the rest ceu as, like, just as Chalcidicus of Chalcis, of Cumae chlamys mantle, military cloak chorus troop of dancers, chorus cieo cause to go, move; rouse, stir, call cingo equip, gird oneself; surround, encircle cingulum belt, girdle cinis ashes circa around, round about, near circum around, all around circumdo surround, place around, encompass circumspicio look about, observe circumsto stand around, surround circumvenio encircle, be around circumvolo fly around Cithaeron mountain sacred to Bacchus cithara lute, cithara cito quickly citus quick, swift, rapid civis citizen clam secretly, covertly clamo shout, call, cry out clamor shout clarus clear, bright, famous classis fleet, division claudo shut, close, enclose claustrum bar, bolt, barrier clipeus round shield 5 Cloanthus Clonus Cocytus coeo coepi coetus Coeus cognomen cognosco cogo colligo collis collum colo colonus color coluber columba columna coma comes comitatus comitor commendo comminus commisceo committo commoveo communis como compages compello complector compleo compono comprendo concedo concha concido concilio concio conclamo concludo concresco concurro concursus concutio condensus condo confido confio confundo friend of Aeneas Clonus, a craftsman river of the underworld come together, meet, assemble begin, commence assemblage, crowd, company one of the Titans surname, second-name, family-name ascertain, understand, learn, know collect, compel, force, urge gather, collect; assemble hill neck till, care for, cultivate; honor, love farmer, settler color, hue, tint snake, serpent dove, pigeon pillar, column, post hair; foliage friend, companion, comrade escort, crowd, retinue accompany, attend, follow commit, entrust; command hand to hand, in close contest, near mix, mingle together, unite join, commit, fight, entrust, practice shake, stir, trouble; displace, carry away common, general, universal comb, arrange, braid joint, structure accost, address; reproach, rebuke clasp, embrace, grasp fill, fill up, cram collect, lay; put to rest, quiet take hold of, seize, grasp withdraw; grant; permit shell fall, collapse bring together, unite move violently, shake shout, acclaim; call loudly close, shut up; restrain, limit, restrict grow together, harden; take form, grow assemble, gather, battle, fight throng, mob, tumult, concourse shake, agitate, shock dense, close, thick, crowded found, establish, build trust, confide, rely on be arranged, be accomplished mingle, mix, blend; pour out congero accumulate congressus conicio coniugium coniungo coniunx conlabor conor conscendo conscius consido consilium consisto conspectus conspicio consterno constituo consulo consultum consumo consurgo contendo conticesco contiguus contingo concern continuo contorqueo contra contraho contrarius contundo conubium convallis convecto convello convenio converto convexum convivium convolvo coorior copia cor coram corneus cornu corona corpus corripio corrumpo corruo bring together, collect; construct, meeting, assembly, conference throw, hurl, thrust; conclude, infer marriage, union join, unite, gather spouse, husband, wife fall in ruins, crumble, sink try, attempt, begin climb, ascend, mount witnessing, privy, knowing, conscious settle, sit down, sink down council, plan, stratagem stand still, halt, stop, make a stand sight, view, presence perceive, observe, look at strew, pave, cover decide, establish, determine reflect, deliberate, consider, resolve decree, decision; deliberation use up, eat, devour rise, stand up, arise strain, hasten, press on; fight fall silent, become still bordering, neighboring, adjoining happen; touch, take hold of, seize, touch, immediately, without delay turn, twist, twirl against, opposite, facing collect, assemble, accomplish opposite, contrary, opposed beat, crush, pound marriage valley, ravine carry together, heap together tear away, pull off, wrest, rend gather, assemble turn round reverse; change, alter hollow, cavity, recess feast, banquet roll together, roll around, fasten together stand up, arise, appear plenty, supply, pl. troops heart in the presence of, openly of horn horn, antler; trumpet garland body seize, snatch, grasp; attack destroy, ruin, lay waste; corrupt fall down, tumble, sink 6 corusco coruscus costa cothurnus crastinus crater creber credo crepito crepitus cresco Cresius Cretes Creusa crinis crispo cristatus croceus crudelis cruentus cruor cubile cubitum culmen culpa cum although Cumae Cumaeus cumulo cumulus cunctor cunctus cuneus cupido son cupio cur cura curo curro currus cursus curvus cuspis custos Cyclopius cycnus Cyllenius birthplace Cymothoe Cynthus and Apollo vibrate, tremble, shake, brandish flashing, gleaming, glittering rib hunting boot, buskin tomorrow’s mixing bowl frequent, thick, close believe, trust, confide in rattle, creak, rustle rattling, creaking grow, increase, rise Cretan Cretans, people of Crete Aeneas’s wife hair swing, brandish crested, tufted, plumed yellow, golden, saffron-colored cruel, unfeeling, hard spotted with blood, bloody, stained blood, bloodshed, gore couch, bed, marriage-bed elbow top summit, roof, gable fault, error, blame, guilt, failure prep. with, conjunction when, since, town on the coast of Campania of Cumae heap, accumulate, pile, overload heap, pile, mass, surplus delay, linger, hesitate all, entire, all together a wedge desire, wish longing; as a person-Venus’s long for, desire, wish why? anxiety, distress, care, concern care for, take pains with, attend to run, hasten chariot, car, wagon running course, a run, journey crooked, curved, bent point, spear, javelin, lance guard, overseer, protector of the Cyclops swan Mercury; mountain in Arcadia, his a sea nymph mountain in Delos, the birthplace of Diana Cythereus of Cythera (island in the Aegean near Venus’s birthplace) Daedalus famous artisan, father of Icarus damno condemn, convict, blame Danaus of Danaus (famous Greek king) pl. the Greeks daps feast, banquet Dardanides descendants of Dardanus, i.e. Trojans Dardanius Trojan, of Dardanus Dardanus of Dardanus, Trojan Daunus early king of Apulia de from, away from, down from; concerning, according to dea goddess debello subdue, quell, vanquish debeo owe, be in debt; ought decedo go away, withdraw, depart decerpo pluck off, tear away, break decet it is fitting, it is proper decipio catch, ensnare, entrap; deceive declino bend aside, tear away; deflect decurro run down, hasten decus grace, glory, honor deduco lead away, escort, turn aside, drive off defendo defend, protect defensor protector, defender defero bear, carry; report defessus tired, weary, exhausted deficio revolt, desert; fail defigo fasten, fix, plant defluo glide down, fall, descend deformo disfigure, spoil, mar defungor discharge, perform, finish degener degenerate, unworthy dehinc henceforth, hereafter, next, then dehisco part, divide, split open deicio throw down, cut down, destroy deinde then, next, thence Deiopea a nymph Deiphobus son of Priam deligo choose, select, designate Delius of Delos; of Apollo Delos island in the Aegean, birthplace of Apollo delubrum temple, shrine, sanctuary demens insane, demented, mad, raving, foolish demitto let down, drop, let fall, shed demo take away, take off, subtract demum at length, at last, finally deni ten each, ten at a time denique and thereafter, at last, at length, finally dens tooth densus thick, close, dense, compact depascor to eat up, feed on 7 deprecor deripio desaevio descendo descensus describo desero deserta desertus desilio desino desisto despecto despicio destruo desuetus desum desuper detineo check detorqueo detrudo dispossess deus devenio devolo dexter Diana hunt dicio control dico dico Dictaeus dictum Dido dies difficilis diffugio diffundo dignor dignus digredior dilabor disperse diligo dimoveo dirigo diripio dirus Dis discerno discessus avert by prayer, deprecate, seek to avoid tear off, tear away, pull down rage, rave furiously go down, climb down, descend way down, descent transcribe, write down; describe leave, forsake, abandon, desert waste lands, wilderness deserted, solitary, lonely jump down, leap down, dismount stop, desist, cease cease, desist from despise, look down on despise, look down on, disparage tear down, raze, demolish disused, unfamiliar, obsolete be away, be absent, fail, be missing from above, from overhead hold back, hold off, keep back, detain, bend aside, turn off, twist thrust away, push down, dislodge, god, deity come, arrive, reach fly down right, to the right; skillful sister of Apollo; goddess of the moon and dominion, sovereignty, sway, authority dicere - say, speak, sing, describe, name dicare - dedicate, consecrate, devote of Dicte, a mountain in Crete assertion, remark, saying queen of Carthage day difficult, hard, troublesome fly apart, disperse, scatter pour out, pour forth; spread deem worthy, honor, deign worthy, deserving, suitable, fitting, proper go apart, separate, part, go away, depart go to pieces, melt away, dissolve, scatter, value, esteem, prize, love; approve part, separate, divide direct tear apart, ravage, spoil, plunder, pillage ominous, fearful, awful, dreadful, horrible Pluto, god of the underworld separate, divide; distinguish, discern departure, farewell, removal discolor of another color, not of the same color; of different colors discrepo differ in sound, be different, vary discrimen interval, distance, distinction, difference; decisive moment, crisis disicio drive asunder, scatter, route; ruin, destroy disiungo sever, divide, separate, estrange dispello scatter, disperse dissimulo disguise; dissemble, hide, conceal, pretend dissulto fly in pieces, break apart distendo swell, stretch out, extend diu for a long time, all day, continually diva goddess divello tear apart, separate violently, tear, wrest diversus contrary, opposite, diverse, different dives rich, wealthy, opulent divido divide, force asunder, part, distribute divinus divine divus of a deity, godlike, divine do give, appoint; grant, bestow; emit, utter doceo teach, instruct, inform doleo grieve, suffer, be in pain, lament Dolopes a people of Thessaly dolor pain, suffering, anguish, distress, grief, trouble dolus trickery, artifice; guile, deceit, deception dominor have dominion, domineer, rule dominus lord, master, ruler, owner domo domesticate, tame, break, subdue, conquer domus house, home, dwelling, building donec while, as long as; until, at length donum gift, present Doricus Doric; Grecian dorsum back; cliff dotalis of a dowry, dotal draco serpent, large serpent, dragon Dryopes people in Epirus dubius doubtful, uncertain, wavering duco lead, lead away, guide, conduct, prolong; choose ductor leader, commander, general dulcis sweet, agreeable, delightful, agreeable dum while; with subjunctive=until duo two duplex twofold, double duplicatus doubled duro harden, solidify; wait, persevere, hold out durus hard, harsh, vigorous; pitiless, unyielding dux leader, guide, general e, ex out of, from; of; since; according to eburnus of ivory 8 ecce edax edo educo effero efferus efficio effingo effodio effor effugio effundo egenus egeo ego egredior land egregius ei eicio elabor elephantus Elissa emico eminus emitto emo emoveo en Enceladus enim eniteo eno ensis enumero eo Eous Epeos epulae epulor eques equidem equus Erebus ergo eripio free erro error erubesco eruo et etiam behold! look! greedy, voracious, devouring eat, consume draw out, take away; bring up, rear carry out, take away; bear, produce very wild, fierce, savage bring about, effect, cause, produce wipe clean; form, fashion, mould dig out, mine, excavate utter, tell, speak out get away, escape; flee from pour out, pour forth; abandon needy, necessitous, destitute be needy, want, lack, have need I to out, come forth, go away; disembark, distinguished, excellent, eminent oh! alas! eject, expel; banish, drive away slip away, glide off, escape ivory; an elephant another name for Dido spring out, break forth, leap up aloof, at a distance send out; hurl, cast discharge buy, purchase, procure move out, move away, expel lo! behold! see! a giant for, namely, that is to say shine forth, gleam swim out,; fly sword count out; recite, recount, describe go, walk, ride, sail, move of dawn, eastern, oriental one of the Greek fighters at Troy banquet, feast; sumptuous foods dine, feast, banquet horseman, rider indeed, truly horse god of darkness; the underworld therefore, consequently, accordingly tear out, wrest, pluck tear; rescue deliver, wander, stray, roam; be in error wandering, winding, meandering, maze grow red, blush, feel ashamed throw out, take; destroy completely and, also also, too, even; still Etrusci the Etruscans Euboicus of Euboea (an island in the western Aegean) Europa Europe Eurotas a river in Laconia Eurus southeast or east wind Eurytides son of Eurytus evado get away, escape; disembark Evander leader of the Arcadians; Pallas’s father evanesco vanish, pass away, disappear eveho carry out, proceed, advance evenio come out; happen, result eventus outcome, result end, consequence everto overturn, turn upside down; overthrow, destroy evinco overcome, conquer, subdue evoco call out ex out of, from exanimus lifeless, dead exaudio hear clearly, distinguish excedo leave, depart, go out excidium overthrow, demolition, ruin, destruction excido excidere, excididi - cut out, hew out excido excidere, excidi – fall out, slip out excio call out, summon, rouse, awaken excipio take out, withdraw; take up, catch, receive exclamo call out, cry aloud, exclaim excubiae watching, keeping watch, watchmen excudo strike out, hammer out; prepare, make excutio shake out, shake off; discard, remove exeo go out, depart, withdraw; escape exerceo employ, busy; occupy exhalo breath out, exhale exhaurio exhaust, empty; take away exigo drive out expel; determine, ascertain exiguus small, little, scanty eximo take away, remove; free, release, deliver exin then, after that, next exitialis destructive, fatal, deadly exitium destruction, ruin exitus departure; death; conclusion exordium beginning; introduction exorior come out, rise, appear; begin exosus hating, detesting expedio extricate; explain, make clear; arrange expendo weigh out, weigh; reckon, account; estimate, consider experior try, prove, test, endure; know by experience expiro breathe out expleo fill up, fill, stuff; pass over, go through; satisfy, appease 9 exploro search out, investigate, explore exposco beg, request, entreat, implore expromo express, state; exhibit, show, display exquiro seek out; implore exsanguis bloodless, lifeless; pale, wan exscindo extirpate, annihilate, destroy exsequor follow; fulfill; relate, describe exsertus bare, uncovered; projecting exsilium exile, banishment exsolvo deliver, free, set free, liberate exspecto look out for, await, expect exstinguo put out, quench, extinguish; abolish, destroy annihilate exstruo pile, heap up; build up exsulto leap up, jump up; boast, indulge exsupero mount up, tower; pass over; excel exta guts, internal organs extemplo immediately, without delay extendo spread, extend; lengthen; continue externus external; foreign, strange exterritus terrified, dismayed; made wild exterus outside, outer extremus outermost, utmost, farthest; remotest; tip exuo take off, pull off; put away, lay aside exuviae spoils; relics; skin fabricator builder, contriver fabrico build, make, construct, erect facesso perform, execute, accomplish facies appearance, form, shape facilis easy facio make, do, produce, build factum deed, act, achievement fallo trip, fall;err, mistake, deceive oneself falsus deceptive, false, spurious, delusive fama report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition Fama fames famula far fas permitted fastigium fatalis fateor fatigo fatisco fatum faux fax felix femina femineus personification of above hunger female slave, maid-servant type of grain; sacrificial meal divine law; with est=it is lawful, it is top, summit; roof, battlement fatal, decreed, ordained, destined confess, grant, acknowledge tire, weary, fatigue, vex, harass fall apart, tumble to peaces prediction; fate throat; entrance torch, flame happy, fortunate; auspicious woman, female womanly, feminine femur thigh fenestra window, opening fera wild beast, wild animal ferina venison, game; wild animal flesh ferio strike, beat; kill fero bring, carry, bear, wear; report; offer ferox wild, bold, warlike ferrum iron; iron tool; sword ferus wild, untamed, uncultivated ferveo glow, steam; burn, rage, rave fervidus glowing, fiery, hot, vehement fessus tired, fatigued, weary festino hurry, hasten festus festive, joyful, merry fetus filled with, pregnant fetus fetus, m. young, offspring; fruit, growth fibula clasp, buckle, fastening, brooch fictus feigned, fictitious, false fides faith, loyalty, belief, reliance; trustworthiness fiducia trust, confidence fidus loyal, faithful, credible figo fix, fasten; pierce filius son filum thread, string fingo arrange, touch; suppose, think, conceive finis end, boundary, limit; pl. territory fio passive of facio – become, be made firmus strong, steadfast, enduring fissilis cleft, easily split, fissile flamen priest; also wind, gale flamma flame, blaze; flame of passion; flammo kindle, inflame, blaze, burn flatus blowing, breath, snorting flavus golden, yellow, reddish yellow, flaxencolored flecto turn, bend, bow; avert; avoid fleo weep, cry, lament, wail fletus weeping, wailing, lamenting floreo bloom, blossom, flower; flourish floreus flowery flos flower, blossom fluctus wave, tide, billow, surge fluentum stream, flood flumen stream, river fluo flow, pour, throng fodio dig, dig up; stab foedo make foul, defile, pollute foedus foederis, n. alliance, compact; marriage contract foedus foul, filthy, repulsive; disgraceful folium leaf 10 fomes kindling-wood, tinder fons fountain, spring, source for speak, say; prophesy foris door, entrance forma form, shape; beauty formica ant fors chance, luck, fortune forsan perhaps forsitan perhaps, it may be that fortis brave, strong, courageous fortuna fortune, chance, luck fortunatus lucky, happy, fortunate foveo cherish, fondle, caress fragor crashing, crash, noise; thunderclap fragrans fragrant, sweet-smelling frango break, shatter, fracture; crush, dishearten frater brother fraternus brotherly, fraternal fraudo cheat, defraud, rob fraus cheating, deceit, fraud fraxineus ashen, of ash wood fremo roar, resound, howl; applaud; grumble because of freno curb, bridle, restrain, check frenum bridle, curb, bit; restraint frequens regular, constant, repeated; with a throng fretus leaning, supported, relying frigidus cold, cool, chilling frigus coldness, cold, chilliness; cold shudder frondens in leaf, becoming green, leafy frondesco put forth leaves; shoot frondeus covered with leaves, leafy frons frontis, f., front, facade; forehead; expression frons frondis, f., leafy branch, foliage, bough frumentum grain, harvested grain frustra in vain, for nothing frustum piece, bit frux fruit, produce fucus drone fuga flight, rapid motion fugio flee, run away, escape fugo cause to flee, put to flight fulcio prop up, support fulgeo flash, glitter, gleam, shine fulmen lightning flash; thunderbolt fulvus deep yellow, reddish yellow, tawny fundamentum foundation fundo fundere – pour, pour out, shed; spread fundo fundare – found, begin; fix, confirm fungor be engaged, perform, discharge funis rope, cord funus funeral procession, funeral rites, burial; death, murder furiae the three goddesses of vengeance, the furies furibundus raging, mad furious furo rage, rave, be out of one’s mind furor raving, rage, madness, fury, passion furtim stealthily, secretly, furtively furtivus stolen, secret, hidden, concealed, furtive furtum theft, robbery; secret action, crafty deceit Gaetulus of the Gaetuli, a N. African tribe galea helmet Gallus of Gaul, Gallic Ganymes Ganymede, Trojan prince, made Jupiter’s cupbearer Garamantis of the Garamantes, a N. African tribe gaudeo rejoice, be glad gaudium joy, delight gaza treasure gelidus icy cold, icy, frosty geminus twin gemitus groan, sighing, complaint gemo groan, sigh, lament; bewail gena cheek genetrix mother genitor father gens race, clan; descendant, offspring genu knee genus race, stock, family; birth, noble birth; descendant germana sister germanus brother gero bear, carry, wage gesto bear, carry, wear, wield gigno give birth to, produce, bear, bring forth glacies ice Glaucus Lycian ally of the Trojans glomero collect; gather gloria Gnosius gradior gradus Graius gramen grandaevus grandis grando grates gratus gravidus gravis gremium glory, fame, honor, praise of Gnosus, a city in Crete step, walk to, advance step, pace, gait, walk; pl. steps Greek grass; plant, herb aged, old full-grown, grown up, old hail, hailstorm thanks, thanksgiving dear, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable filled, full, swollen heavy, weighty, burdened lap, bosom 11 gressus step, course, way grex flock, herd, drove, swarm Gryneus of Grynia, site of a temple of Apollo gurges whirlpool, gulf gusto taste, enjoy Gyas friend of Aeneas habena rein habeo have, hold, support, carry; consider, regard habilis manageable, suitable, fit, proper habitus appearance, presence; dress, attire hactenus thus far, to this place, so far; till now haereo cling, stick, be fastened; linger, pause Halaesus Halaesus, (Italian warrior, enemy of the Trojans) halitus breath, exhalation halo breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant Hammon Libyan god identified with Jupiter harena sand; shore, beach harenosus sandy, full of sand Harpalyce Thracian princess, famous huntress and warrior harundo reed; arrow hasta spear, lance, javelin hastile spear-shaft, javelin-shaft haud not, not at all, by no means haurio drain, shed; pluck out, swallow, devour, consume Hebrus a river in Thrace Hecate goddess of the underworld Hector Troy’s champion, son of Hector Hectoreus of Hector Hecuba Priam’s wife herba grass, turf heres heir, successor heros hero, demigod Hesperia Western Land, Italy Hesperius western, Hesperian; Italian heu alas ! heus hey! ho! hibernus wintry, of winter hic adv. here hic, haec, hoc this, the latter hiems winter, winter time hinc from this place, hence; on either side homo person, human being, man honor honor, repute, esteem, distinction honos hora horrendus horrens horreo same as honor hour dreadful, terrible, fearful bristly, shaggy, rough stand on end, bristle; tremble, dread horresco rise on end, stand erect; shudder, tremble horridus terrible, wild, savage horror shaking, trembling, shudder; dread, terror, horror hortor urge, press, incite, encourage, exhort hospes host, guest, visitor, friend hospitium hospitality, friendship hospitus hospitable; strange, foreign hostia victim, sacrifice, sacrificial animal hostilis enemy’s, hostile hostis enemy, foe, stranger huc to this place, hither; to this point, so far humilis lowly, humble, needy, poor humo bury, inter humus earth, ground, soil hymenaeus wedding, marriage ceremony Hyrcanus people near the Caspian Sea iaceo lie, be prostrate, lie at rest iacio throw, hurl, scatter iacto throw out; consider, discuss; pronounce, utter, speak iaculor throw, hurl iam now, at this time, already; with a neg., longer, more iamdudum long since, long before, for some time now ianua door, entrance Iarbas king of the Gaetuli iaspis jasper (green precious stone) ibi there, in that place; thereupon ibidem in the same place Icarus Daedalus’ son (flew too high) ico strike, hit, stab, sting ictus blow, stab, cut, wound Ida mt. near Troy; also mt. in Crete idem the same ideo therefore, for that reason ignarus ignorant, inexperienced, unaware ignavus lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish igneus fiery, on fire, burning-hot ignis fire ignobilis unknown, undistinguished; of low birth, ignoble ignotus unknown, strange, unrecognized; unfamiliar ilex oak, holm-oak Ilia another name for Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus Iliacus of Ilium, Trojan Ilias a Trojan woman ilicet at once, immediately Ilioneus spokesman for the Trojans 12 Ilium Ilius ille illic illinc illuc Illyricus Ilus king of Troy imago Imaon imbellis imber immanis immemor immensus immergo immineo immitis immitto immolo immotus impar impello imperditus imperium sovereignty impius implacabilis impleo implico impono imprimo engrave improbus improvidus impune imus in inanis incautus incedo incendo incertus incessus incesto incido incido incipio includo inclutus incognitus Troy of Ilium, Trojan that; he, she, it there, in that place from that place, thence to that place, thither of Illyria, region east of the Adriatic Ascanius’ previous name; also an early image; ghost, vision; reminder an Italian friend of Halaestus unwarlike, unfit for war rain; the sea, water huge; monstrous, frightful unmindful, heedless immeasurable, boundless, huge dip, immerse, submerge overhang, command rough, harsh, severe send in, admit; let go, loose sprinkle with sacrificial meal motionless; unmoved, steadfast, firm uneven, unequal; overmatched strike against, strike, push; set in motion not destroyed, not slain command, order; supreme power, irreverent, wicked, impious implacable, irreconcilable fill, sate, satisfy entangle, entwine, embrace, grasp place upon, put on press upon, press against; emboss, wicked, shameless, bad off guard; reckless, careless without punishment, with impunity lowest, deepest, last acc. into, to; against; abl. in, on, upon useless, empty, meaningless incautious, inconsiderate, heedless advance, march, proceed set fire to, burn; rouse, incite unsettled, doubtful, uncertain walking, pace, gait; step pollute, defile incidere, incisus – cut into, cut through incidere – fall, sink, strike begin shut up, confine, enclose famous, renowned unknown, untraced incubo lie upon, rest on; brood over, watch jealously over incultum wasteland, wilderness incumbo lean press; bend to; oppress incuso accuse, blame incutio strike into, inflict; produce indago surrounding, encircling inde from there, thence; thereafter indebitus not owed, not due indigena native, indigenous Indiges deified hero, patron deity indignor deem unworthy, despise, resent indignus unworthy, undeserving; shameful indulgeo concede, grant, allow induo put on assume; clothe, dress; pierce inermis unarmed, defenseless iners helpless, weak, unarmed inexpertus without experience, untested inextricabilis inextricable, not to be unraveled infabricatus unshaped, rough, unwrought infandus unspeakable, abominable infectus not one, unaccomplished infelix unfortunate, unlucky, miserable; barren infensus hostile, inimical inferior lower, further down; inferior infernus lower, under; underground infero bring to, carry in, wage; advance (refl.) infestus made unsafe, disturbed; hostile, dangerous infigo fasten, implant, affix; nail to inflammo set on fire, kindle; inflame, excite inflecto bend, bow, curb; change, affect, alter infrenus unbridled infundo pour in, pour upon; pour out, throw ingemino redouble, repeat, reiterate ingemo groan over, sigh at, lament, bewail ingens huge, vast, enormous; extraordinary ingredior advance, go forward; undertake inhio gape, gaze, gaze at inhospitus inhospitable inhumatus unburied inimicus hostile, unfriendly, hateful; damaging iniquus uneven; unequal; hurtful iniuria injustice, wrong; harsh treatment inlabor glide in; flow in, penetrate inlido dash against, push against innecto twist, entangle, weave; bind; contrive inno swim in, float upon; sail, navigate innuptus unmarried; a virgin inopinus unexpected inops helpless, weak inquit says, said inreparabilis irreparable, irretrievable 13 inrito incite, excite, provoke inrumpo break in, burst into inruo rush in, invade insania madness, folly insanus insane, mad; outrageous, excessive inscribo inscribe; mark insequor follow after, come next; proceed, go on insidiae snare, trap; artifice insignis distinguished, remarkable, prominent insinuo creep in; penetrate, enter insomnium dream insono resound; crack inspicio look into, inspect; examine inspiro blow upon, inspire; instill instar image, likeness, in the form of instauro establish, ordain; renew; celebrate; refresh instituo put in place, fix, set; establish insto stand upon, take a position; press, pursue instruo draw up, array; prepare, equip insuetus unaccustomed, unused insula island insum be in, be upon insuper above, on top, overhead insuperabilis insurmountable, invincible insurgo rise up, pull (with oars) intactus untouched, undefiled intendo stretch out, extend; increase intento aim, direct, wield intentus attentive, intent, waiting, eager inter between, among interea meanwhile interfor interrupt interfundo flow between; pour between interimo take away; destroy, slay, kill interior inner, interior, middle interpres interpreter, explainer; mediator interrumpo break off, interrupt, break off intexo weave in, interweave intimus innermost, deepest, intimate intono thunder; resound, rattle; cry out intorqueo twist, wind about, wrench intra within, during intractabilis unmanageable, intractable intro go into, enter; penetrate intus inside, within, closer inultus unavenged inutilis useless, inexpedient invado enter; assault, attack, invade invalidus infirm, impotent, weak inveho carry in; ride into; drive over invenio find, meet with; discover invictus unconquered, unsubdued; inexorable invideo invidia inviso invisus invitus invius involvo envelop Iovis ipse ira Iris is, ea, id iste ita Italia Italus iter iterum iuba iubar iubeo iudicium iugalis team iugo iugum Iulius Iulus iungo Iuno Iuppiter iuro ius iussus iustus Iuturna iuvenalis iuvencus iuvenis person iuventa iuventus iuvo iuxta Karthago labefacio labo labor hardship labor lacrima lacrimo look askance at, envy; hinder, prevent envy, grudge, jealousy look after, visit hated, hateful, detested unwilling, reluctant impassable, insuperable; inaccessible roll; cover, overwhelm; wrap, enfold, Jove, Jupiter himself, herself, itself anger, fury, hate goddess of rainbow, also a messenger he, she it that (of yours) – often contemptuous thus, as follows, in that way Italy of Italy, Italian journey, passage, march, route, course again, a second time, once more mane; crest radiance, light, splendor order, tell, command judgment, sentence yoked together; matrimonial; as noun - a marry, bind yoke, collar; summit, ridge; bonds name of a Roman clan another name for Ascanius join, unite, connect goddess of marriage; wife of Jupiter Jupiter, king of the gods swear, take an oath; swear right, justice, duty order, command, decree just, righteous; fair sister of Turnus youthful, juvenile young bullock young, youthful; as a noun – young youth youth; the young, young people help, aid, assist, serve; delight near to, next to; in like manner Carthage, an ancient city in N. Africa shake, loosen totter, waver, shake laboris – labor, toil, exertion; suffering, labi – slip, glide, slide, move; sink, fall tear shed tears, weep 14 lacus laedo laena laetitia laetus grateful laevus lambo lamentabilis lamentum lampas languidus Laocoon lapis largior largus lassus latebra lateo escape notice Latini Latinus Latium Latona latus latus laudo Laurens laurus laus Lausus Lavinia Lavinium Lavinius laxo laxus legifer lego Lenaeus lenio lenis lentus leo letalis letum levis levo lex libo libro Liburni Libya Libycus opening, lake injure, hurt, wound, damage; insult mantle, shawl, cloak joy, happiness joyous, happy, delighted; pleasant, left; unfavorable lick, touch mournful, lamentable wailing, moaning, weeping, lamentation light, torch, lamp languid, dull, sluggish; faint, feeble Trojan priest of Apollo stone give bountifully, bestow, impart abundant, copious, plentiful; flood faint, weary, tired hiding-place, retreat lie hid, be concealed; keep out of sight, the people of Latium king of Latium, father of Lavinia district in Italy south of the Tiber mother of Diana and Apollo adj. broad, wide, extensive noun. side, flank praise, honor, extol of Laurentum, a town in Latium a bay tree, laurel tree praise, commendation, glory, fame son of Mezentius (Turnus’ Etruscan ally) daughter of Latinus town in Latium of Lavinium extend; open, loose, release; relieve, free loose, open roomy; yielding law-giving gather, collect, choose, pick; survey of Bacchus, god of wine soften, mollify, soothe; appease, pacify soft, smooth, mild, gentle pliant, flexible; slow, lingering, lazy lion deadly, fatal, mortal death, annihilation light, swift, quick; smooth lift, raise, elevate law, precept, regulation, principle taste, sip; pour out, offer as a libation poise, balance; brandish people of N. Illyria region of N. Africa of Libya licet lignum ligo lilium limbus limen limes lingua linquo liquidus lito litus lituus loco locus longaevus longe longus loquor lorica lorum lubricus Lucifer luctor luctor luctus lucus ludibrium ludo lumen luna lunatus luo lupa lustro lustrum wilderness lux luxus magnificence Lyaeus Lycia Lycius Lycus Lydius lympha lynx Machaon machina macto sacrifice macula maculosus it is permitted, it is allowed wood, firewood, timber tie, bind lily border, hem, edge, fringe threshold, door; house, dwelling path, passage, road; boundary, limit tongue, language go away, leave, depart from, abandon fluid, liquid; clear, bright, transparent make an acceptable sacrifice seashore, beach crooked staff; trumpet, cornet place, put, lay; establish place, spot; position aged, ancient far, far off; for a long period long, extended speak, talk, say, tell; declare coat of mail, leather cuirass leather thong; pl. reins slippery, slimy morning star wrestle; struggle, contend wrestle, struggle, strive, contend sorrow, mourning, grief sacred grove plaything, sport play; mock light; pl. eyes moon half-moon shaped, crescent-shaped loose, wash away; atone for, expiate she-wolf review, observe, examine; illuminate period of five years; wood, forest light, brightness; pl. heavenly bodies excess, indulgence, luxury; splendor, Greek name for Bacchus region in SW Asia Minor of Lycia friend of Aeneas of Lydia water, clear water, spring water lynx one of the Greek fighters at Troy machine, engine; device honor, glorify, extol; kill, slaughter; offer, spot, mark, stain; blot spotted, speckled 15 madeo be wet, drip, flow Maeonius of Maeonia, a province of Lydia; Lydian maereo mourn, grieve, lament maeror mourning, sadness, grief maestus sorrowful, dejected, despondent magalia huts mage more magis more magister master; pilot; captain magistratus magistrate, public official magnanimus great, high-minded magnus large, great, huge, mighty; important Maia Mercury’s mother, daughter of Atlas maiestas greatness, majesty malo prefer, rather malus evil, wicked bad; hostile mamma breast mandatum order, command, charge mando entrust, deliver; order, command maneo remain, stay manes departed spirit, ghost, shade manifestus clear, plain, apparent manus hand; band troop; handiwork Marcellus 1. Roman war hero 2. Son of Octavia mare sea maritus husband, married man marmor marble marmoreus of marble, marble Marpesius of Marpesia, a mt. in Paros Mars god of war Massyli the Massylians, a people of N. Africa mater mother; native land maternus maternal maturo hasten, hurry Maurusius of the Mauri, a people of N. Africa Mavors Mars Mavortius of Mars; warlike meatus motion, movement meditor consider, meditate, contemplate medius the middle of, middle medulla marrow mel honey membrum limb, member; pl. bodies memini remember, recollect Memnon king of Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Aurora memor mindful, remembering memorabilis memorable, remarkable memoro mention, recount, speak of, tell Menelaus king of Sparta, Helen’s husband mens mind, intellect; memory; feeling; heart mensa table; meal mensis month mentior lie, cheat, deceive, pretend; lie about mentum chin mercor trade, purchase, buy Mercurius messenger of the gods; son of Jupiter and Maia mereo deserve, merit, be entitled to mereor deserve, merit, be entitled to meritum merit, service, kindness, benefit meritus deserving, proper meta end, boundary, limit; goal, turning post metallum metal metuo fear, be afraid metus fear, dread, apprehension meus my, mine mico gleam, glitter, flash; shake tremble migro depart, remove, migrate, go away miles soldier milia thousands mille one thousand minae threats; pinnacles Minerva Roman name for Athena, goddess of household crafts ministro attend, serve; provide, furnish Minoius of Minos (king of Crete) minor project; threaten, menace Minotaurus the Minotaur, half man half bull minus less mirabilis wonderful, marvelous, amazing miror wonder, marvel at, be astonished mirus wonderful, marvelous, astonishing misceo mix, mingle, intermingle Misenus friend of Aeneas, a trumpeter miser wretched, miserable, poor, sad miserabilis miserable, pitiable misereor fell pity, have compassion miseror lament, commiserate; pity missilis that may be thrown; as noun – javelin, darts mitesco grow mild, be tamed, be civilized mitra headband mitto send, let go; throw; dismiss Mnestheus friend of Aeneas mobilitas activity, mobility modo merely, only; just now, lately modus measure; way, manner; method moenia walls, ramparts; walled city moles mass, weight; greatness; difficulty, labor, trouble molior exert, strive toil; build; rouse mollio soften, soothe; tame, restrain mollis yielding, soft, tender, gentle moneo advise, warn, admonish monimentum same as monumentum 16 monitus warning, reminding, admonition mons mountain, hill; mass, heap monstro point out, exhibit, indicate, inform; urge, advise monstrum divine omen, portent; monster, a horrible sight monumentum monument, memorial; token, remembrance mora delay, procrastination; obstruction, hindrance moribundus dying, at the point of death morior die, expire; decay, wither moror delay, stay, remain, linger mors death morsus bite, biting mortalis mortal, transient mos practice, custom, habit; institution motus movement, motion; moved moveo move, remove, shake; excite, arouse, agitate mox soon, afterwards mugitus bellowing, lowing, mooing mulceo soothe, soften, caress, flatter multiplex manifold, far more; varied multus much; many (pl.); great, high, abundant munio fortify, build; guard, secure munus service, office; burial muralis of a wall, mural murex purple dye; sharp stone murmur murmur, roar, growling, grumbling, crash murus wall, city wall Musa a muse, one of the nine Muses muto change, transform; exchange Mycenae city of Argolis, where Agamemnon ruled Myrmidones Myrmidons, people of Thessaly nam for namque for narro tell relate, make known; describe, mention nascor be born, begin life; proceed nata daughter nato swim, float natus born, made, destined, intended; a son nauta sailor, mariner navigo sail navis ship ne not; do not; -ne – whether, or nebula mist, vapor, fog, smoke nec and not, also not; neither...nor necdum nor yet, and not yet nectar nectar, drink of the gods; honey necto bind, tie, fasten; join nefandus unspeakable, heinous, abominable nefas sin, crime, wickedness nego deny, say...not, refuse nemus wood, grove, forest Neoptolemus Pyrrhus, son of Achilles nepos grandson, descendant Neptunus Neptune, god of the sea neque same as nec, and not, also not; neither...nor nequiquam in vain, without reason nescio not know, be ignorant nescius ignorant, unaware neu and not, and that not, lest nexus death, murder, slaughter ni if not, unless, that not niger black, dark nigrans black, dark nihil nothing nimbus rain storm, black cloud; cloud nimium too much, too; greatly niteo shine, glitter nitidus shining, glittering, bright nitor lean, support oneself; strive; rely niveus snowy nix snow; white hair no swim, float; fly, sail nocturnus nocturnal, by night nodo tie in a knot nodus knot; impediment Nomas Numidian nomen name; title non not, by no means nondum not yet nos we, us nosco know, learn noster our; ours notus known, famous, customary Notus south wind; the winds novem nine novo make new, renew, renovate novus new, young, fresh; novel nox night; death noxa hurt, harm, injury nubes cloud, mist, vapor nubila clouds nudo lay bare, expose, uncover nudus naked, bare, unclothed; destitute nullus no, none; worthless; no one num interrogative particle expecting a no answer numen divinity, divine, power; a god or goddess numerus number, quantity Numidae Numidians, a people of N. Africa numquam never nunc now 17 nuntia female messenger nuntio announce, declare, report nuntius messenger, reporter; message, report, command nurus daughter-in-law nusquam nowhere, in no place nutrimentum fuel, nourishment nutrix nurse, wet-nurse nympha nymph o O! oh! ob on account of, because of obeo go, go to meet; travel; engage in; surround obicio offer, present obiecto oppose; expose, endanger obiectus opposition; opposing obitus setting; downfall, ruin, death obliviscor forget obmutesco be silent; become silent obnitor struggle with, strain against oborior arise, appear, spring up obruo overwhelm; sink, submerge obscurus dark, shady, obscure; unknown observo watch, note; guard, observe obsido beset, besiege obstipesco become senseless, be struck dumb obsto oppose, stand in the way obstruo build up, block; stop, hinder, impede obtestor call as a witness, appeal to, implore obtutus gaze, contemplation obverto turn towards, face obvius in the way, meeting; against, opposite occasus downfall, destruction; falling, setting occido fall, perish; end, die occulo cover, conceal occulto hide, conceal occumbo die oceanus great sea, the ocean ocior swifter oculus eye odi hate, dislike odium hatred, ill-will odor smell, scent, odor odorus scented, fragrant offero present, offer, show Oileus father of Ajax oleo smell, emit a smell olim once, formerly; one day olle same as ille Olympus Mt. Olympus, home of the gods omen omen, sign, portent omnino completely, entirely omnipotens almighty, omnipotent omnis all, every, whole onero load, burden, fill, weigh down onus load, burden onustus loaded, burdened, laden opaco make shady, shade, provide shade opacus shady, shaded; pl. shady places operio cover, cover over opertum secret place opimus rich, abundant; spolia opima-arms won by a general from a general opperior wait, wait for, attend oppeto encounter; die oppono oppose; expose oppositus opposed, opposite opprimo press down, crush ops aid, help, assistance; means, wealth, resources opto choose, prefer opulentus wealthy, opulent opus work, labor toil; structure artistic work ora shore, coast; border, edge, rim orbis circle; world; shield Orcus god of the underworld; the underworld ordior begin, commence ordo row, line, series; line, rank; troop, company Oreas a mountain nymph orgia orgies, night festival of Bacchus Oriens dawn; east, the orient origo beginning, start, birth Orion a constellation orior rise, appear; be born, originate; rise, come forth ornus wild ash tree oro beg, plead; pray, beseech; speak Orontes friend of Aeneas Orpheus famous mythological bard ortus rising; sunrise os mouth; face, expression osculum kiss ostendo show, point out, display ostento exhibit, show; hold up ostium door; mouth, entrance ostrum purple otium leisure, free time; rest, repose, quiet ovo exult, rejoice, triumph pabulum food, food for cattle, fodder paciscor agree, stipulate; bind Pallas Greek goddess Athena Pallas ally of Aeneas, son of Evander palleo to grow pale, pale, blanch pallidus pale, colorless palma palm, flat hand; palm tree, palm 18 palus pando Paphos par Parcae parco parens pareo pario Paris paro pars partior partus parum parvulus parvus pasco Pasiphae passim pastor Patavium patefacio pateo pater patera patesco patior patria patrius pauci paulum pavidus pavor pax pectus pecus pecus pedes pelagus Pelides pellis pello pelta Penates pendeo pendo penetrabilis penetralia penetralis penetro penitus penna swamp, marsh spread out, extend; open, lay open city in Cyprus equal, even; well-balanced the Fates spare, use moderately; abstain, refrain parent appear, be visible; obey, submit, comply give birth, produce; create, accomplish Helen’s abductor; son of Priam prepare, arrange, make ready part, portion; side share, distribute, divide birth, delivery too little, insufficiently very small, little; young small; short, brief feed, nourish; graze wife of Minos and mother of the Minotaur spread, scattered, in every direction shepherd, herdsman Patavium, the modern Padua lay open, throw open; disclose be open, stand open father, sire bowl, saucer be opened; stretch out, extend bear, support, suffer, endure native land, own country; home fatherly; traditional few a little, somewhat trembling, fearful, timid trembling, shaking, terror peace, reconciliation breast, chest, heart pecudis, f., a head of cattle, beast pecoris, n., cattle; drones; flock foot soldier sea son of Peleus, Achilles hide, skin, pelt beat, strike, knock; drive out light shield, half-moon shaped shield, pelt household gods, gods of the state hang, be suspended; loiter suspend, weigh; ponder, consider penetrable, piercing inner rooms, inner parts inward, inner penetrate, enter; pierce inwardly, deeply; thoroughly feather, plume; pl. wings Penthesilea peplum per means of perago peragro percutio pereo pererro perfero report; bear perficio perfidus perflo perforo perfundo Pergama Pergameus pergo perhibeo periculum perimo Periphas perlabor perlego permisceo permitto pernix perpetuus perrumpo persentio persolvo persono pertaedet pertempto overwhelm perterritus pervenio pes pestis peto phalanx battalion pharetra Phoebeus Phoebus Phoenices Phoenissa Phoenix Phryges Phrygius Phthia piaculum queen of the Amazons robe, mantle through, along; throughout, during; by thrust through, pierce; review; accomplish wander through, travel, pass through strike through, pierce, transfix; slay, kill perish, pass away, be destroyed wander through, roam over; survey bring home; reach the mark; carry, bring; accomplish, achieve; execute, complete dishonest, treacherous, perfidious blow over, blow through bore through, pierce, perforate pour over, drench; scatter over, besprinkle Troy Trojan proceed, go on, hasten bring forward; say, assert; call, name danger, peril, risk annihilate, destroy, prevent a Greek slip through, glide over examine thoroughly, survey, peruse mix together, mix thoroughly; mingle hand over, entrust, surrender; allow nimble, swift; persistent continuous, unbroken; forever break through, force a way through feel deeply; perceive clearly unravel, solve; render thanks; fulfill resound, reecho it wearies, disgusts, makes sick prove thoroughly, test; try severely, terrified reach, arrive; attain foot; sheet destruction, ruin, plague; curse, bane seek, aim at; attack; scan phalanx, compact armed formation, quiver of Phoebus (Apollo) Apollo Phoenicians of Phoenicia; as noun - Dido Greek leader Trojans, Phrygians Phrygian, Trojan district of Thessaly offering, sacrifice; remedy 19 picea pictura pietas piget pineus pingo pinguis pinifer pinna piscosus pius placeo placidus placo plaga plangor planta plenus pluma plus poena Poeni Polites polliceor Pollux Leda polus pondus pone pono pontus poples populo populus porta porticus porto portus posco possum post posterus posthabeo postis postquam potens potior potius praeceps praecipio admonish praecipito praecipuus pitch-pine, pine painting, picture devotion, dutiful conduct, sense of duty it irks, pains, grieves piney, pine paint, represent, depict fat, juicy pine-bearing feather, plume full of fish devoted, dutiful, devout, conscientious please, give pleasure; impers. it is agreed calm, gentle, quiet soothe, assuage, appease, reconcile region; net, snare striking, beating sprout, shoot; sole, sole of the foot full, filled feather, plume more, in greater number penalty, punishment Carthaginians son of Priam promise, offer half brother of Castor, son of Jupiter and pole; sky, heavens weight, consequence, load behind put, place; establish; lay down sea knee lay waste, ravage; destroy, ruin, mutilate people, nation door, gate; avenue, entrance, outlet colonnade, arcade, gallery, portico carry, bear port, harbor ask, beg, demand, request be able, can after, behind; afterwards following, next; after; last place after, esteem less post, doorpost; door after, when powerful, mighty; ruling acquire, take possession of, have, hold rather, preferable, more headlong, in haste obtain beforehand, anticipate; advise, throw down; rush, sink rapidly, drop special, chief, excellent, distinguished praeclarus famous; bright, brilliant, excellent praecordia breast, heart praeda plunder, pillage, booty, spoil praeficio put in charge, appoint praefixus tipped, pointed praemitto send ahead praemium reward; advantage; prize praepes of good omen, favorable; a bird of good omen; swift praeruptus broken off, steep, rugged praesaepe hive praescius prescient, foreknowing praesens present, in person; prompt, efficacious praesentio feel beforehand, presage, perceive in advance praesideo be in charge, guard, watch, preside praestans superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary praesto stand out, be superior, it is better praetendo hold out, extend, present; simulate, pretend praeterea besides, moreover praetereo to go by, go past, pass by; go beyond, outstrip praeterlabor glide by, flow by praetexo weave; cover, conceal praeverto go before, outrun; anticipate, prevent pravus crooked, distorted, deformed; improper, wrong precor ask, beg, entreat, request premo press, pursue; overpower; bury; conceal; restrain prendo grasp, snatch, seize; hold, stop pretium price, value, worth prex prayer, request Priamus Priam, king of Troy primus first; chief, excellent princeps leader, chief, founder, originator principium beginning, origin prior former, previous, prior, first priscus ancient, former, of old pristinus early, original, pristine prius before, sooner, first, previously priusquam before pro for; before, on account of; instead of probo approve commend; recommend, show; prove procedo go forward, proceed; advance, elapse procella violent wind, storm, procul in the distance, far, from afar procumbo fall forwards, fall prostrate prodeo go forth, come forward; advance prodo produce, propagate; report; reveal 20 produco lead forward; bring forth, produce proelium battle, combat proficiscor set out, depart, march profor speak out, speak profugus fugitive; banished, exiled profundus deep, profound; of the underworld, infernal progenies descent, lineage, race, family; descendants progigno beget, bear, bring forth progredior go forward, advance; progress prolabor glide forward, slide along, slip proles offspring, children, descendants promereor deserve, merit, earn, be worthy promitto promise, hold out, assure, expect promo take out, give out, produce pronuba bride’s attendant pronus bent over, leaning; rushing; prone propago offspring, descendant propero hurry, hasten, move quickly propior closer, nearer proprius special, peculiar, individual; lasting propter on account of, because of propugnaculum rampart, fortress, protection prora prow, bow prorumpo break out, rush forth, attack, burst prosequor pursue, follow up, chase Proserpina wife of Pluto and queen of the underworld prospectus view, prospect prospicio look forward, look out, look, see, discern protendo extend, reach out, lift protinus forward, onward; continuously, without pause proveho move along, advance, lead on, proceed proximus nearest, closest; next pubes young men; groin pudor decency, modesty, propriety; shame puella girl puer boy pugna fight, battle pugno fight, combat, contend pugnus fist pulcher beautiful, handsome; fine, noble pulso strike, beat, hammer, batter pulverulentus dusty, covered with dust pulvis dust, powder Punicus Punic, Carthaginian puppis stern, poop; ship purpureus purple, dark red puto think, consider, regard; judge, believe Pygmalion Dido’s brother Pyrrhus Achilles’ son qua where? how? in any way quaero seek, look for, ask for qualis what sort?; of such a kind, such as quam how, how much; than quamquam although, however quando when? quantum as much as, so much as quantus of what size, how much, as quasso shake violently; shatter, batter quater four times que enclitic, and quercus oak, oak tree querela complaint, accusation queror express grief, complain, lament qui who, which; what; that quia because quicumque whoever, whatever, whosoever quidem indeed, in fact quies rest, repose, peace quiesco rest, repose, keep quiet quietus at rest, inactive, in repose quin why not?; but, indeed quinquaginta fifty quippe of course, obviously; indeed Quirinus another name for Romulus quis who? what? quisquam any, anyone quisque whoever, whatever; each one everyone quisquis whoever, whatever; everyone who quo where; at which time quod because; that, in that; wherefore quondam once, at some time, at one time; sometimes quoniam since, because, whereas quoque also, too quot how many? quotannis every year, annually, yearly quotiens how often?; as often as rabidus raving, mad, enraged; inspired rabies rage, madness, frenzy; anger, fury radius staff, rod; a geometer’s rod; beam, ray radix root, foundation ramus branch, bough, twig rapidus fierce; rushing, swift rapio seize, snatch, tear, pluck; drive rapto snatch, drag, hurry away rarus loose, with large mesh; scattered, dispersed ratio reason; account, calculation; course, conduct ratis raft, boat raucus hoarse; ringing; hollow-sounding rebellis insurgent, rebellious recedo fall back, withdraw, recede 21 recens fresh, young, recent recidivus falling back; rising again recipio receive, take back; recover, rescue recludo open, disclose, reveal; draw recondo put back, put away; plunge rectus right, correct; direct, straight recurso return persistently, keep recurring recutio shake again, shock reddo drive back, restore; reply, answer redeo go back, return redimo buy back, redeem, ransom; release reditus return, returning; circuit redoleo emit scent, smell of, be redolent of; breathe, exhale reduco lead back, bring back refello disprove, refute, repel, expose refero reflecto refringo refugio refulgeo refundo regina regio regius regnator regno regnum rego reicio relinquo reliquiae remigium remitto up remordeo removeo remugio remus Remus renovo reor repello rependo reperio repertor repeto retake, recall repleo repono store reprimo bring back, carry back; recall, speak, say bend back, turn back break up, break open flee back, escape, avoid flash back, glitter, glisten pour back, make flow back queen region, area; direction; boundary line royal, regal, kingly ruler, sovereign rule, reign, govern kingdom; royalty rule, control; direct, guide throw back, hurl back leave, abandon, relinquish remainders, remnants rowing, oarage send back, drive back; loosen, relax; give bite again; vex, torment move back, drive away, remove bellow back; resound oar Romulus’s brother renew, restore; repeat think, believe, suppose drive back, drive away, repel ransom; repay; balance find again, find, discover discoverer, inventor (Jupiter) attack again; seek again, demand back; fill again, refill, fill up put back, restore; stretch out; lay aside, keep back, check, curb, restrain, refrain requies requiro res world reservo resido resigno resisto resolvo resono respicio respondeo responsum resto resupinus resurgo rete retego retorqueo retracto retro revello reverto reviso revoco revolvo rex Rhesus rideo rigeo rima ripa rite ritus robur rogus Roma Romanus Romulus roscidus roseus rota rudens ruina rumor rumpo ruo rupes rursus rus Rutuli Sabaeus sacer rest, repose, respite seek again, search for; demand; require thing, incident, matter; state; pl. exploits, keep back, save up, reserve sit down, settle; subside unseal, open; reveal remain, continue; oppose, resist loosen, release, relax; dispel resound, ring look back, gaze at, look for reply, respond, answer reply, answer, response; advice withstand, resist, oppose; remain bent back, lying on the back rise again, appear again net uncover, bare, open; disclose, reveal twist back, turn back; change, alter undertake anew; consider; withdraw backward, back; formerly pull away, tear off; violate turn back, return look back; revisit recall, call again revolve, turn again; unroll, repeat; return king Thracian leader laugh; ridicule be stiff, stiffen; bristle, harden crack, fissure bank, margin solemnly, ceremonially; rightly, fitly ceremony, rite hardwood, oak; tree trunk; oak tree funeral pyre Rome Roman first king and founder of Rome wet with dew, dewy; moistened rose-colored, ruddy wheel; chariot roaring, bellowing fall, crash, ruin rumor, report; murmur break, burst, rupture; break through rush, hurry; fall down, tumble rock, cliff again, in turn the country, fields Rutulians, Turnus’ tribe Sabaean (Arabian group) holy, sacred 22 sacerdos sacra sacro saeculum saepe saepio protect saevio saevus sagitta sal saltem saltus salum salus Samos sanctus sanguineus sanguis sanies sanus Sarpedon sat sator Saturnius Saturnus saucius saxum scaena scando sceleratus scelero scelus sceptrum scilicet scindo scintilla scio scopulus scutum Scyllaea Scyrius se secessus seco secretum secundus securis securus secus sed sedeo sedes priest, priestess sacrifices consecrate, dedicate, devote generation, age; a lifetime often, frequently hedge in, enclose, encircle; surround; rage, rave savage, fierce, ferocious; terrible arrow, shaft salt water, the sea at least, at all events, anyhow leap, leaping; forest, woodland the open sea, the deep health, welfare, prosperity; greeting island off Asia Minor holy, sacred; revered bloody, blood-red blood; bloodshed, slaughter gore, bloody matter whole, healthy, well; sober, sane ally of the Trojans, Lycian king enough, sufficient, adequate father, creator of Saturn, Saturnian Saturn, father of Jupiter, king of Latium wounded, hurt, injured large stone, boulder, rock stage, scene; theater; space climb, rise, ascend polluted, profaned; wicked, impious pollute, defile, desecrate wicked deed, crime, sin, wickedness scepter; kingdom, rule, authority to be sure, indeed cut, tear, rend, split, divide spark, glimmer, trace know, understand rock, cliff, crag, ledge shield, protection, defense of Scylla of Scyros (an Aegean island) himself, herself, itself, themselves separation; ravine, hiding-place cut, reap, carve; operate, divide mystery, hidden thing, secret favorable; second ax, hatchet carefree, composed; cheerful, serene otherwise, differently but sit; hold court seat, dwelling-place; foundation sedile seditio seduco segnis semen semianimis seminex semino semita semivirus semper senatus senecta senex seni senior sensus thinking sententia sentio sentus sepelio suppress septem septemplex septeni sepulchrum sequor sereno serenus Serestus Sergestus sermo sero serpens serpo sertum servio servitium servo sese themselves seu sex si sibilus Sibylla sic sicco siccus Siculus sido Sidonius seat, bench, stool, chair insurrection, mutiny; dissension, quarrel take apart, lead away; divide, part slow, tardy, slack; sluggish seed, beginning; cause half-alive, half-dead half-dead sow; produce path, lane half-man; effeminate, unmanly always, ever, continually senate old age, senility old, aged six each older observation, feeling, sensation; way of opinion, judgment, decision perceive, note; understand thorny, rough bury; place on a funeral pyre; destroy, seven sevenfold seven each burial place, tomb, grave follow, pursue; accompany calm, make clear calm, clear friend of Aeneas friend of Aeneas speech, conversation; talk, report, rumor engage; sire, produce snake, serpent crawl, creep; creep in garland, wreath serve, work for slavery, bondage save, guard, keep same as se – himself, herself, itself, or, or if; whether...or (same as sive) six if, when hissing Sibyl, prophetess thus, in this way dry; mild dry dry; thirsty of Sicily; Sicilian perch, settle, sit down of Sidon 23 sidus constellation, group of stars; the sky, heaven signum sign, indication; standard; figure silentium silence, stillness sileo be silent, be still; suppress silex flint, granite silva wood, forest similis similar, like, resembling Simois river near Troy simul at the same time, simultaneously simulacrum likeness, image, statue simulo pretend, feign simulate sin but if sine without singuli one at a time, single; separate sino allow, permit Sinon the Greek who tricks the Trojans sinuo curve, bend sinus bay; fold; bosom sisto set, set up, fix, plant; present; halt, stay sitis thirst; drought situs position, spot, place; neglect sive whether; or if socio associate; bind, unite socius friend, comrade, ally sol sun solamen solace, consolation, comfort soleo be accustomed; (usually) solidus undivided, whole, complete; trustworthy solium throne; seat sollemnis solemn; sacred; accustomed sollicito disturb, bother, trouble solor console oneself for; cheer, comfort solum ground, base, foundation solus alone, only, single, sole solvo loosen, relax; release, unfurl; dispel, dismiss somnus sleep, slumber sonipes charger, steed sonitus sound, noise, din sono resound, make a noise; speak, express sonorus howling, roaring, resounding sopor slumber, deep sleep soror sister sors fate, lot; prophecy; destiny, fortune sortior cast lots, draw lots; share, divide; choose spargo scatter, sprinkle, strew Spartanus Spartan spatior walk, wander around spatium space, room; level; path species sight, appearance; spectacle; resemblance spectaculum sight, spectacle spectator spectator specula lookout, watchtower speculor watch, keep watch; observe spelunca cave sperno scorn, disdain; reject spero hope, look for, expect spes hope spira fold, coil spiritus spirit, soul; breath spiro breathe spolio strip, uncover, bare; rob, plunder spolium pl. arms stripped from an enemy; booty spons free will, accord; abl. freely, willingly spuma spray, froth, foam spumeus foamy spumo foam, froth spumosus foaming, foamy squaleo be filthy squameus scaly stabilis firm, steady, stable, fixed; firm, lasting stabulum stall, stable; lair stagnum swamp, standing water statio resting place; anchorage statuo set up, station; construct, build stellatus studded; gleaming sterno spread out; overthrow, level, flatten Sthenelus Diomedes’ charioteer stimulus spur stimulo spur; prick, goad on stipes trunk stipo press, pack; fill, cram, stuff stirps stem; lineage sto stand; be built; linger, remain stratum covering; bed, couch strepitus din, clash, rustle, clatter strideo make a harsh noise, hiss stridor shrill sound, creak, grating, rattle stringo graze, trim, strip struo place together, heap up; prepare, devise studium desire, exertion, endeavor; pursuit stupeo be stunned, be amazed; wonder at stuppeus hempen, made of hemp Stygius of the Styx (river in the underworld) Styx river of the underworld suadeo advise, exhort, urge, persuade sub under, beneath; at the foot of; acc. to, toward subeo go under, enter; come up, advance; support; follow subicio place under; set up, mount; ascribe subigo drive on, propel; force subito suddenly, immediately, at once sublimis lofty, high, exalted; on high, lofty; eminent 24 submergo dip, plunge under, sink submitto put down, lower; moderate; humble, yield subnecto tie under, fasten beneath subnixus leaning on; supported by suboles child; offspring subrideo smile subrigo lift, raise subsido settle down, subside subsisto halt, take a stand, stop; oppose subter beneath, under subtraho withdraw; pass. fly beneath subvolvo roll up succedo go below, enter; ascend; succeed; approach; take up successus success succingo gird; equip succumbo yield to, fall under succurro help, relieve; succour suffero submit to, under, suffer sufficio suffuse, tinge; supply; be sufficient suffundo pour in; suffuse sulcus furrow; trench sum be summus uppermost, highest; loftiest, supreme sumo take, lay hold of, assume; undertake; inflict super above, over, on top of superbus proud, arrogant, insolent superemineosurpass, tower over superi the gods supero surpass, transcend; remain; excel, be superior superstitio superstition, dread of the supernatural supersum survive; remain; suffice superus upper, higher supinus lying on one’s back supplex suppliant, beseeching, entreating suppliciter humbly, suppliantly supplicium punishment, penalty suppono apply; put under supra above, over supremum for the last time sura calf; leg surgo rise, get up, stand up; ascend suscipio take, catch, take up; have, get; undertake, undergo suspendo hand, suspend suspicio look up at, admire; suspect suspiro sigh suus his, her, its, their Sychaeus Dido’s husband (slain by Pygmalion) Syrtis Syrtis (shallow sandy bays on the coast of Africa) tabeo be drenched tabula board, plank taceo be silent, say nothing tacitus secret, unmentioned, silent taeda torch; nuptial torch talaria sandals talis such, of such a kind tam so, so very tamen however, nevertheless, still tandem at last, finally; pray now tango touch; border on, reach tantum so much, so greatly tantus so great, so much, such Tartara Tartarus, the underworld taurinus a bull’s; of a bull taurus bull; bullock tectum house, dwelling; roof; tegmen covering, cover tego cover, cover over, hide; shelter; dissemble, keep secret tellus earth, globe, land, ground; personified Earth telum spear, shaft, javelin; weapon tempero restrain oneself, abstain, keep from; soothe tempestas storm, tempest; disturbance; multitude templum temple, sanctuary, shrine tempto try, attempt; tempt tempus time; occasion, opportunity tenax tenacious, griping, clinging tendo stretch, extend; present; aim; exert, strive tenebrosus dark, gloomy Tenedos island near Troy teneo hold, keep, have; occupy; hold back, detain; reach tentorium tent tenuis slim, thin; little, slight; low tenus up to, as far as ter three times, thrice terebro bore into, pierce teres smooth, polished tergum back, rear; hide, leather termino end; limit ternus triple tero graze, touch; wear away, waste terra earth, land, soil; personified Earth terreo frighten, terrify terribilis dreadful, fearful terrifico terrify territo terrify, frighten tertius third 25 testor call to witness; swear by testudo tortoise shell; roof tete intensive form of te Teucer 1. first Trojan king 2. half brother of Ajax Teucri Trojans Teucria Troy thalamus inner room, chamber; marriage bed theatrum theater thesaurus treasure Theseus king of Athens Thessandrus Greek warrior at Troy Thoas Greek warrior at Troy Threicius Thracian, of Thrace Threissa a Thracian woman Thybris Tiber River Thyias Bacchant, Thyiad Thymoetes a Trojan thymum thyme Tiberinus of the Tiber tigris tigress, tiger Timavus river in northeastern Italy timeo fear, be afraid of timor fear, dread, anxiety Titan Titan, name given to the god of the sun togatus wearing a toga tollo lift, raise; erect; extol, exalt tonitrus thunder tormentum machine for hurling torqueo twist, bend, turn torreo roast torus sofa, couch, bed torvus stern, grim tot so many, such a number of totidem just so many, just as many totiens so often, as often totus entire, all, whole trabs beam, timber, rafter tractabilis tangible, manageable, yielding traho draw, drag; lead, bring; sweep along; spend, prolong traicio throw across; strike; pass through, penetrate trano fly over; swim across tranquillus calm, tranquil transeo go across, go over; pass by transfero carry across; transfer transfigo pierce transmitto send across; transfer transverbero transfix tremefactus shaken tremesco tremble, quake, shudder tremo tremble, shake, quake tremor trembling trepido trepidus tres tridens trietericus triginta Trinacrius tristis trisulcus Triton triumphus tremble, shake restless, agitated, anxious three with three teeth; trident biennial (triennial in Roman system) thirty Sicilian sad, sorrowful, dejected; dismal, gloomy three-forked sea-god, son of Neptune triumph Trivia Troia Troianus Troilus Troius Tros trucido trudo truncus trux tu tueor for tum tumeo tumidus tumultus tumulus tunc tundo turba turbidus turbo turbo Turnus turpis turris tus tutus tuus Tydides tyrannus Tyrius Tyros Tyrrhenus uber ubi ubique ulciscor Ulixes ullus another name for Diana Troy Trojan one of Priam’s sons Trojan Trojan kill, butcher push body, trunk harsh, fierce, wild you look at, behold, watch; keep in mind; care then, at that time, in those times; further swell, be swollen swollen, tumid; puffing up uproar, commotion, disturbance, tumult sepulchral mound, grave; heap of earth the beat, strike, thump; pound, bruise; stun uproar, commotion; crowd, throng confused, disordered; troubled, violent turbinis, m. whirlind, tornado turbare – disturb, make an uproar leader of the Rutulians, Aeneas’s enemy ugly; filthy, disgraceful tower, citadel incense safe, secure your son of Tydeus=Diomedes tyrant Tyrian, of Tyre Tyre Tyrrhenian rich where?; where, when everywhere, anywhere avenge Ulysses (Odysseus) any, any one 26 ulterior ultimus ultra ultro ululatus ululo umbo umbra umbrifer umecto umens umerus umidus umquam una unanimus uncus unda unde undique undosus unguis unguo unus urbs urgeo urna uro usquam usus ut uterque uterus uti utor uxorius vacca vaco vacuus vado vadum vagina vagor valeo validus valles vanus varius fickle vasto vastus vates ve farther, more remote last; furthest beyond, on the other side on the other side, beyond wailing, howling howl, yell, wail boss shadow, shade shade-giving moisten, wet moist, dewy, wet shoulder, upper arm dewy, watery ever at once, together, at the same time sympathizing, agreeing hooked, crooked wave from which place, whence from all parts, on all sides, all around billowy fingernail smear, anoint one, only, alone city press, force, urge; drive urn burn anywhere, any place use how?; as, when each, either, each one; pl. both womb; belly how?; as, when use, profit; spend; perform, practice uxorious, devoted to one’s wife cow be free empty, vacant, clear; free, free from go, walk shallow place, ford sheath wander, roam; spread be well, be strong; say goodbye strong, powerful, robust valley, vale empty, void; fruitless; false, deceptive various, variegated; changing, variable; pillage unoccupied; vast, immense, huge seer, prophet enclitic – or, or if you will veho vel velivolus vello velo velox velum velut vena venabulum venatrix vendo venenum venia venio venor ventus Venus verbum vereor vero verro verso vertex verto verus Vesper Vesta vester vestibulum vestigium vestigo vestis veto vetus via vibro vicissim victor victus video appear vigeo vigil vimen vincio vinco vinculum vindico vinum violo vir vireo carry, bear; bring, usher in or, or indeed; certainly sail-winged tear, pluck cover, wrap swift sail just as, even as, like vein, artery; pl. heart hunting spear huntress sell poison; drug indulgence, kindness, favor; permission come, arrive; go hunt wind goddess of Love, Aeneas’s mother word fear in fact, in truth, truly sweep whirl whirlpool, vortex turn, direct, change; twist; destroy true, real, actual, genuine the evening star goddess of the hearth your entrance step, footprint, track; trace, mark, vestige search clothing, attire, garments forbid old, aged way, road, path; method, mode shake, brandish, wield; glimmer, gleam in turn winner, victor, conqueror food see, perceive; understand; pass. seem, thrive awake, alert; watchful, restless twig, stem bind, tie, fasten conquer, overcome, defeat; banish chain, rope, fetter; bond claim; rescue wine injure, dishonor; violate man, male be green 27 virga virgo viridis virtus virtue vis viscum viscus visus vita vitalis vitta vivo vivus vix voco volatilis volo volo volucer volumen voluntas voluto volvo voro vos vosmet votum voveo vox vulgo vulgus vulnus vultus Xanthus Zephyrus wand; branch, twig young woman, virgin green strength, courage, excellence; character, force, violence; pl. strength mistletoe flesh; organs sight, vision; appearance life vital, of life band, fillet, braid live, be alive; linger alive, living scarcely, barely; just call, name; invite; invoke winged velle - wish, want, desire volare - fly winged, flying coil; fold will, wish, choice, desire; purpose roll, turn; weigh, ponder, consider turn, roll; ordain, decree; glide swallow you emphatic form of vos vow, solemn pledge; a votive offering vow voice, cry, call; word, saying make known, spread abroad crowd, throng; rabble wound, injury face, appearance; expression river near Troy west wind 28 WORDS OCCURRING FIFTEEN TIMES OR MORE a, ab from, away from, by ac same as atque – and, and also ad to, toward, near, at, by Aeneas hero of the Aeneid agmen army (on the march), column, train, formation, rank, line aliquis someone, anyone alius another, other, else altus high, lofty; deep, profound; as noun altum – the sea, heaven amor love, affection, fondness; as person Cupid animus soul, spirit, heart, courage, daring, feeling ante before, in front of, previously ara altar arma arms, weapons; tools, equipment arx citadel, fortress, stronghold; hill, peak at but; yet, at least atque and, and also; but, than aura air, breeze, wind, blast aurum gold aut or; aut…aut= either…or bellum war caelum sky, heaven, the heavens caput head, the summit, person circum around, all around classis fleet, division coniunx spouse, husband, wife corpus body cum prep. with, conjunction when, since, although cura anxiety, distress, care, concern de from, away from, down from; concerning, according to dea goddess deus god, deity dexter right, to the right; skillful dico dicere - say, speak, sing, describe, name dictum assertion, remark, saying Dido queen of Carthage divus of a deity, godlike, divine do give, appoint; grant, bestow; emit, utter domus house, home, dwelling, building duco lead, lead away, guide, conduct, prolong; choose dum while; with subjunctive=until e, ex out of, from; of; since; according to ego I eo go, walk, ride, sail, move et and, also fama report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition fatum prediction; fate fero bring, carry, bear, wear; report; offer ferrum iron; iron tool; sword flamma flame, blaze; flame of passion; for speak, say; prophesy gens race, clan; descendant, offspring hic adv. here hic, haec, hoc this, the latter hinc from this place, hence; on either side hostis enemy, foe, stranger iam now, at this time, already; with a neg., longer, more ignis fire ille, illa, illud that; he, she, it in acc. into, to; against; abl. in, on, upon ingens huge, vast, enormous; extraordinary inter between, among ipse himself, herself, itself Italia Italy iubeo order, tell, command Iuno goddess of marriage; wife of Jupiter labor noun – labor, toil, exertion; suffering, hardship lacrima tear latus adj. broad, wide, extensive limen threshold, door; house, dwelling litus seashore, beach locus place, spot; position longus long, extended magnus large, great, huge, mighty; important manus hand; band troop; handiwork medius the middle of, middle mens mind, intellect; memory; feeling; heart meus my, mine miser wretched, miserable, poor, sad moenia walls, ramparts; walled city multus much; many (pl.); great, high, abundant natus born, made, destined, intended; a son ne not; do not; -ne – whether, or nec and not, also not; neither...nor non not, by no means noster our; ours nox night; death nunc now o O! oh! oculus eye omnis all, every, whole ora shore, coast; border, edge, rim oro beg, plead; pray, beseech; speak os mouth; face, expression pars part, portion; side 29 pater pectus per means of peto possum premo restrain Priamus primus que qui quis refero regina regnum res world rex sanguis se sed sequor si sic socius soror sto sub toward sum summus suus talis tandem tantus tectum telum teneo detain; reach terra Teucri tot totus Troia tu tum Turnus tuus ubi umbra unda unus father, sire breast, chest, heart through, along; throughout, during; by seek, aim at; attack; scan be able, can press, pursue; overpower; bury; conceal; Priam, king of Troy first; chief, excellent enclitic, and who, which; what; that who? what? bring back, carry back; recall, speak, say queen kingdom; royalty thing, incident, matter; state; pl. exploits, king blood; bloodshed, slaughter himself, herself, itself, themselves but follow, pursue; accompany if, when thus, in this way friend, comrade, ally sister stand; be built; linger, remain under, beneath; at the foot of; acc. to, be uppermost, highest; loftiest, supreme his, her, its, their such, of such a kind at last, finally; pray now so great, so much, such house, dwelling; roof; spear, shaft, javelin; weapon hold, keep, have; occupy; hold back, earth, land, soil Trojans so many, such a number of entire, all, whole Troy you then, at that time, in those times; further leader of the Rutulians, Aeneas’s enemy your where?; where, when shadow, shade wave one, only, alone urbs ut ve venio ventus via video appear vir vis voco volvo vox vulnus city how?; as, when enclitic – or, or if you will come, arrive; go wind way, road, path; method, mode see, perceive; understand; pass. seem, man, male force, violence; pl. strength call, name; invite; invoke turn, roll; ordain, decree; glide voice, cry, call; word, saying wound, injury WORDS OCCURRING 9-14 TIMES Achilles aequor aequus ago ait ardeo arvum ater audeo audio averto bis capio casus causa cavus centum cerno cingo clamor comes condo contra corripio credo crudelis cursus Danaus Greeks dies dolor trouble donum dulcis durus greatest of the Greek heroes at Troy the sea, surface of the sea, a level surface even, level, just, fair drive, do, pursue, conduct imp – Come! says, asserts be on fire, burn, blaze plowed land, cultivated field, field black, dark, sable, dusky; gloomy dare, venture, risk hear, listen to turn away, avert, remove twice, double seize, grasp, capture fall, falling-down, ruin, failure cause, reason, motive hollow, excavated 100 separate, distinguish, discern, perceive equip, gird oneself; surround, encircle shout friend, companion, comrade found, establish, build against, opposite, facing seize, snatch, grasp; attack believe, trust, confide in cruel, unfeeling, hard running course, a run, journey of Danaus (famous Greek king) pl. the day pain, suffering, anguish, distress, grief, gift, present sweet, agreeable, delightful, agreeable hard, harsh, vigorous; pitiless, unyielding 30 enim equidem equus eripio free erro etiam extremus facio finis fluctus fors fortis fortuna fuga fugio fundo furo furor gemitus genitor genus descendant gravis haud heu homo iacto utter, speak idem imago immanis imperium sovereignty imus incipio insto interea Iovis ira iungo laetus grateful Latium lego lumen malus maneo mare metus misceo mitto mons for, namely, that is to say indeed, truly horse tear out, wrest, pluck tear; rescue deliver, wander, stray, roam; be in error also, too, even; still outermost, utmost, farthest; remotest; tip make, do, produce, build end, boundary, limit; pl. territory wave, tide, billow, surge chance, luck, fortune brave, strong, courageous fortune, chance, luck flight, rapid motion flee, run away, escape fundere – pour, pour out, shed; spread rage, rave, be out of one’s mind raving, rage, madness, fury, passion groan, sighing, complaint father race, stock, family; birth, noble birth; heavy, weighty, burdened not, not at all, by no means alas ! person, human being, man throw out; consider, discuss; pronounce, the same image; ghost, vision; reminder huge; monstrous, frightful command, order; supreme power, lowest, deepest, last begin stand upon, take a position; press, pursue meanwhile Jove, Jupiter anger, fury, hate join, unite, connect joyous, happy, delighted; pleasant, district in Italy south of the Tiber gather, collect, choose, pick; survey light; pl. eyes evil, wicked bad; hostile remain, stay sea fear, dread, apprehension mix, mingle, intermingle send, let go; throw; dismiss mountain, hill; mass, heap morior die, expire; decay, wither mors death murus wall, city wall namque for navis ship neque same as nec, and not, also not; neither...nor nomen name; title nos we, us notus known, famous, customary novus new, young, fresh; novel nubes cloud, mist, vapor numen divinity, divine, power; a god or goddess opus work, labor toil; structure artistic work orbis circle; world; shield Pallas ally of Aeneas, son of Evander parens parent paro prepare, arrange, make ready pelagus sea pono put, place; establish; lay down populus people, nation porta door, gate; avenue, entrance, outlet pro for; before, on account of; instead of puer boy pulcher beautiful, handsome; fine, noble puppis stern, poop; ship quaero seek, look for, ask for qualis what sort?; of such a kind, such as quam how, how much; than rapio seize, snatch, tear, pluck; drive reddo drive back, restore; reply, answer relinquo leave, abandon, relinquish Romanus Roman ruo rush, hurry; fall down, tumble sacer holy, sacred saevus savage, fierce, ferocious; terrible saxum large stone, boulder, rock scopulus rock, cliff, crag, ledge sedes seat, dwelling-place; foundation sese same as se – himself, herself, itself, themselves sidus constellation, group of stars; the sky, heaven silva wood, forest solus alone, only, single, sole somnus sleep, slumber sors fate, lot; prophecy; destiny, fortune spes hope spolium pl. arms stripped from an enemy; booty subeo go under, enter; come up, advance; support; follow super above, over, on top of supplex suppliant, beseeching, entreating 31 surgo tamen tantum tellus templum tempus tendo tergum tollo Troianus turbo Tyrius ullus umerus una vates Venus vertex verto verus vinco volo volo vultus rise, get up, stand up; ascend Anchises Aeneas’s father however, nevertheless, still anima breath, breath of life; life, existence; so much, so greatly shade, soul spirit earth, globe, land, ground Anna Dido’s sister temple, sanctuary, shrine annus year time; occasion, opportunity antiquus of olden times, ancient, aged, former stretch, extend; present; aim; exert, strive antrum cave, cavern, grotto back, rear; hide, leather aperio open, uncover, disclose, reveal lift, raise; erect; extol, exalt Apollo god of music and prophecy Trojan appareo appear, be disclosed, be seen turbare – disturb, make an uproar arbor tree, trunk, shoot Tyrian, of Tyre artus joint, limb, frame, body any, any one Ascanius Aeneas’s son shoulder, upper arm aspicio look at, look upon, behold; regard at once, together, at the same time attollo lift up, raise up; rear seer, prophet aureus golden, of gold goddess of Love, Aeneas’s mother auris ear whirlpool, vortex Ausonius Ausonian, Italian turn, direct, change; twist; destroy bonus good true, real, actual, genuine cado fall, fall down, descend conquer, overcome, defeat; banish caecus blind velle - wish, want, desire caedes killing, slaughter, carnage volare - fly campus field, plan, level place face, appearance; expression cano sing, sound, play carus dear, precious, valued cedo go from, remove, withdraw, abandon celer quick, swift, speedy WORDS OCCURRING 5-8 TIMES certus determined, resolved, fixed, certain cervix neck, nape accendo set on fire; inflame; arouse; inspire circumdo surround, place around, encompass accipio receive, accept, admit, welcome claudo shut, close, enclose acer sharp, keen, fierce, violent clipeus round shield Achates Aeneas’s constant companion cogo collect, compel, force, urge adeo to that degree, so colligo gather, collect; assemble adeo adire – go to, approach, reach visit, coma hair; foliage encounter, meet comitor accompany, attend, follow adfor address, speak to compono collect, lay; put to rest, quiet adloquor address, speak to conubium marriage adsum be present, be at hand, near cor heart adversus turned toward, opposing, facing, adverse Creusa Aeneas’s wife aeger sick, diseased, weary, weak crinis hair Aeolus god of the winds cruentus spotted with blood, bloody, stained aer air, breeze, mist, cloud cunctor delay, linger, hesitate aeternus everlasting, eternal currus chariot, car, wagon aether upper air, ether; air; sky, heaven Dardanius Trojan, of Dardanus demitto let down, drop, let fall, shed agnosco recognize ala wing, pinion desero leave, forsake, abandon, desert alter one of the two, the other dirus ominous, fearful, awful, dreadful, horrible amicus friendly; as noun - friend dives rich, wealthy, opulent amitto lose, send away; let go doceo teach, instruct, inform amo love, cherish, like dux leader, guide, general amplector enfold, embrace, wind about ecce behold! look! an or effero carry out, take away; bear, produce 32 effor utter, tell, speak out egregius distinguished, excellent, eminent ensis sword ergo therefore, consequently, accordingly Eurus southeast or east wind exanimus lifeless, dead excipio take out, withdraw; take up, catch, receive exuviae spoils; relics; skin facilis easy fallo trip, fall;err, mistake, deceive oneself fas divine law; with est=it is lawful, it is permitted fides faith, loyalty, belief, reliance; trustworthiness fidus loyal, faithful, credible figo fix, fasten; pierce foedo make foul, defile, pollute forma form, shape; beauty foveo cherish, fondle, caress frater brother fremo roar, resound, howl; applaud; grumble because of frustra in vain, for nothing fulgeo flash, glitter, gleam, shine funus funeral procession, funeral rites, burial; death, murder geminus twin gero bear, carry, wage Graius Greek habeo have, hold, support, carry; consider, regard haereo cling, stick, be fastened; linger, pause hasta spear, lance, javelin Hector Troy’s champion, son of Hector heros hero, demigod hiems winter, winter time honor honor, repute, esteem, distinction huc iaceo Iliacus impello impono inanis incendo incumbo infelix ingredior inimicus inquit insequor insignis to this place, hither; to this point, so far lie, be prostrate, lie at rest of Ilium, Trojan strike against, strike, push; set in motion place upon, put on useless, empty, meaningless set fire to, burn; rouse, incite lean press; bend to; oppress unfortunate, unlucky, miserable; barren advance, go forward; undertake hostile, unfriendly, hateful; damaging says, said follow after, come next; proceed, go on distinguished, remarkable, prominent is, ea, id iste iterum Iulus Iuppiter ius iuvenis person iuvo Karthago labor letum lex Libya Libycus linquo loco loquor lucus lustro lux maestus magis manes mater memini memor memoro miror miseror modus moles trouble molior mollis monstro advise mora hindrance moror mortalis mos moveo agitate munus murmur nam nemus nequiquam nullus nympha obscurus Olympus he, she it that (of yours) – often contemptuous again, a second time, once more another name for Ascanius Jupiter, king of the gods right, justice, duty young, youthful; as a noun – young help, aid, assist, serve; delight Carthage, an ancient city in N. Africa labi – slip, glide, slide, move; sink, fall death, annihilation law, precept, regulation, principle region of N. Africa of Libya go away, leave, depart from, abandon place, put, lay; establish speak, talk, say, tell; declare sacred grove review, observe, examine; illuminate light, brightness; pl. heavenly bodies sorrowful, dejected, despondent more departed spirit, ghost, shade mother; native land remember, recollect mindful, remembering mention, recount, speak of, tell wonder, marvel at, be astonished lament, commiserate; pity measure; way, manner; method mass, weight; greatness; difficulty, labor, exert, strive toil; build; rouse yielding, soft, tender, gentle point out, exhibit, indicate, inform; urge, delay, procrastination; obstruction, delay, stay, remain, linger mortal, transient practice, custom, habit; institution move, remove, shake; excite, arouse, service, office; burial murmur, roar, growling, grumbling, crash for wood, grove, forest in vain, without reason no, none; worthless; no one nymph dark, shady, obscure; unknown Mt. Olympus, home of the gods 33 omnipotens ops resources opto ostium pando par parvus pateo patior patria patrius pax Penates pendeo penitus Pergama pergo pes Phoebus Phrygius pietas pius poena pontus portus posco post postquam precor prior procul proles pugna Pyrrhus qua quando quin quisquis quo quondam sometimes quoque rapidus recipio reduco regius rego remitto up repono store respicio almighty, omnipotent aid, help, assistance; means, wealth, choose, prefer door; mouth, entrance spread out, extend; open, lay open equal, even; well-balanced small; short, brief be open, stand open bear, support, suffer, endure native land, own country; home fatherly; traditional peace, reconciliation household gods, gods of the state hang, be suspended; loiter inwardly, deeply; thoroughly Troy proceed, go on, hasten foot; sheet Apollo Phrygian, Trojan devotion, dutiful conduct, sense of duty devoted, dutiful, devout, conscientious penalty, punishment sea port, harbor ask, beg, demand, request after, behind; afterwards after, when ask, beg, entreat, request former, previous, prior, first in the distance, far, from afar offspring, children, descendants fight, battle Achilles’ son where? how? in any way when? why not?; but, indeed whoever, whatever; everyone who where; at which time once, at some time, at one time; also, too fierce; rushing, swift receive, take back; recover, rescue lead back, bring back royal, regal, kingly rule, control; direct, guide send back, drive back; loosen, relax; give put back, restore; stretch out; lay aside, look back, gaze at, look for reviso look back; revisit robur hardwood, oak; tree trunk; oak tree Rutuli Rutulians, Turnus’ tribe sacro consecrate, dedicate, devote seco cut, reap, carve; operate, divide sedeo sit; hold court septem seven sermo speech, conversation; talk, report, rumor servo save, guard, keep seu same as sive Sibylla Sibyl, prophetess simul at the same time, simultaneously sine without sino allow, permit sinus bay; fold; bosom sive whether; or if solum ground, base, foundation solvo loosen, relax; release, unfurl; dispel, dismiss sono resound, make a noise; speak, express spero hope, look for, expect spumo foam, froth sterno spread out; overthrow, level, flatten strideo make a harsh noise, hiss superbus proud, arrogant, insolent taurus bull; bullock tego cover, cover over, hide; shelter; dissemble, keep secret tempestas storm, tempest; disturbance; multitude tempto try, attempt; tempt ter three times, thrice terreo frighten, terrify thalamus inner room, chamber; marriage bed torqueo twist, bend, turn torus sofa, couch, bed traho draw, drag; lead, bring; sweep along; spend, prolong tremo tremble, shake, quake tristis sad, sorrowful, dejected; dismal, gloomy Tros Trojan tutus safe, secure uterus womb; belly valeo be well, be strong; say goodbye varius various, variegated; changing, variable; fickle vastus unoccupied; vast, immense, huge vel or, or indeed; certainly velut just as, even as, like vestigium step, footprint, track; trace, mark, vestige vestis clothing, attire, garments vetus old, aged vinculum chain, rope, fetter; bond virgo young woman, virgin 34 virtus virtue vita vos strength, courage, excellence; character, life you
