Electronic Supplement 1: Data and uncertainties
The tables below summarize the information on the data collected for this study and used in the
modeling, They consist of campaign GPS data (Tables 1,2,3 ) and data from continuous GPS
stations (Table 4), coral measurements from Simeulue island
1
(Table 5) and estimation of the
position of the pivot-line (Table 6) and estimation of uplift or subsidence (Table 7) based on
satellite images analysis1, and estimates of uplift or subsidence from eyewitness accounts 2. GPS
displacements (Table 1) were obtained from measurements collected one month or more after the
earthquake, compared to measurements collected during various surveys between 1991 and 2001.
A kinematic model was used to correct for steady motion that may have occurred in the time
between the last occupation and just before the earthquake (Table 2). These corrections are also
listed in Table 2. Uncertainties were scaled according to the time between occupations to account
for unmodeled steady motions. Minimum and maximum constraints on vertical motions from
satellite imagery were assigned uncertainties of 50 mm. Field observations of vertical motions had
uncertainties that ranged from 50 mm (coral observations) to 1 meter (eyewitness accounts of sealevel change).
Table 1. Campaign GPS station coordinates and estimated displacements (mm)
due to the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. These displacements
were estimated from the campaign data (see table 2 for campaign dates) and
corrected for interseismic deformation using the velocities listed in Table 2.
The uncertainties were increased by 5 mm for each elapsed year since the last
occupation.
site
BM12
D962
D972
JAHE
K504
K505
K515
LANG
LHOK
MART
NIND
PAND
PIDI
PISU
SIPA
Long.
98.9449
97.4465
96.6245
98.5075
95.2435
95.2716
95.4873
97.9999
97.1585
98.6823
98.7506
98.8188
95.9333
99.1472
99.0890
Lat.
2.64259
1.68602
2.17441
3.14524
5.43378
5.48000
5.56851
4.42753
5.08665
2.52419
2.72953
1.67586
5.33080
2.44756
2.10263
East
-89.0
-33.2
10.0
-203.1
-2114.0
-2067.5
-1659.9
-368.1
-577.9
-144.8
-131.2
-41.1
-1399.3
-82.5
-102.7
North
-19.8
-27.0
-24.6
-21.8
-1763.4
-1745.5
-1342.0
-98.9
-219.0
-12.7
-6.5
-35.5
-955.7
-14.3
-58.6
sE
66.6
64.9
66.9
107.9
105.7
103.4
83.0
41.1
43.4
41.4
32.6
41.8
40.5
27.7
66.2
sN
23.8
25.3
64.9
88.2
88.2
87.3
67.1
42.6
47.8
24.0
23.0
39.7
38.8
31.1
63.1
Up
-80.5
-53.5
-571.4
5.3
-171.7
-61.1
-46.2
-11.9
76.5
-122.8
-454.6
-26.4
35.4
-12.9
-114.4
sU
73.3
55.8
66.9*
89.9
59.7
80.7
63.7
60.8
105.4
86.9
91.6*
27.7
49.0
61.7
69.9
TIGA
R171
R173
R174
R175
R176
R178
TELE
98.5622
95.3877
95.5183
95.3654
95.2030
95.0572
95.3331
98.6397
2.91856
2.95996
4.60702
4.84193
5.24116
5.71287
5.85853
2.53485
-142.6
-3820.9
-2853.7
-2771.9
-2434.9
-2174.5
-1588.5
-94.1
-4.1
-4322.1
-2376.3
-2414.3
-2076.1
-1710.9
-1292.5
-2.6
22.8
85.9
142.7
138.6
121.7
108.7
79.4
27.5
23.6
216.1
118.8
120.0
103.8
85.5
64.5
22.9
45.2 30.5*
2098.8 45.8
-601.0 42.0
-583.8 84.1
-226.6 121.1
-142.1 90.8
* Vertical measurements not been used in the inversion.
Table 2. Year of occupation for GPS campaign stations and velocities (in mm)
relative to the Sunda Shelf used to correct for interseismic deformation. These
velocities were estimated directly from the data or from a model of interseismic
strain accumulation3.
Date
BM12
D962
D972
JAHE
K504
K505
K515
LANG
LHOK
MART
NIND
PAND
PIDI
PISU
SIPA
TIGA
R171
R173
R174
R175
R176
R178
TELE
1Number
91
92
93
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
94
X
95
96
97
98
01
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
99
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
051
54
39
43
53
40
39
38
41
36
55
56
33
37
55
48
55
43
39
40
42
45
49
55
VE
7.02
6.81
8.72
6.94
1.85
1.47
2.33
5.97
6.51
5.25
6.92
3.01
7.93
7.14
7.55
0.36
11.57
5.89
5.46
3.56
-2.29
-0.49
4.67
VN
SigE
SigN
7.80
30.40 43.58 0.52*
33.72
8.08
31.37
31.19
28.60
5.63
6.16
11.81
8.60
26.02
11.31
7.54
10.49
6.37 9.51 1.80*
35.73
32.03
31.98
31.71
30.11
26.23
12.62
of days after the main shock.
Table 3. Horizontal displacements (mm) in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Pre
earthquake measurements from Sept-2004 and Post earthquake data from Jan-2005.
site
Long.
Lat.
East
North
sE
sN
Source
DGLP
PBLR
HBAY
CARN
CBAY
*CESS
92.969
92.744
92.544
92.804
93.932
13.16
11.655
10.591
9.247
7.014
-3990
-2890
-3430
-5530
-4010
-2680
-1080
-2970
-2990
-2330
193.0
142.0
166.7
272.8
197.0
143.6
59.5
153.3
155.6
121.6
CESS
CESS
CESS
CESS
CESS
website*
website*
website*
website*
website*
website, http://www.seires.net/content/view/123/52/
Table 4. Horizontal displacements (mm) at PHKT, SAMP and NTUS continuous GPS
stations.
site
PHKT
PHKT
SAMP
NTUS
Long.
98.308
98.308
98.715
103.68
*Cumulative
Lat.
8.105
8.105
3.62
1.34
East
North
-249.8 -107.26
-307.8 -132.16
-160.3 -13.83
-22.15 11.05
sE
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.9
sN
2.27
3.37
2.56
1.74
Source
Vigny et al4
This study*
This study*
This study*
displacement for 30 days deduced from the time series.
Table 5. Coral measurements from Simeulue island.
site
Long.
Lat.
Cor1
Cor2
Cor3
Cor4
Cor5
Cor6
Cor7
Cor8
Cor9
Cor10
95.763
95.716
95.714
95.836
95.872
95.937
95.992
95.763
95.918
95.804
2.709
2.749
2.807
2.914
2.613
2.548
2.569
2.861
2.844
2.924
Obs(cm)
131
147
148
34
101
46
48
132
22
46
Sig
Source
5
16
16
16
5
5
5
5
5
5
this
this
this
this
this
this
this
this
this
this
study
study
study
study
study
study
study
study
study
study
Table 6. Position of the Pivot Line determined from the Satellite Imagery study
of Meltzner et al1 Used in model of Fig3b only.
site
SatIm1
SatIm2
SatIm3
SatIm4
SatIm5
SatIm6
SatIm7
SatIm8
SatIm9
SatIm10
SatIm11
SatIm12
SatIm13
SatIm14
SatIm15
Long.
93.36102
93.29639
93.23042
93.13868
93.03164
92.93989
92.86853
92.78697
92.71052
92.63406
92.56780
92.50663
92.46076
92.45566
92.49644
Lat.
13.46991
13.27142
13.12814
12.94974
12.76625
12.63372
12.47061
12.27183
12.06284
11.85896
11.72643
11.62959
11.47667
11.33395
11.16575
Obs
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sig
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
SatIm16
SatIm17
SatIm18
SatIm19
SatIm20
SatIm21
SatIm22
SatIm23
SatIm24
SatIm25
SatIm26
SatIm27
SatIm28
SatIm29
SatIm30
SatIm31
SatIm32
SatIm33
SatIm34
SatIm35
92.62896
92.72581
92.74620
92.75219
92.75639
92.73600
92.72581
92.72479
92.71982
92.75529
92.77303
95.98676
96.06413
96.13779
96.20577
96.24543
96.26809
96.25676
96.20577
96.04714
Table 7.
11.01793
10.89050
10.79366
10.68587
10.61016
10.14632
9.68758
9.66425
9.45086
9.09613
8.72366
2.97826
2.86430
2.73399
2.59235
2.47904
2.33740
2.20709
2.05412
1.78784
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Satellite Imagery constraints of Meltzner et al1
Long. Latit. Min Max Label
98.348
98.373
98.266
98.176
98.125
98.038
97.935
96.445
96.487
96.225
96.206
96.133
95.937
95.992
97.515
97.441
95.406
97.192
97.125
97.052
97.000
95.622
95.249
95.277
95.252
95.270
95.235
95.300
95.333
95.360
95.400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.972
2.010
2.027
2.096
2.146
2.188
2.254
2.333
2.405
2.415
2.470
2.519
2.548
2.569
2.871
2.907
3.014
3.257
3.338
3.455
3.547
4.600
5.498
5.508
5.542
5.548
5.552
5.560
5.577
5.592
5.626
-9999 432 AM164
-9999 437 AM163
-9999 432 AM162
-9999 421 AM161
-9999 421 AM160
-9999 421 AM159
-9999 418 AM158
-283 9999 AM134
-287 59 AM135
-168 9999 AM133
44 9999 AM132
50 9999 AM131
131 9999 AM129
80 9999 AM130
-9999 9 AM157
-9999 95 AM156
277 9999 AM128
-222 9999 AM155
-221 9999 AM154
-90 9999 AM153
-92 9999 AM152
-9999 0 AM151
-9999 0 AM150
-9999 0 AM149
-9999 0 AM147
-9999 0 AM146
-9999 0 AM148
-9999 0 AM145
-9999 0 AM144
-9999 0 AM143
-9999 0 AM142
95.414
93.877
93.823
93.774
93.735
93.674
93.667
93.663
93.673
93.885
93.680
93.757
93.648
93.686
93.701
93.623
93.339
93.328
93.601
93.500
93.117
93.232
93.137
93.068
92.798
92.830
92.720
92.481
92.543
92.391
92.382
92.410
92.384
92.378
92.608
92.592
92.431
92.535
92.236
92.614
92.570
92.619
92.288
92.216
92.746
92.280
92.219
92.670
92.603
92.710
92.754
92.525
92.529
93.003
92.551
92.971
92.929
5.646 -9999 0 AM141
6.820 -9999 -671 AM125
6.821 -9999 -671 AM124
6.920 -9999 -445 AM122
6.985 -9999 -445 AM121
7.026 -9999 -445 AM120
7.074 -9999 -417 AM119
7.104 -9999 -417 AM118
7.136 -9999 -384 AM117
7.173 -9999 -103 AM126
7.180 -9999 -464 AM116
7.204 -9999 -464 AM115
7.371 -9999 -209 AM114
7.373 -9999 -209 AM113
7.401 -9999 -209 AM112
7.470 -9999 -221 AM111
7.890 -9999 -319 AM108
8.002 -9999 27 AM107
8.080 -9999 -428 AM110
8.214 -9999 -390 AM109
8.232 -9999 -82 AM105
8.232 -9999 220 AM106
8.311 -9999 -4 AM104
8.460 -9999 25 AM103
9.118 -9999 -70 AM170
9.166 -9999 -70 AM102
9.211 -9999 -90 AM101
10.511 179 9999 AM097
10.511 179 9999 AM098
10.523 179 9999 AM096
10.546 218 9999 AM095
10.609 218 9999 AM094
10.662 218 9999 AM093
10.781 74 9999 AM092
10.783 175 9999 AM099
10.801 210 9999 AM090
10.830 210 9999 AM091
10.899 210 9999 AM089
10.972 294 9999 AM088
11.463 -9999 -230 AM079
11.497 -9999 -298 AM063
11.498 -9999 -230 AM078
11.520 295 9999 AM087
11.528 295 9999 AM086
11.548 -9999 -31 AM069
11.585 295 9999 AM085
11.596 295 9999 AM084
11.649 -9999 -660 AM068
11.662 -9999 -297 AM062
11.669 -9999 -660 AM067
11.702 -9999 -633 AM066
11.804 102 9999 AM060
11.877 102 9999 AM059
11.924 -9999 -35 AM076
11.930 100 9999 AM058
11.957 -9999 -35 AM075
11.992 -9999 -35 AM074
93.016
92.625
92.789
92.954
92.639
92.830
92.671
92.704
92.705
92.950
92.706
92.964
92.705
92.705
92.684
92.690
92.710
92.688
92.710
92.726
92.718
92.950
92.734
92.919
92.770
92.799
92.978
92.707
92.808
92.819
92.709
93.041
92.800
92.825
93.061
93.090
92.841
92.846
93.099
93.074
93.113
92.898
93.045
92.879
92.922
92.882
92.964
92.895
92.996
93.038
92.909
93.060
93.033
92.984
93.081
93.029
93.237
12.009
12.035
12.071
12.105
12.133
12.153
12.221
12.257
12.331
12.371
12.378
12.405
12.413
12.467
12.504
12.557
12.569
12.583
12.641
12.717
12.752
12.852
12.864
12.894
12.936
13.025
13.027
13.062
13.092
13.108
13.111
13.117
13.167
13.199
13.222
13.296
13.354
13.389
13.400
13.419
13.431
13.473
13.478
13.493
13.516
13.537
13.541
13.568
13.571
13.575
13.599
13.611
13.619
13.647
13.648
13.674
13.967
-9999 -35 AM073
95 9999 AM057
-9999 -453 AM065
-9999 -34 AM072
91 9999 AM056
-9999 -464 AM064
93 374 AM055
83 356 AM054
368 9999 AM049
-9999 -35 AM053
368 9999 AM048
-9999 -35 AM052
385 9999 AM047
385 9999 AM046
391 9999 AM045
391 9999 AM044
391 9999 AM043
391 9999 AM042
393 9999 AM041
393 9999 AM040
397 9999 AM039
9 170 AM050
397 9999 AM038
10 174 AM034
398 9999 AM037
375 9999 AM025
9 9999 AM033
97 9999 AM036
375 9999 AM024
359 9999 AM023
97 9999 AM035
171 9999 AM032
361 9999 AM022
362 9999 AM021
171 9999 AM031
174 9999 AM030
371 9999 AM020
382 9999 AM019
169 9999 AM029
214 9999 AM027
169 9999 AM028
378 9999 AM018
214 9999 AM026
378 9999 AM017
352 9999 AM015
378 9999 AM016
352 9999 AM014
392 9999 AM011
352 9999 AM013
352 9999 AM012
392 9999 AM010
376 9999 AM006
376 9999 AM007
376 9999 AM009
376 9999 AM005
376 9999 AM008
233 9999 AM004
93.236 14.015 233 9999 AM003
93.682 14.862 200 9999 AM001
* -9999 and 9999 indicate subsidence and uplift, respectively, are unbounded.
Vertical displacements are in millimeters. Uncertainties for all are 75 mm.
These data are used in the model of Fig 3a only.
Table 8: Field observations reported by Bilham et al.2 updated from Bilham’s
website, http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/IndonesiAndaman2004.htm
site
Bil1
Bil2
Bil3
Bil4
Bil5
Bil6
Bil7
Bil8
Bil9
Long.
93.08
92.8
92.25
92.55
92.75
92.7
92.82
93.85
93.35
1.
Meltzner, A. J. et al. Uplift and subsidence associated with the great
Aceh-Andaman earthquake of 2004. J. Geophs.Res., in press (2005).
Bilham, R., Engdahl, R., Feldl, N. & Satyabala, S. P. Partial and complete
rupture of the Indo-Andaman plate boundary 1847-2004. Seismological
Research Letters 76, 299-311 (2005).
Prawirodirdjo, L., et al.,. Geodetic observations of interseismic strain
segmentation at the Sumatra subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2601–
2604 (1997).
Vigny, C. et al. Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS
measurements in southeast Asia. Nature 436, 201-206 (2005).
2.
3.
4.
Lat.
13.25
12.42
11.55
10.6
11.75
9.2
9.15
6.8
7.9
Obs
70
150
150
100
-150
100
-100
-150
-200
Sig
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Source
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(Bilham et al. 2005)
(from the Chief Hydrographer, Bilham et al. 2005)
Bilham’s website