The Library
as Publisher
Lauren B. Collister, PhD
Electronic Publications Associate
University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
Timothy S. Deliyannides, MSIS
Director, Office of Scholarly Communication and Publishing
and Head, Information Technology
University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
NASIG 2013 Pre-Conference Workshop
Buffalo, NY, June 5, 2013
Goals for today
 Explore the benefits of the Library becoming a
Publisher
 Learn about Open Access journal publishing – what
it is, what it isn’t and why it’s important
 Follow a detailed case study of the University of
Pittsburgh
 Review other ways that libraries can be involved in
publishing
 Identify resources to help you get started
New Trends, New Technologies
LIBRARY AS PUBLISHER
Libraries as Publishers – Current Trends
 More than 75% of ARL libraries offer or plan to offer
publishing services.
 Most expect to expand these services in future.
 Dedicated publishing staff are rare.
 Most do not have sustainability plans.
 Most plan to expand cost recovery mechanisms
moving forward.
Source: Library Publishing Services: Strategies for Success Research Report , v. 2.0. http://wp.sparc.arl.org/lps/
Why should libraries be publishers?
 Is your library already involved in publishing, and
why?
 What do you hope to learn today?
 How could publishing fit into your library’s
programs and services?
 Why is this topic relevant to libraries?
 What are some potential hurdles to becoming a
publisher?
Why become a Publisher?
 Provide services that scholars understand, need
and value
 Transform the unsustainable commercial
subscription pricing system
 Take direct action to support Open Access
 Deepen our understanding of scholarly
communications issues
What does Open Access mean to you?
Open Access is…
 A family of copyright licensing policies under
which authors and copyright owners make
their works publicly available
 A movement in higher education to increase
access to scholarly research and
communication, not limiting it solely to
subscribers or purchasers of works
 A response to the current crisis in scholarly
communication
OA Overview
 Open Access literature is digital, online, free
of charge, and free of most copyright and
licensing restrictions
 Works are still covered by copyright law, but
Open Access terms apply to allow sharing
and reuse
 All major OA initiatives for scientific and
scholarly literature insist on the importance
of peer review
OA is compatible with . . .
Copyright
Quality
Peer review
Career advancement
Revenue (even profit)
Indexing
Print
And other features and
supportive services
associated with
conventional scholarly
literature
Preservation
Prestige
Open Access is not . . .
 Open Source—applies to computer
software
 Open Content—applies to non-scholarly
content
 Open Data—a movement to support
sharing of research data (see data.gov)
 Free Access—no charge to access, but all
rights may be reserved
Open Access—Origins
 Crisis in scholarly
communication/publishing
– Flat to declining collections budgets
– More demand for newer, expensive resources
– Greatly increased pricing for serials, electronic
resources
 Rise of Internet and Worldwide Web
– Rapid dissemination of new research
– Better connectivity between scholars
Crisis in scholarly journal pricing
600
biology
500
chemistry
engineering & tech
general science
300
math & comp sci
physics
200
CPI (general inflation)
ARL expenditures, all
serials
1985
1990
100
1995
2000
year
Bill Hooker, April 2009. Data sources: Library Journal Annual Serials Price
Surveys, Association of Research Libraries, US Dept. of Labor
2005
0
2010
% change since 1990
400
Growth in scholarly publishing
 Est. 50 million scholarly research articles published
1665-2009
 @1.4 million articles per year (2006 est.)—one every
22 seconds!
 Average number of science articles per journal
increased by >47% from 1990 to 2009
(Times Higher Education, 8 July 2010)
 Number of scientific articles indexed by ISI was
590,841 in 1990 and 1,015,637 in 2009 – a rise of 72%
1990-2009
Concentration of ownership
 Nearly 50% of the content of the merged ISI Indexes
consists of titles from 5 major publishers—
–
–
–
–
–
Elsevier
Wiley
Springer
Taylor & Francis
Sage
 Top 3 publishers of science journals (Elsevier, SpringerKluwer, Wiley-Blackwell) accounted for @ 42% of articles
published (2002)
 There were over 2,000 publishers of academic journals;
no other publisher accounted for >3% of market share
(2002)
Other changes in Scholarly Communication
 New ways of disseminating research
– Document repositories & gray literature online
– Web sites, blogs, social networks
 New ways of evaluating research and its impact
– Peer review models are changing
– Alternative measures of research impact (altmetrics)
 Changing laws
– DMCA
– Research Works Act
– Google Books Copyright Settlement & aftermath
Changes in scholarly communication
 Changing economic models
–
–
–
–
–
–
The ‘big deal’
Pay per view model
Open Access publishing
Hybrid Open Access
Self-publishing
The library as publisher
OA Today
 Over 150 universities around the world mandate
Open Access deposits of faculty works
 Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
– lists 9,437 OA journals in 119 countries
– http://www.doaj.org (June 2013)
 Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR)
– lists 2,284 open archives in 103 countries
– http://www.opendoar.org (June 2013)
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Open Access journals usually don't follow
the peer review process, which is the most
important guarantee of research quality.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Open Access journals are free.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
The Open Access business model is
supported by fees paid by the authors.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Revenues collected when publishing an
Open Access journal cannot be used to
make a profit.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
It's easier to get published in an Open
Access journal, as long as you agree
to pay the author fee.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Articles in Open Access journals can
be reproduced freely because they
are in the public domain.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Open Access licenses prohibit reuse of the
content for commercial purposes.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Articles in Open Access journals can
reach a broader audience than
articles in subscription-based
journals.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Open Access is an international movement.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Research articles published in Open Access
journals are usually not considered during
faculty tenure and promotion processes.
Open Access:
Fact or Fiction?
Publishing a print version of an online Open
Access journal is an important step toward
increasing the journal's acceptance by the
scholarly research community.
Case Study:
University Library System
University of Pittsburgh
ULS Leadership in advocacy for
OA publishing
 Founding member of Coalition for Library
Publishing
 Major development partner for Public
Knowledge Project (PKP)
 First library publisher in North
America to join the Open Access
Scholarly Publishers Association
(OASPA)
Strategic Goal
Innovation in Scholarly Communication
 Support researchers in
– efficient knowledge production
– rapid dissemination of new research
– open access to scholarly information
 Build collaborative partnerships
around the world
 Improve the production and sharing of scholarly
research
 Support innovative publishing services
 Establish trusted repositories for the research output of
the University
Collaboration with
University of Pittsburgh Press
 Press focuses on books and
monographs rather than journals
 Press Digital Editions
– collaborative project between Press and
Library
– 750 books digitized by ULS
– includes both in-print and out-of-print titles
– all are Open Access
Open Access
Author Self-archiving Repositories
 2001 PhilSci Archive
 2001 Electronic Theses & Dissertations
 2002 Archive of European Integration
 2003 Minority Health Archive
 2003 Aphasiology Archive
 2009 D-Scholarship@Pitt
(general Institutional Repository)
 2010 Industry Studies Working Papers
 2012 Archive for Essential Limb Care
Documents in repositories
and journals
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
-
FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013
Growth in number of
titles published
Subject based archives and repositories
35
e-journals
27
16
9
4
-
2
2
3
-
-
-
5
5
5
2
3
5
5
6
7
7
6
7
FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013
ULS E-Journal Publishing
 Rapid growth to 35 journals since 2007
 Peer-reviewed scholarly research journals
 Most are Open Access and electronic-only
 Based on PKP Open Journal Systems (OJS)
 Editorial teams are located around the world
 Six journals have multilingual content
Journal publishing goals
 Propel scholarship at the
University of Pittsburgh
 Extend service beyond the home
institution
 Save ‘at-risk’ journals without
the infrastructure or know-how
to go electronic
 Incentivize Open Access
Publishing worldwide
Student Publications
 Only supported for University
of Pittsburgh
 Provides valuable learning
experience
 Faculty involvement is
required to maintain continuity
 Selection criteria are relaxed
for student publications
– Peer review process
– Quality of editorial board
Scholarly Exchange™
 http://www.scholarlyexchange.org
 Approximately 40 additional Open Access journals
 Acquired by the ULS on August 1, 2012
 Hosting service only
 ULS is NOT the publisher and does not provide
publishing services
The Process:
JOURNAL PUBLISHING
Journal Publishing Strategies
 Maintain quality and
academic integrity
 Choose partners carefully
 Rely on self-sufficient
editors
 Work smart, not hard
 Keep costs low
Software
 Open Journal Systems (OJS) (http://pkp.sfu.ca/?q=ojs)
 Scholastica (scholasticahq.com)
 BePress (https://www.bepress.com/editors.html)
 Aries Editorial Manager (http://www.editorialmanager.com/)
 Bench>Press (http://highwire.stanford.edu/publishers/benchpress.dtl)
 ScholarOne (http://scholarone.com/products/manuscript/)
Engaging the Publishing Partner
Introductory meeting presentation: http://prezi.com/h4rori5gboc-/creating-a-new-journal-with-uls/
We provide:
• Hardware and software hosting services
• Advice on best practices in e-publishing
• Consultation on editorial workflow management
• Web-based training for editorial staff
• Graphic design services
• ISSN Registration
• Assignment of DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers)
• Assistance in establishing formal acceptance and
recognition of the scholarly content
• Digital preservation through LOCKSS
Journal Proposal Form
 Collects detailed information
on which to base selection
decision
 Focus, scope, description of
content
 Justification of need
 Credentials of Editorial Board
 Description of review process
Based on self-sufficient editors
 Editorial staff are expected to become self-sufficient
by the time first issue is published
 Editors are responsible
for managing:
– all content decisions
– all processing workflow
– all communication with
reviewers, authors, readers
– all editing, including layout
Selection Criteria
 Original scholarly content
 Rigorous blind review process
 Commitment to Open Access for
content
 Editorial Board of internationally
recognized scholars
Publications Advisory Board
 Includes leaders in scholarly publishing and Open
Access issues
 Provides strategic guidance and expertise for ULS
digital publishing program
 Assists in development of publication policies
governing:
– Selection and evaluation criteria for partners
– Open Access and Creative Commons licensing
– Cost recovery mechanisms
Exercise: evaluating journal proposals
Service Agreement
• Builds common understanding before
problems occur
• Defines roles and responsibilities
• Identifies ULS as publisher of record
• Articulates policies on:
•
•
•
•
changes to published content/issuing errata
handling infringement claims,
publication schedule/continuity issues
long-term preservation
Author Copyright Agreement
• Comes in several flavors:
– Immediate Open Access (standard)
 CC BY
– Delayed Open Access (subscription-based)
 CC BY-NC-ND
• License terms are included in digital rights
statement in article metadata
Author Copyright Agreement
• The author warrants that the work:
–
–
–
–
belongs to the author
is original
has not been submitted elsewhere
does not infringe others’ copyright
• Authors encouraged to deposit works in OA
archives pre- and post-publication
• Permission to use third party content is the
responsbility of the author
Creative Commons Licensing
 Open Access alternative to
“ALL RIGHTS RESERVED”
 Standard licenses that make it easy for
authors to share their work with some rights
reserved
 Allows authors to choose the terms of future
use that balance between Open Access and
protection of the author’s interests
Creative Commons:
Licensing Terms
 Attribution (BY) – must credit the author
 No Derivatives (ND) – may reuse the work, but only
unaltered from the original
 Noncommercial (NC) – may not use for commercial
purposes
 ShareAlike (SA) – allows derivative works, but
requires the same CC license terms be applied to
any derivative works
Creative Commons:
The 6 licenses
Attribution (CC BY)
Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
Attribution-NoDerivatives (CC BY-ND)
Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
(CC BY-NC-SA)
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
(CC BY-NC-ND)
Choose the best CC license for the job
 Some helpful tools:
https://creativecommons.org/choose/ (CC license
chooser)
http://www.web2rights.com/OERIPRSupport/creativecom
mons/ (wizard on how to mix licenses)
http://opencontent.org/game/betagame.html (a game to
practice mixing licenses)
Graphic Design Brief
• Defines the scope of graphic design
possibilities
• Explains software design limitations
• Prepares the client to give input on design
• Defines publisher branding requirements
• Establishes process for client input and
timeframe for design
Article Template
Design Questionnaire
• Defines the look of each formatted article
• Echoes web site design
• Default is MS Word
• Includes publisher’s formatting and
branding requirements
• complete citation including DOI must
appear on each page
Design work
How much of the design do you want to be
responsible for?
Do you have staff with the requisite skills at your
disposal?
After the First Issue
 Editors become self-sufficient in workflow
management
 Our focus shifts to promotion and indexing
– Marketing
– Press releases
– Registration with abstracting/indexing services
Exercise: getting discovered
What techniques can you think of that could enhance
discovery of your journal’s content?
Why is this important?
How will you know when you’ve been successful?
Journal Publishing
COSTS AND BUSINESS MODELS
Business models for journal publishing
 subscription model (toll access)
 membership model
 direct funding agency support
 institutional subsidy (sponsorship)
 supported by advertising
Business models for journal publishing:
author fees
 author fees
–
–
–
–
article processing charges
separate OA fees
may be paid by institution or funding agency
can be membership-based
 hybrid journals
– charge subscriptions PLUS OA author fees
Cost categories for journal publishing
 Web-based hardware/software platform
 Application software (manuscript submission/Web
delivery, etc.)
 Third party services (plagiarism detection, DOIs, XML)
 Preparation of back issues (digitization & metadata)
 Preservation (backup, curation, redundant storage)
 Marketing and promotion
 Staffing costs
Staffing for journal publishing
2.00 FTE OJS operations and customer support
0.25 FTE administration, partner relations, marketing
0.30 FTE graphic designers
0.50 FTE OJS sys admin
_____________________
3.05 FTE TOTAL
100% funded from internal reallocation of operating
budget
Sustaining the Pitt journal
publishing program
 Open Access incentivized through subsidies
(at least 50% discount)
 Pitt journals discounted; student publications free
 Includes base package, with additional services a la
carte such as:
–
–
–
–
–
Domain registration
Document layout (per article charge)
XML conversion (per article charge)
Supplementary blog
Special design work & custom programming
Beyond journal publishing
 Open Access Monographs
 Institutional repositories
 Subject-based repositories
 Preprints archives
 Conference proceedings
Supporting change in publishing
models: Multiple approaches
 OA journal publishing
 OA Institutional Repository & deposit mandates
 Support for other OA archives & conference hosting
 Local OA awareness raising
 OA advocacy through larger groups (LPC, OASPA)
 Subsidy of OA author fees (COPE)
 Support the development of Open Source
publishing software
Thinking critically about
OA publishing
 Beall's List of Predatory OA Publishers
 iAWFUL (Internet Advocates’ Watchlist for Ugly
Laws)
Resources

COPE http://publicationethics.org/

LPC http://www.educopia.org/programs/lpc

PKP http://pkp.sfu.ca/

OASPA http://oaspa.org/

SPARC http://www.sparc.arl.org/

DOAJ http://www.doaj.org

SHERPA/ROMEO http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/
http://www.library.pitt.edu/e-journals
Questions?
Contact us
ULS Office of Scholarly
Communication and Publishing
Twitter: @OSCP_Pitt
 Tim Deliyannides, Director
Twitter: @deliyannides
 Lauren B. Collister, Electronic Publications Associate
Twitter: @parnopaeus
oscp@mail.pitt.edu