NATIONAL SURVEY OF
NON- COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
(North Central Zone)
Preliminary Analysis Report
Dr Saka M.J
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Foreword
2.
Preface
3.
NCD Expert Committee
4.
Survey Personnel
5.
Chapter 1: Introduction
7
6.
Chapter 2: Methodology
8
7.
Chapter 3: Sociodemographic Findings
9
8.
Chapter 4: Question-Based Assessment
14
-
Tobacco Use
15
-
Alcohol Use
27
-
Nutrition/Diet
30
-
Family History of NCD
39
-
Personal History of NCD
45
-
Children History of NCD
46
-
Traffic Safety
50
-
Violence
51
-
Female Reproductive Health
59
-
Male Reproductive Health
62
Chapter 5: Physical Measurements
62
-
Obesity and Underweight
65
-
Fasting Blood Sugar
71
9.
10.
Chapter 6: Biochemical and Hematological Measurements
71
2
-
Blood Lipids
71
-
Fasting Blood Sugar
72
-
Genotype
73
11.
Chapter 7: General Discussion
78
12.
References
79
13.
Appendix
3
CHAPTER 1
-
INTRODUCTION
A national survey on non-communicable diseases (NCD) is acknowledged as a useful tool in quantifying
the burden of illness and discomfort due to these diseases especially in the absence of reliable routine
health facility and community-based data.
The first national survey of NCD in Nigeria was conducted in 1990 – 91 (although it was published in
1997). The current effort is a follow-up to that survey and, although planning for this follow-up
commenced as far back as the mid 1990’s, the survey did not take off till the year 2003. This was due to
lack of funds.
Only 1 out of the country’s 6 zones has been covered in this survey because the minimal resources
mobilized could only get thus far. As soon as funds are made available, the remaining 5 zones will be
surveyed.
OBJECTIVES
(i)
To conduct a follow-up to the first national survey of NCD carried out in 1990-91.
(ii)
To identify trends that may have emerged since the first survey.
(iii)
To include additional NCD, not surveyed in 1990 – 91 (eg Cancer, Asthma) along with Risk
Factors associated with these conditions
(iv)
To make recommendations to government on the effective control of NCD in Nigeria based
on findings of the survey.
CONSTRAINTS
The major constraint has been inadequate funding. The survey benefited from
Modest Funds from the WHO and also funding through collaboration with the
POSSIBLE USES OF DATA
The data hereby reported may be utilized in the following ways:
4
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

in planning for provision of appropriate services
in measuring trends over time
in evaluating the achievement of control efforts
and very importantly, in developing preventive strategies against these diseases
5
CHAPTER 2 -






METHODOLOGY
A State was randomly selected from each geo-political zone of the country.
From each selected State, one rural and one urban LGA were randomly selected.
In each selected LGA, a community will be selected from a listing of communities.
In each selected community, starting from a randomly selected point, interviewers proceeded
from household to household, interviewing the first available residents 18 yrs and above, until a
minimum of 500 were interviewed.
All selected subjects were interviewed using a slight modification of the Step 1 of the WHOdeveloped NCD STEPs Surveillance Instrument.
25% of the subjects were then randomly selected and further taken through the Step 2 & 3 of
the WHO STEPS Surveillance Instrument, involving physical, haematological and biochemical
measurements.
To carry out the biochemical tests, a sample size of 250 subjects was decided upon in view of the cost
involved. From among interviewed subjects at …………………………………………….subjects respectively were
subsequently randomly selected for venepuncture and biochemistry and haemotogical investigations
after obtaining informed consent.
DATA ANALYSIS
* Data were analyzed using the Epi Info Statistical software developed by the WHO in collaboration with
the CDC.
*The survey has only been implemented in the selected State for the South South Zone, i.e. Bayelsa and
Cross River states.
6
Chapter 3 Socio and Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
A Total of 1000 subjects were enrolled into the study from selected sites with maximum
respondent rate of 998( 99.8%).
Table 1 Distribution of respondents by demographic characteristics
Demographic Characteristic
Sex
Males
Females
Total
Frequency (%)
327(33%)
679(67%)
1006(100.0%)
Religion
Christianity
Islam
Traditional
Total
100 (10%)
814(81%)
82(8%)
996(100%)
Ethnicity
Kanuri
Hausa
Idoma
Nupe
Jalingo
Igala
Others
Total
253 (30%)
141(17%)
12 (1%)
8
6
2
424 (50%)
846(100%)
Almost all the respondents were Christians 943(95.3%), with only 7(0.7%) Muslim and 39(3.9%)
traditional Gender distribution show that shows that 385 (38.6%) were male and 612 (61.4%
female. Expectedly 966 (97.6%) of the respondent were from Ibo, Efik 3(0.3% , Edo 7(0.7%),
Igalla 4 (0.4%) Hausa 3(0.3%) and others 7(0.7%)
Table 2; Distribution of Respondents by Marital Status
Marital Status
Frequency (%)
Married
644(65)
Single
291(29)
Divorced
15(2)
Widowed
41(4)
Separated
2(0.2%)
Total
991 (100)
7
Forty-three percent of the respondents (473) were single while 43.9% (424) were married. The
rest of the respondents were either divorced (0.8%), widowed (6.0%) or separated (1.1%).
Table 3. Distribution of Respondents by Education level
Highest Educational Level
Frequency (%)
Secondary
203 (20)
Primary
204 (20)
University
31 (3)
None/Never
291 (29)
Post secondary
21 (2 )
Koranic
253 (25)
Total
1003 (100)
As shown in the Table 3, majority of the respondents 454(46%) had secondary education, 270
(27.4%) had primary, 129 (13.1%) had university or tertiary education and 2 (0.2%) had koranic
education and 76 (7.7%) had no education.
Table 4. Distribution of Respondents by Occupation
Highest Educational Level
Students/apprentices
Fish/farming
Unemployed
Petty traders
Skilled/Artisan
Unskilled workers
Clerk/Typist
Snr. Top Executive
Messengers/Cleaners
Prim Schl Teachers
University Lecturer
Frequency (%)
136 (14)
209 (21)
276 (28)
209 (21)
13 (1)
52 (5)
16 (2)
25 (3)
27 (3)
7 (0.7)
6 (0.6)
5 (0.5)
981 (100)
8
Secondary Schl. Teacher
Total
Table 4 shows that the predominant occupation of the respondents 196(20%) were
students/apprentice , farming/fishing 187(19%), petty traders 132 913.6%), skilled and unskilled
workers/artisans were 35(3.6%) and 32(3.3%) respectively.
Table 5; Distribution of respondents by annual household earnings
Annual HH Earnings
Frequency (%)
<50,000
214(35% )
50,000- 99,999
108( 17% )
100,000- 199,999
188
200,000- 449,999
49(30% )
500,000 and above
55(8% )
Majority of the respondents 391(76%) have there annual income of less than N100, 000.00
thousand.
Table 6 Type of housing unit of respondents
Highest Educational Level
Frequency (%)
Mud Hut
Multiple hut unit
280(28%)217(21%)
Mud house with or without cement
239(24%)
Single room
148(14%)
Flat (shared)
55(5%)33(3%)
Flat (self)
21(2%)
Bungalow (self contained)
Total
993(100)
Large proportion of the respondents live in mud hut houses 357 (36.7), mud houses 169 (17.4),
while 291 (29) are in purely shared and selc-contained falts, bungalow and storey building.
Table 7 Distribution of respondents by most consistent domicile
9
Domicile
Frequency (%)
Urban
Rural
Total
500(50%)
488(49%)
988(100%)
The domicile of the respondents were evenly distributed among urban (499(51.7)) and rural
(467(48.3)) population.
Table 8 Distribution of respondents by area of residency in past 5 years
Domicile
Urban
Rural
Mixed
Frequency (%)
485 (48%)
472(47%)
39(3%)
Total
996(100)
Table 8 shows that 47.2% of the respondents had lived in a urban area in the last 5 years
compared to 420(43.1) that had lived in an rural area.
10
CHAPTER 4 –RISK FACTORS FOR NCD
A. USE OF TOBACCO
SMOKING STATUS
Characteristic
Sex
Male
Female
Total
Never Smoked (%)
Ever smoked (%)
291
666
957
32
6
38
323
672
995
Urban
Rural
Total
481
460
941
16
20
36
497
480
977
Age Group (yrs)
≤ 24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 - 74
75+
390
209
139
106
46
30
26
6
10
108
1
02
396
219
149
114
47
30
28
Total
946
Residence
37
983
As shown in the Table, more male than female had ever smoked; many of them are resident in
urban areas
Distribution of Respondents by Current Smoking History
Characteristic
Never Smoked
Ever Smoked
Frequency (%)
958(96)
38(3)
11
Missing
13(1)
Total
1009
Distribution of the respondents who currently smoke daily by duration
Duration of current smoking (yrs) Frequency (%)
<10
10(46)
10-19
8(36)
20-29
2(9)
30 and above
2(9)
Total
22(100)
Table--- show that, of the respondents who currently smoke, 16.3% had been doing so for over
20 years while 36.7% had smoke for 30 years and above.
Distribution of the respondents who currently smoke by age of Initiation
Duration of current smoking (yrs) Frequency (%)
10-19
20-29
30 and above
15(60)
7(28)
3(12)
Total
25 (100)
As shown in the table – many of the respondents (40.8%) who are currently smoke started while
they were between 10- 19 years old, those that started smoking between 20-29 years were
(22.4%) while 12.2% of the respondents started smoking at the age of 30 years and above.
Table Distribution of respondents who currently smoke by number of manufactured cigarette
consumed daily
Number consumed per day
Frequency (%)
<5
11(65)
5-9
4(24)
10 and above
2(12)
Total
17(100)
As shown in the Table---, a majority of the respondents who currently smoke consume less than
5 manufactured cigarettes per day (88%) while 12% smoke more than 5 cigarettes per day.
Table; Distribution of the respondents who do not currently smoke by history of past smoking
Ever Smoke daily
Frequency (%)
12
Yes
No
20(2)
928(98)
Total
948(100%)
Table--- shows that less than 8% of the respondents who do not currently smoke had smoke in
the past.
Distribution of the respondents who had smoked in the past by duration
Duration of current smoking (yrs) Frequency (%)
<10
33(70)
10-19
9(19)
20-29
3(6)
30 and above
2(4)
Total
47(100%)
Majority of the past smokers 41.5% smoked for 30 years and above,20% smoked for between 20
to 29 years, and 37% has smoked for less than 20 years.
Table; Distribution of the Respondent’s Reasons for Stop Smoking
Duration of current smoking (yrs) Frequency (%)
Health Reasons
12 (32%)
Personal Reasons
12(32%)
Parents
2(5)
Friends & Relatives
5 (13%)
Others
6(16%)
Total
Distribution of respondents who currently smoke by reason for initiation of smoking
Characteristics
Frequency (%)
Advert
3(0.8)
Friends
35(60)
Parents/Family
21(5)
Others
2(0.5)
Total
58(100)
Table ---- shows that majority of respondents (88%) who currently smoke started as a result of
influence of friends and about 6% for advertisement as a reason for starting to smoke.
13
Awareness of warning that smokers are liable to die young among respondents
N=878
Aware = 415
Not Aware = 463
Figure ---shows that majority of the respondents (85%) were aware of the warning that smokers are liable to die
young.
Proportion of the Brand of Cigarettes usually smoked by Current Smokers
Brand of Cigarette
Frequency (%)
Benson & Hedges
26(58)
Rothmans
8(18)
Gold Leaf
1(2)
Malboro
4(9)
Other
6(13)
Total
45 (100)
14
Table--- Shows that Benson & Hedges (76.2%) and Sweet Menthol (12.7%) were the most
commonly smoked brand of cigarettes among respondents who smoke while Rothmans (1.6%)
was the least common among named cigarettes.
Respondents who reported History of Someone Smoking in House hold.
History of Household Smoking
Freq.(%)
Yes
201(21)
No
747(79)
Total
948
Table—Shows that 15.8% of the respondents reported a knowledge of someone who smokes in
the household
Distribution of Respondents who are exposed to smoke in public places
Respondents exposed to smoke in
Freq. (%)
public places
Yes
222(25)
No
676(75)
Total
898
Table ---show that 46.4% of the respondents are exposed to smoke in the public
Attitude of Respondents to Law Banning Smoking in Public Places
Respondents exposed to smoke in
Freq.(%)
public places
Support
578(64)
Oppose
327(36)
Total
905(100)
Table ? Shows that majority of the respondents (87.9%) support the law banning smoking in
public places
Sources Of Information/Warning On Cigarette Smoking
Sources of Information/warning on
Cigarette Smoking
Billboard
Radio adverts
TV adverts
Newspaper
Radio/TV prog
News article
Freq.(%)
10(1)
374(54)
29(4)
38(5)
88(12)
25(3)
15
Friends/relatives
Doctor/HWs
Cigar packet
91(13)
15(2)
16(2)
Total
686(100)
From the Table….Radio advert (47.5%) is a major source of information/warning on cigarette
smoking among the respondents, TV adverts (15,2%) and Radio/TV (11.1%) programs are next
most important sources of information/warning, while Billboard (8.7%), Friends/Relatives
(5.9%), cigarette packets (5.6%), newspaper (4.6%), news article(2.3%) and doctor/HWs (0.8%)
are less sources of information
B. USE OF ALCOHOL
Table ---Distribution of respondents by history of Alcohol Consumption
Ever Consumed Alcohol
Yes
No
Frequency (%)
65(9)
595(91)
Total
660(100)
Table--- shows that more (56.8%) of the respondents had ever consumed alcohol while 43.2% of
the respondents had never consumed alcohol.
Table----- Distribution of the respondents who have consumed alcohol in the past year
Alcohol Consumption in past year
Frequency (%)
Yes
65(10)
No
595(90)
Total
)660(100)
Table ---- shows one quarter (25.0%) of the respondents who consumed alcohol had consumed
alcohol in the past year
16
Table ----- Distribution of the respondents who drink by number consumed daily
Average Alcoholic drink Frequency (%)
per day
1
28(37)
2
17(17
3
15(20)
Others
15(20)
Total
75(100)
Table---- shows that majority of the respondents (50.0%) who drink consume on the average of 3
drinks daily. However, 25.0% of respondents consumed on the average of drinks.
Table----Largest number of drink consumed by respondents who drink in past
Largest number of alcohol
Frequency
consumed on a single
(%)
occasion in the past one year
1
22 (30%)
2
21 (28%)
3
10 (13%)
4
5 (6%)
5
2 (2%)
Others
13 (17%)
Total
73(100)
Table----- shows that more than three quarter (75%) of the respondents who drink had consumed
1-3 drinks at most on a single day in the past 12 months
Table; Respondents who had been advised to drink less
Advised to Consumed
Frequency (%)
Less Alcohol
Yes
30 (33% )
No
59 (66%)
Total
89 (100%)
17
Table ----- Shows that 35% of the respondents had been advised to drink less in the past year
while 465% had not.
Table 31 Distribution of respondents by frequency of consumption of fresh fruits
Number of days of daily
consumption weekly
Frequency
None
35 (4%)
1-2
394 (41%)
3-4
303 (31%)
5-7
205 (21%)
8-10
18 (2%)
>10
10 (1%)
Total
965 (100%)
Percentage
Table –shows that more than 37% of the respondents consumed fresh fruits on a daily basis while 28%
consumed fresh fruits at least five times daily
Table 32. Distribution of respondents by number of servings of fresh fruits consumed daily.
Number of servings
Frequency
1-2
565 (62)
3-4
208 (23)
5-7
83 (9)
>7
60 (7)
Total
916 (100)
Percentage
Table shows –that only 9% of the respondents consume at least 5 servings of fresh fruits on the average
on daily basis while majority of the respondents 61% eat 1-2 servings .
Table 34. Distribution of respondents by number of servings of fresh vegetables consumed daily.
18
Number of servings
consumed daily
Frequency
1-2
634(72)
3-4
193(22)
5-7
30(3.4)
>7
26(3)
Total
883(100)
Percentage
Table ---Shows that majority of the respondents 62% consume 1-2 servings of fresh vegetable daily on
the average
Table 35. Consumption of cooked vegetables among respondents
Number of days consumed on
weekly basis
Frequency
None
27(3)
1-2
492(50)
3-4
331(34)
5-7
121(12)
7+
14(1.4)
Total
985(100)
Percentage
Table -----shows that majority of the respondents consume cooked vegetables 1-2 days weekly on the
average
Table 36 Food consumption pattern of protein rich foods among respondents.
Number of days
consumed weekly
Beans N(%)
Meat N(%)
Eggs N(%)
Milk N(%)
Fish N(%)
Chicken N(%)
None
40(4)
10(1)
41(5)
49(7)
8
69(10)
1-2
454(48)
232(24)
362(44)
275(37)
190(21)
405(57)
3-4
253(27)
236(24)
227(27)
145(18)
249(27)
113(16)
5-7
192(20)
487(49)
190(23)
251(34)
440(48)
118(17)
19
>7
12(1.3)
20(2)
11(1.3)
17(2.3)
22(2.4)
7(1)
Total
951(100)
985(100)
831(100)
737(100)
909(100)
712(100)
Table—show that weekly pattern of consumption of protein rich food. Majority of the consume beans 57times a week while eggs were not consume by 46.2% of the respondents. Fish was consumed by 31.3%
of the respondents on 5-7 days. While for chicken it was only 10.2%. The most commonly consumed
protein rich food are beans, meat and fish.
Table 37. Food consumption pattern of Carbohydrate - rich food among respondents.
Number
Grains
of days
consumed N(%)
weekly
Yams
Cassava
Rice
Plantain
friedN(%)
Pastries
N(%)
N(%)
N(%)
None
42(5)
8(0.9)
34(5)
26(3.2)
83(17)
226(43)
1-2
246(30)
252(28)
301(44)
159(20)
199(42)
253(48)
3-4
202(25)
250(28)
163(23)
183(22)
96(20)
33(6)
5-7
81(10)
359(40)
172(25)
414(51)
89(19)
16(3)
>7
238(29)
35(4)
23(3.3)
35(43)
9(2)
2(0.4)
Total
809(100)
904(100)
692(100)
817(100)
476(100)
530(100)
N(%)
Table—shows that more than half (52.5%) of the respondents do consumed grains a weekly basis. While
more than 20.2% consume rice about 5-7 days a week. More than 2/3 do not consume pastries on a
daily basis. Casava was consume by about 5.4% of the respondents 5-7 days a week. On the average, the
most commonly consumed carbohydrate rich food were grains and rice.
Table 38. Distribution of respondents by type of oil used in food preparation
Type of oil (N=996)
Frequency (%)
Vegetable oil (no brand)
25
Cholesterol free vegetable oil
36
Palm oil
931
Other oil
1(0.6)
20
Table--- Shows that Majority of respondents (80%) use palm oil on food preparation while 15% uses
vegetable oil.
Table 39 Distribution of respondents by frequency of consumption of sweet soft drinks.
Frequency of consumption
Frequency
Never
57(27)
Rarely
258(26)
1-3 days a week
296(30)
4-6days a week
116(12)
Everyday
270(27)
Total
997(100)
Percentage
Table—Shows that at least 44.0% of the respondents consumed sweet soft drink once in a day
Table 40 Frequency of Weekly Consumption of sweets/chocolate among respondents
Frequency of consumption
Frequency
Never
169(17)
Rarely
363(37)
1-3days a week
258(26)
4-6days a week
83(8)
Everyday
114(12)
Total
987(100)
Percentage
Table---- Shows that majority of the respondents 66.6% consume sweet or chocolate on a weekly basis
while only 6.0% never consume sweet or chocolate.
Table 41 Consumption of beverages among respondents
Consumption of beverages
Frequency
Percentage
Frequency of consumption weekly
21
Never
88(9)
Rarely
226(23)
1-3days
241(24)
4-6days
118(12)
Everyday
321(32)
Number of cups consumed daily
1-Cup
717(77)
2 cups
172(18)
More than 2 cups
45(5)
Amount of Sugar consumed per cup
Less than 1 cube/teaspoon
73(8)
1-2cubes/teaspoons
734(76)
More than 2 cups/teaspoons
151(16)
None
4(0.4)
Total
962(100)
Table—Shows that majority of the respondents (36.9%) drink beverages with sugar everyday. Most
(66.0%) drink 1 cup daily while 68.0% of respondents use 1-2 cubes in each cup.
Table 42 Type of milk used by respondents in preparation of beverages
Type of milk used
Frequency
Full cream
662(69)
Skimmed milk
144(15)
None
156(16)
Total
962(100)
Percentage
Table—Shows that majority of respondents (60.8%) use full cream milk in preparation of tea or coffee
while (22.1%) do not use milk
22
Table 43 Distribution of respondents by use of extra salt with already prepared food
Use of extra salt with food at
table
Frequency
Never
423(43)
Sometimes
399(40)
Always
172(17)
Total
994(100)
Percentage
Table—Shows that majority of respondents (43%) never add extra food while 13% always do so.
Table 44 Distribution of respondents by use of Mono sodium glutamate taste Enhancers
Use of MSG taste enhancers
Frequency
Never
49(5)
Sometimes
201(20)
Always
743(75)
Total
993(100)
Percentage
Table--- Shows that majority of the respondents92% always use monosodium glutamate taste enhancers
in food preparation
Table 45. Respondents who cook with white Maggi/Vedan
Cooks with white maggi
Frequency
Yes
531(54)
No
418(42)
Don’t know
43(4)
Total
992(100)
Percentage
23
Table -----shows that only 2.7% of the respondents cook with white Maggi/verdant while 95.7% do
not.
Table 46 Distribution of Respondents who eat breakfast
Respondent eats breakfast
Frequency
Yes
930(95)
No
48(5)
Total
978(100)
Percentage
Table 47. Respondents who have been advised to change diet for health reasons.
Responded advised to change
diet
Frequency
Yes
288(21)
No
777(79)
Total
985(100)
Percentage
Table 48 Frequency of Consumption of fast foods among respondents
Frequency of Consumption of
fast foods
Frequency
Never
215(22)
Rarely
330(33)
1-3days a week
256(26)
4-6days a week
77(8)
Percentage
24
Everyday
115(12)
Total
993(100)
Table 49 Distribution of respondents by change in diet in the past year
Change in diet
Frequency
No change
725
Eat less fat
64
Eat more vegetable
155
Eat less sugar
59
Eat less salt
46
On weight reducing diet
7
Drink less alcohol
5
D.
Percentage
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Table 50 Distribution of respondents by duration of work hours.
Duration of work (hrs)
Frequency
Percentage
Paid work (N= 333)
None
126(19)
1-4
259(40)
5-9
190(29)
10-14
66(10)
15-19
3(0.5)
20-24
8(1.2)
25
House work (N=751)
None
32(4)
1-4
643(70)
5-9
185(20)
10-14
40(4)
15-19
11(1.2)
20-24
6(0.7)
30-34
7(0.9)
Total
917(100)
Table 51. Participation in Rigorous Exercise.
Rigorous Exercise
Urban
Rural
Total
Yes
152
222
374
No
298
227
525
Total
450
449
899
Urban
Rural
Total
Yes
169
158
327
No
239
265
504
Total
408
423
831
Rigorous
Table 52. Participation in Moderate Activity.
Moderate Activity
Rigorous
26
Table 53. Duration of Types of Physical activity of respondents
Duration of physical activity (days)
Frequency
Percentage
Vigorous activity N=295
1-2
97(26)
3-4
98(27)
5-7
167(45)
>7
7(2)
Moderately intense activity N=204
1-2
64(17)
3-4
118(32)
5-7
185(50)
Walking/cycling at least 10mins. N=192
1-2
133(32)
3-4
123(30)
5-7
152(37)
7+
4(1)
Vigorous activity (recreation) N=300
1-2
85(39)
3-4
64(30)
5-7
65(30)
7+
2(0.9)
27
Table 54. Time spent daily by respondents in various types of activity.
Time spent during activity (hrs)
Frequency
Percentage
Vigorous activity (work) N=291
1-3
153(47)
4-6
126(39)
7-9
44(14)
10+
40 (14)
Moderately intense activity (work) N=408
1-3
133(57)
4-6
53(23)
7-9
10(4)
10 and above
39(17)
Vigorous activity (recreation) N=180
1-3
122(69)
4-6
50(28)
7-9
6(3.4)
10+
41 (23)
Moderate activity (recreation) N=294
1-3
173(60)
4-6
85(29)
7-9
33(11)
Walking at least 10 mins N=411
1-3
204(65)
28
4-6
80(25)
7-9
31(10)
Table 55. Daily Duration of Physical inactivity among respondents.
Daily Duration (hrs)
Frequency
Percentage
Mean
Paid work N=127
None
109(35)
1-3
110(35)
4-6
66(21)
7-9
26(8)
10 and above
0
Home N = 662
None
21(3)
1-3
442(55)
4-6
239(30)
7-9
41(5)
10 and above
67(8)
Recreation N=155
None
165(41)
1-3
172(42)
4-6
34(9)
7-9
9(2)
29
10 and above
22(5)
Table 56. Summary statistics of physical activity of respondents
Types of Physical activity
No(%)
Mean number of days mean duration per day
1. Vigorous activity
466 mean =3.6
2. Moderate activity at work
475 mean 3.7
3. Vigorous activity (recreation)
797 mean=2.1
4. moderate activity (recreation)
366 mean = 2.8
Table 57. Opinion of respondents on their weight
Opinion
Frequency
Under weight
125(13)
Normal
580(61)
Overweight
58(6)
Don’t know
187(20)
Total
950(100)
Percentage
Table 58. Respondents who had been advised to increase physical activity in past year.
Advised to increase physical activity
Frequency
Percentage
30
Yes
140(16)
No
754(84)
Total
844 (100)
Table 59. Family history of Common non-communicable diseases among Respondents.
Non communicable disease
Father N (%)
Mother N (%)
Yes
105(11)
99(10)
No
795(80)
826(83)
Don’t know
95(10)
73(7)
995 (100%)
998 (100%)
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Yes
30(3)
No
859(87)
902(90.7)
Don’t know
100(10)
79(8)
989(100%)
14(1.4)
995(100%)
Asthma
Yes
30(3)
No
865(87)
895(90)
Don’t know
96(10)
72(7)
991 (100%)
31(3)
997910050
Stroke
Yes
20(2)
No
870(88)
11(1)
919(93)
31
Don’t know
95(10)
63(6)
985 (100%)
993 (100%)
Prostate Cancer
Yes
15(2)
No
832(84)
Don’t know
145(15)
Breast Cancer
Yes
22(2)
No
905(91)
Don’t know
70(7)
*Sickle cell disease
Yes
36(4%)
No
862(88%)
Don’t know
84(9%)
982 (100%)
*based on any member in family.
Table 60. Respondents who have been informed that they suffer from Hypertension.
Respondent informed as Hypertensive
Frequency
Yes
111 (11%)
No
880 (89%)
Total
991 (100%)
Percentage
Table 61. Respondents who have been informed that they are hypertensive and currently on
treatment.
32
Currently on treatment
Frequency
Yes
81 (15%)
No
465 (85%)
Total
546 (100%)
Percentage
Table 62. Respondents who have been told that they are diabetic by health workers
Respondent told is Diabetic
Frequency
Yes
8 (0.9%)
No
919 (99%)
Total
929 (100%)
Percentage
Table 63. Respondents who have been told that they are Asthmatic by health workers.
Respondent told is Asthmatic
Frequency
Yes
28(3)
No
894(97)
Total
922(100)
Percentage
Table 64. Distribution of respondent by frequency of visit to doctors in past 1 year.
Frequency of visits
Number
None
62(13)
1-4
359(74 )
Percentage
33
5-9
38(7)
10-14
18(3)
15 and above
3
Total
480(100)
Table 65. First source of health care for respondents
Responses
Frequency
Clinic
450 (49)
Chemist
279(30)
Herbalist
28(3)
Health center
152(17)
Others
13(1.4)
Total
922(100)
Percentage
CHILDREN HISTORY OF NCD
Table 66. Respondents who have been told that children suffer from non-communicable diseases.
Diseases
Frequency
Asthma (N=406)
2(0.5)
Diabetes (N=406)
1 (0.2)
Percentage
34
Sickle cell disease (N=405)
3(0.7)
Heart disease (N=406)
4(1)
Total
G.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
Table 67. Use of seat belts by respondents while in front seat of a car.
Responses
Frequency
Almost always
31(57)
Sometimes
93(14)
Never
423(64)
No seat belt in car
19(3_)
Never use car
95(14)
Total
661(100)
Percentage
Table 68. Use of seat belts by respondents while in back seat of a car.
Responses
Frequency
Almost always
12(2)
Sometimes
59(9)
Never
525(80)
No seat belt in back seat
25(4)
Never travel in back seat
34(5)
Percentage
35
Total
655(100)
Table 69. Distribution of respondents by history of driving under influence of alcohol.
History of Driving under influence of
alcohol
Frequency
No
573(88)
Yes
35(5)
Difficult to say
43(7)
Total
651(100)
H.
Percentage
VIOLENCE
Table 70. Distribution of respondents by history of experience/witness of armed robbery attack.
Experience/witnesses
armed robbery attack
Frequency
Yes
92(15)
No
544(85)
Total
636(100)
Percentage
Table 71. Attitude of respondents to killing.
36
Attitude to killing
Agree % Disagree % Uncertain %
Right to kill to defend property
(N=667)
332(50)
Right to kill for rape (N=665)
Right to kill for murder (N=666)
Right to kill criminals (N=666)
Support for Capital Punishment
(N=666)
259(39)
75(11)
279(42)
311(477)
75(11)
332(50)
259(39)
75(11)
309(46)
271(41)
86(13)
351(53)
251(38)
64(10)
325(53)
278(38)
61(10)
Right to kill armed robber who
commits murder in robbery attack
(N=664)
Total
CHAPTER 5
A.
- MALE & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
FEMALE & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Table 72. Female respondents with live babies who had been told by health worker that their
newborn baby was too large.
Respondents told
newborn too large
Frequency
Yes
71(22)
No
250(78)
Total
321(100)
Percentage
37
Table 73. Number of children of female respondents who were informed by health workers to be too
large.
Number of children
Frequency (%)
1-2
48 (65)
3-4
21 (28)
5-6
5 (7)
Total
74 (100)
38
Figure 5. Female respondents who had ever used contraceptive
Table 74. Duration of usage of various kinds of hormonal contraceptives among female
contraceptives.
Responses
Frequency
Percentage
Pills N=7
4-6
1(14)
7 and above
1(14)
Injectables N=1
1-3
1(100)
Total
8(100)
Table 75. Duration of breastfeeding among female respondents who had babies within past 5 yrs.
Duration of breastfeeding
Frequency
No breastfeeding
3(1.4)
Mixed feeding
103(48)
Exclusive breastfeeding for 1-3months
33(15)
Exclusive breastfeeding for 4-months
74(35)
Total
213(100)
Percentage
Table 76. Female respondents age of initiation of sexual intercourse and marriage
Responses
Frequency
Percentage
Initiation of sex
< 15 years
67(19)
39
15-19
172(50)
20-24
80(23)
25-29
15(4.3)
30 and above
12(3.5)
Age at first marriage
<15
50(15)
15-19
168(50)
20-24
88(26)
25-29
16(5)
30 and above
13(4)
Total
335(100)
Figure 6. Female respondents who had ever experienced vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse.
Table 77. History of Vaginal Bleeding after Sexual Intercourse among Female Respondents
Location
Yes
No
Total
Urban
25
155
180
Rural
25
155
178
Total
50
308
358
Table 78. Distribution of female respondents by performance of pap smear
Performance of pap smear in past 3 years
Frequency
Yes
2(1)
No
184(99)
Total
186(100)
Percentage
40
Table 79. Female respondents who had ever performed a pap smear.
Ever performed pap smear
Urban
Rural
Total
Yes
2
7
9
No
50
123
173
Total
52
130
182
Table 80. Distribution of female respondents by performance of breast self Examination (BSE).
Performance of BSE regularly
Urban
Rural
Frequency
Yes
40
24
64
No
174
179
353
Total
214
203
417
Table 81. Frequency of performance of Breast self examination among female respondents
How often BSE is done
Frequency
At least once a month
32(70)
Once in 3 months
6(13)
Once in 6 months
1(2)
Once in a year
2(4)
Less than once a year
5(11)
Total
46(100)
Percentage
Table 82. Condom Use Among Female Respondents
41
Characteristic
Have used Condoms
Never Used Condoms
Total
Urban
5
202
207
Rural
6
194
200
Total
11
396
407
15-24 yrs
4
119
123
25-34
5
87
92
35-44
1
73
74
45-54
1
55
56
55-64
0
21
21
65 & above
0
14
14
Total
11
369
380
Residence
Age Group
Figure 7. Female respondents who presently use condoms.
Table 83. Distribution of responses of female respondents on concern about the harmful effects on
non – use of condoms.
Characteristic
Very
Concerned
Somewhat
Concerned
Slightly
Concerned
Not
Concerned
Total
42
15-24 yrs
105
0
1
123
229
25-34
11
0
0
7
18
35-44
0
0
0
6
6
Total
116
0
1
136
253
Table 84. Female respondents who believe that condoms can prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
Believe condoms can prevent STDs
Frequency
Yes
256(67)
No
126(33)
Total
382(100)
B.
Percentage
MEN & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Table 85. Age at first sexual intercourse and marriage among male respondents
Responses (yrs)
Frequency
Percentage
Age at first sexually intercourse N=170
< 15
19(11)
15-19
61(36)
20-24
65(38)
25-29
16(9)
43
30 and above
9(5)
Age at first marriage N= 127
< 15
5(4)
15-19
26(21)
20-24
51(40)
25-29
25(20)
30 and above
20(16)
Table 86. Male respondents who had difficulty in passing urine freely.
Had difficulty in passing urine freely
Frequency
Yes
50(22)
No
173(78)
Total
223(100)
Percentage
Table 87. Distribution of male respondents by performance of screening for prostate cancer.
Performance of screening test
Frequency
Yes
7(3)
No
248(97)
Total
255(100)
Percentage
Table 88. Distribution of male respondents by use of condoms.
44
Ever used condoms
Urban
Rural
Frequency Percentage
Yes
14
21
35
No
81
153
234
Total
95
174
269(100)
Table 89. Distribution of male respondents by concern about harmful effects of non-use of condoms
on health
Responses
Urban
Rural
Frequency
Not concerned
40
82
122
Very concerned
52
85
137
Total
92
167
259(100)
Percentage
Table 90. Male respondents who believe that condoms can prevent sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).
Performance of screening test
Frequency
Yes
192 (73%)
No
70 (27%)
Total
262 (100%)
Percentage
.
45
STEP 2:
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS/ASSESSMENT
46
CHAPTER 6 - PREVALENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
OBESITY AND UNDERWEIGHT:
Table 91. Distribution of respondents by Waist Circumference
Waist Circumference (cm)
Frequency
< 40
1(20)
40 – 86.9
4(80)
87 and above
0
Total
5(100)
Percentage
Table 92. Distribution of respondents by Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index
Frequency
< 40
161(98)
40 – 86.9
3(2)
87 and above
0
Total
164(100)
Percentage
BMI Group by Sex
BMI Group
Under (1-19)
Male
11
Female
9
Total
20(13)
47
Normal (20-24)
Over weight (25-29)
Moderate (30-34)
Gross (35+)
Total
30
15
8
2
66(41)
29
32
17
7
94(59)
59(37)
47(29)
25(16)
9(6)
160(100)
Body Mass Index By Sex
Body Mass Index
Male
Female
Total
< 40
66
94
160
40 – 86.9
1
2
3
87 and above
0
0
0
Total
67
96
163
Body Mass Index By Residence of Respondent
URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
UNDERWEIGHT
7
13
20
NORMAL
21
39
60
OVERWEIGHT
20
27
47
Moderate
14
11
25
Obese
4
5
9
Total
66
95
161
Body Mass Index By Age
UNDERWEIGHT
NORMAL
OVERWEIGHT Moderate Obese
TOTAL
15-24
7
20
12
5
1
45
25-34
4
12
11
6
1
34
35-44
1
7
13
8
3
32
48
45-54
3
6
5
3
3
20
55-64
2
2
3
0
0
8
65&ABOVE
0
4
1
2
1
7
Overall
17
51
45
24
9
146
FIG. PROPORTION OVERWEIGHT
IN EACH AGE CATEGORY
49
HYPERTENSION
Table 93. Distribution of the respondents by Systolic blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure (mm hg)
Frequency
80-99
5(3)
100-119
58(35)
120-139
61(37)
140-159
23(14)
160-179
12(7)
180 and above
6(4)
Total
165(100)
Percentage
Table 94. Distribution of respondents by diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure (mm hg)
Frequency
< 50
0
50 – 74
53(32)
75-94
78(48)
95-114
29(18)
115 and above
4(2)
Total
164(100)
Percentage
50
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE
SBP GROUP
URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
OPTIMAL(120)
28
35
63
NORMAL(120-129)
17
22
39
HINORMAL(130-139)
10
12
22
GRD1(140-150)
7
16
23
GRD2(160-179)
4
8
12
GRD3(180 & +)
1
5
6
TOTAL
67
98
165
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE
Body Mass Index By Residence of Respondent
DBP GROUP
URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
OPTIMAL(<80)
23
31
54
NORMAL(80-84)
28
24
52
GRD1(90-99)
10
18
28
GRD2(100-109)
5
18
23
GRD3(110 & +)
1
7
8
TOTAL
67
98
165
HINORMAL(85-89)
P value=0.73; Chi square=2.0
51
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND AGE
SBP GROUP
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
Total
OPTIMAL(<120)
27
13
11
3
2
1
57
NORMAL(120-129)
8
12
8
8
0
0
36
HINORMAL(130-139)
5
3
4
4
1
2
19
GRD1(140-150)
4
4
5
3
2
3
21
GRD2(160-179)
2
2
4
0
1
1
10
GRD3(180 & +)
0
1
0
3
1
1
6
TOTAL
46
35
32
21
7
8
149
Chi squared= 91.49 df 25, p<0.05
FIG. PROPORTION OF RESPONDENTS WITH DIASTOLIC
HYPERTENSION IN EACH AGE GROUP
52
BMI AND SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
SBP GROUP
UNDERWEIGHT
NORMAL
WEIGHT
OVERWEIGHT
Moderate Gross
TOTAL
OPTIMAL
8
28
20
5
1
62
NORMAL
5
14
10
6
3
38
HINORMAL
3
3
8
6
1
21
GRD1
2
8
7
4
1
22
GRD2
1
4
1
3
3
12
GRD3
1
3
1
1
0
6
TOTAL
20
60
47
25
9
161
Chi squared= 25.71 df=20, p=0.17
BMI AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
53
DBP GROUP
UNDERWEIGHT
NORMAL
WEIGHT
OVERWEIGHT Moderate Gross
TOTAL
OPTIMAL
7
28
13
4
2
54
NORMAL
6
17
14
10
4
51
GRD1
4
6
13
3
0
26
GRD2
2
6
5
7
2
22
GRD3
1
3
2
1
1
8
TOTAL
20
60
47
25
9
161
HINORMAL
Chi squared= 24.86 df=16 p=0.07
54
55
STEP 3: BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS/ASSESSMENTS
56
CHAPTER 7 - HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES
Table: Mean biochemical and Haematological measurements by residence
Parameter
Urban (n=111)
Rural (n=109)
SD
P-value
Cholesterol (mg/d1)
min=0.9max=2.2
min=0.6
max=2.2
Urban=0.369
rural=0.364
Urban=0.00
rural=-0.00
LDL (mf/d1)
min=1.3 max=30.0
min=0.7
max=5.1
Urban=3.40
rural=0.967
Urban=0.00
rural=-0.00
TRIG (mg/dl)
min=0.7 max=4.1
min=0.7 max=9.5
Urban=0.75
rural=1.57
Urban=0.00
rural0.00
FBS (mg/dl)
min=1.7 max=5.6
min=2.3
max=401
Urban=o.768
rural=43.08
Urban=0.00
rural=0.014
PCV (%)
min=9.3 max=15.0
min=1.0
max=15.6
Urban=1.466
rural=1.9
Urban=0.00
rural=-0.000
Table: Blood Triglyceride Levels by Residence
TRIGLYCERIDE(mg/dl) URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
<120
67
94
161
120-149
0
0
0
150 & +
0
0
0
67
94
161
Table: Fasting Blood Sugar Levels by Residence
57
TRIGLYCERIDE(mg/dl) URBAN(Freq%
RURAL (Freq%)
TOTAL
<110
110-126
>126
Table: Genotype Distribution by Residence
GENOTYPE
URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
AA
49
60
109
AS
18
33
51
TOTAL
67
93
160
Genotype * Livemost Crosstabulation
Count
Livemost
1-Urban
2-Rural
Total
Genotype
AA
49
60
109
AS
18
33
51
58
Total
67
93
160
59