DISplay Pty Ltd
Christopher J Skinner
Principal, DISplay Pty Ltd
BSc(Eng) MEngSc MIEAust MIEE MACS CPEng
email: cjskinner@acslink.net.au
presentation to
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies
February 2005
DISplay Pty Ltd
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
1
This is not a research report
– more a collection of issues for discussion,
and possibly
for further consideration where
an issue is judged to be significant
22 July 2004, Sydney
AC21 - New Technologies for Sustainable Transport
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AGENDA

The Transport Task
–
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Issues arising
Energy and Emissions - Sustainability
Aftercasting - Telecommuting
ICT for Transport
Benefit / Cost / Risk analysis
Conclusions
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Transport is
all about…
Moving Information
Telematics
Surface Transport
Vehicle Systems
Infrastructure
•ITS Architecture
•Standards
Moving People
Moving Goods
INTEROPERABILITY
Wireless
Telecommunications
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Transport system goals

A transport system should provide a safe, secure and efficient level of
service to users

Travel time variability and duration should be minimised

To provide the service resource usage should be minimised

Unnecessary stops and route diversions should be avoided

Safety hazards to people and property should be mitigated

The security of people and freight should be assured at all times
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
THE TRANSPORT TASK

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AusLink and other sources
Pax intra-urban
Freight task
–
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Charging bases – fuel excise, other taxes, by axle, by distance (VKT), by
weight, by axle, by geographic and time-based area charges
Metro task  regional / long haul
Key factors
–
–
15 February 2005
Intermodality
Tolling & road pricing
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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Services are made of…
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Actors – or participants (living or system)
Use cases – or scenarios – series of actions taken by actors
and the results of the actions
Interfaces between systems and subsystems that provide
the services according to the scenarios
Data objects that are replicated, processed or saved
According to agreed standards and protocols
Working with an architecture or framework
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Actors and Use
Cases for ITS
architecture
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Transport service requirements

The essential requirements for transport services are:
– Availability of relevant, timely and accurate information
 Data from many sources must be fused
– The information must be accessible and usable
 Effective query and search capability is essential
– Privacy and anonymity must be assured

Many disparate systems must be integrated

… to provide interoperable services
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Interoperability defined
Interoperability is defined as:
The ability of systems to provide services to and accept services
from other systems and to use the services so exchanged to
enable them to operate effectively together
ISO TC204 document N271 quoted in Intelligent Transport Systems Architecture. Bob
McQueen & Judy McQueen. Artech. 1999
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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Trade Associations
Transport Associations
VIC EXPORT
Mining
Road
Farming
Cargo Agent
Cargo Associations
AUSTRADE
Wholesaling
Processing
Retailing
Manufacturing
Rail
Shipping Associations
Peri-Urban Terminals
Regional Terminals
Councils
Regional
Global
Importer
Exporter
Port Land Tenants &
Development
Schools
Distribution
Transport Manager
Port Land Utilization
Cargo Broker
Warehousing
Cross-Docking
Media
Freight Forwarder
Consolidating
Activists
Trade Facilitators
Advocates
Logistics Providers
Unpacking
Community Stakeholders
CARGO OWNERS
Pricing Policy
Packing
3PL/4PL Contractors
Storing
Price Regulator (ESC)
Divided Policy
Monitoring
Equipment Manager
Shareholder (DTF)
PORT MANAGER
GOVERNMENT
STEVEDORES
MT Storage
Infrastructure Policy (DOI)
Upgrades
Pre- tripping
Environmental Regulator (DSE)
Safety
Monitoring
SHIPPING LINES
Environmental Protection
Infrastructure
Providers
Environmental Management
Repairs
Quarantine (AQIS)
Transaction
Facilitators
Customs
Contracts
Water
Services Contractors
Sewerage
Legal Services
Shipping Agent
Land-side Infrastructure
Contractors
Power
Wharves
Maintenance
Roadways
Rail Sidings
Manifesting
Customs Agent
Bill of Lading
Marine Infrastructure
Contractors
Security Contractors
Installation
Customs Documentation
Marine Service
Providers
Cargo Clearance
I.T. Provider
Drainage
Inspections
Channels
Navigation Aids
22 July 2004, Sydney
Pilotage
Bunkering
Towage
Monitoring
Invoicing
Patrols
Berths
Dredging
Linesmen
Bank
Monitoring
Slipways
Maintenance Services
AC21 - New Technologies for
Sustainable Transport
Insurer
11
DISplay Pty Ltd
Interoperability defined

Business level (Australian Logistics Council 2002)
–

Technical level (IS0 TC204 document N271 1999)
–

Interoperability: The ability for partners to coordinate information and
processes, especially across an electronic network
Interoperability: The ability of systems to provide services to and accept
services from other systems and to use the services so exchanged to enable
them to operate effectively together
Software level (Greenfield Software Factories 2004)
–
Interoperability is a measure of how easy it is to compose the software of
other systems. This is determined by how well the software exposes its
functionality through programmatic interfaces and how much context
must be maintained by the other systems to use those interfaces
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Issues For Transport – Safety & Security

Safety: road accident statistics  vehicle inherent safety;
–
–
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Security: track and trace
–
–
–
–
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cost of accidents (fatalities, injuries, property);
driver assistance, ‘Distress Call’ (E-call in EU)
people ID – biometrics;
containers – ESCM;
bulk? eg fertiliser;
vehicle ID – eg Electronic Registration Identification [ERI]
Vulnerability: risk assessment;
–
–
–
–
15 February 2005
threat intelligence;
command, control, communications, computers & intelligence [C4I];
data fusion;
threat assessment eg stationary vehicles
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Issues For Transport – Sustainability

Sustainability:
–
–
–
–

energy usage – renewable, finite;
emissions – vehicle;
energy generation (eg electricity)
GHG, Nox – air quality  medical costs
Waste
–
–
–
15 February 2005
distance travelled due to
 congestion,
 misrouting,
time delays from
 additional distance
 other delay
additional fuel consumed
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
ISSUES FOR TRANSPORT - EFFICIENCY

Efficiency:
–
–
–
–
–
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benefits / costs / risks;
costs per unit (km, pax, tonne);
costs per operating hour; other variable costs eg crew;
indirect costs (externalities);
ROI for fixed costs (cost/year)
Benefit ~ cost / hr; benefit (unit * km = UKT)
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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Freight transportation is really
(product inventory | WIP | materials)
while it is in transit
22 July 2004, Sydney
AC21 - New Technologies for Sustainable Transport
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Energy Consumption

Energy usage is increasing
–
Non-renewable energy resources are declining
–
Increasing emissions from energy consumption, including
 Noxious emissions [Nox]
 Greenhouse gases [GHG]
–
Transport share of energy consumption, which is f(increasing
demand)
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Emissions are a function of…
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Emissions = function of
– ( VKT, payload weight/volume, engine efficiency, fuel type, other
factors…)
– where
VKT = vehicle-kilometres travelled
Payload is either
– Number of passengers; and/or
– Tonnes of goods carried
Volume is either
– f(weight, density); or
– f(space per passenger, space for baggage, crew, access and egress
etc)
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Energy usage for transport – metrics

Measure – joules per transport unit: VKT, pax-km; tonne-km (UKT)

Efficiency – direct transport consumption, unproductive consumption

Additional concept of time taken for travel 
– Value of time saved/consumed for journey

Other key performance indicators [KPI] are needed
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Economic Sustainability = f(…

Demand for transport = function of
–
–
–
–
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(land use,
demographics,
pricing,
alternatives modes)
Levels of service to be provided, load factors, route diversity
Magnitude of transport task
Energy consumption (joules/transport unit * Kilometres travelled)
Propulsion efficiency, unused capacity,
Other variable costs = f(journey time, number of vehicles)
Return on investment in fixed assets
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Waste and Unproductive usage

Traffic stops and delay
– Contention for access – intersection, rail-crossing
– Congestion eg aircraft holding, freight terminal slots, car-park

Non-optimum routeing

Transfer coordination delays

Unused capacity
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY [ICT]
FOR TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS
22 July 2004, Sydney
AC21 - New Technologies for Sustainable Transport
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Aftercasting – Telecommuting

An Aftercast compares earlier projection to the present
actual outcomes

‘Telematics is a relatively new area which develops new information
technologies. It is anticipated to affect travel patterns and mobility
partly through substitution of telecommunications for travel. Travel
is expected to be replaced, or drastically reduced, mainly by
telecommuting’ (Bovy 1990) p267
Bovy reported on predictions that corporate regional centres would
be set up to reduce the need for travel
Bovy also reports a Swiss study which projected reductions in
commuter traffic due to teleworking of 8 to 15 percent over the
period to 2025



(Route Choice: Wayfinding in Transport Networks
P.H.L Bovy and E. Stern. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990 Section 7.2.2 Telematics)
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Qualifications on the forecast
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Telecommuting – assumed fixed places of work; fixed comms network
–
did NOT foresee mobility, wireless connectivity or ubiquitous
networks including wireless and mobility, and
–
did NOT comprehend the motivational aspects of work
location and accessibility
Telematics – was not originally associated exclusively with vehiclebased systems
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Issues for Wireless ICT
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4C’s for wireless ICT
–
–
–
–
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capacity,
coverage,
compatibility,
convenience => pervasive communications
Location-based services
Services-oriented architecture based on Web Services technology and
standards
Security & privacy
Number of mobile phones > number of road vehicles
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Implications for Transport & Logistics

The impact of time use and energy use for transport and
communications will have an increasing impact on land use

Predictions should allow for disruptive changes in technologies plus
the resulting innovation that flows from these break-throughs

Mobility will be part of everything we do

Workplace will not be defined by static physical domains

Energy economy  costs of energy plus externalities will be part of
pricing
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
ICT Measurement Capabilities
–
–
–
–
15 February 2005
Position, location, speed, position and intended movement [PIM]
(track), route, origin, destination
Dynamic behaviour
 Speed – mean; instantaneous
 Route choices – lanes, tracks, links, waypoints, link speeds,
link congestion
State of vehicle
 Operator identity
 load, wheel/axle load, number of pax
 fuel state / range
 Emissions – instantaneous, cumulative
 <doors open>
Payload – condition (eg temperature), integrity (eg seal), manifest
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Visual Intercommunication Model
Distraction
Location
DRIVER
Adjacent
Objects
Visibility
Association
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
Decisionmaking
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Communications Evolution

Visual: signals  VMS  Nav Systems  eg VICS (Japan)
–
–
–
–
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Audio: radio  voicemail  SMS  WAP  multimedia mail
–
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Potential distraction for driver – not well quantified / controlled
Audio-visual combinations
–
–
–
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Visual stimuli – need drivers’ gaze & attention
Variable / dynamic message signs – clear & concise but brief
Navigation systems with external real-time information
Vehicle Information & Communications System (~10m units / 75m veh)
eg windscreen projection;
Navigation systems guidance
Haptic (physical interaction)
Direct to/from vehicle rather than involving driver
–
15 February 2005
one-way, interactive
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Progression in Wireless Communication media
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Acoustic – audible, ultrasonic
Radio frequencies [RF]:
–
–
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Optical: visible, infra-red
–
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line-of-sight [LOS] (eg UHF, DSRC, radar), satellite
Beyond line-of-sight (eg HF, ad-hoc networks)
flag  lights  VMS/DMS  graphics  GUI
Propagation mechanism
–
–
–
15 February 2005
broadcast, multicast (especially publish/subscribe)
station-to-station, person-to-person
Simplex, duplex, half-duplex
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Technologies in Wireless Communications

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Broadcast radio: AM, FM, digital, Highway Advisory Radio
Multiplexing: TDM, FDM, CDM, OFDM
Technology generation for cellular phone service
–
–
–
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Currently 2G (GSM, CDMA)  2.5G (GPRS)  3G, I-mode ??
Increased data-capacity especially for multimedia content
Increasing range of services available eg email, web, subscription
Range of services carried eg broadband, multimedia
Interoperability
ACA call for submissions on private band management
DSRC eg ETC
CALM
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Communications service quality
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Quality of Service [QoS]: capacity, channels, coverage, latency,
reliability, error rates, cost
Security – privacy, confidentiality, integrity
–
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Capacity
–
–
–

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Encryption standards, keys, anti-tamper
Bandwidth; Number of channels, spacing, isolation
Diversity: Channel frequency separation; Polarisation; Directionality
Error detection and correction, overhead for network management
Shielding, location of antennae on vehicle
Signal to noise|interference ratio
Interference: sources, rejection, electromagnetic compatibility [EMC]
Active antennae eg beam and null-steering,
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
System Architecture for ITS in Japan
- Subsystem Interconnect Diagram (http://www.iijnet.or.jp/vertis/)
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Wireless communications linkages

Fixed infrastructure  driver/operator

Fixed infrastructure  vehicle control system

Mobile node  vehicle control system, vehicle router (ad-hoc
networks)

Networks  fixed, mobile (vehicle, operator, other), other networks
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Wireless ICT is already pervasive

Range and capacity of services is still increasing

Coverage of cellular voice and data services is also increasing

Transport and Logistics is exploiting ICT capabilities rapidly, but in a
non-optimum manner:
– Integration is piecemeal and ad-hoc
– The range of applications is not yet mature
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Human in the loop
Interference
Distraction
External
source
Location
DRIVER
Wireless
communication
Adjacent
Objects
Visibility
Control
system
Association
Future
link
VEHICLE
Recognise
Respond
React
stimulus
to stimulus
Operator behaviour model
to implications of stimulus
Resume
15 February 2005
previous activity
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Identify Actors

Actor classes
–
–
–
–
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Vehicle(s): (prime) movers, trailers, containers
Payload(s): goods, passengers, crew
Operators
Third parties
Technologies for identification
–
–
–
15 February 2005
Biometrics
Ticket / card
Phone / PDA
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Location of Actors - issues

Accuracy of location measurement/estimate

Ambiguity of location

Motion: current, intended

Timeliness / latency of location report
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Fleet efficiency – issues


Factors for efficiency of fleet operation
–
Load factor eg back-loading
–
Optimised track
–
Minimised stops, delays
Track and trace
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Track and trace

Tracking
–
–
–

In (near) real time
Communications network access is needed
Presentation critical for effective use
Tracing
–
–
–
15 February 2005
Post facto
Archival
Evidentiary
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Fleet for all… heretical concept?

All motorised vehicles in one or more fleets (3rd party eg auto clubs)

Vehicle identity, location, operator, itinerary, payload, hazards, other
state

Heretical concept perhaps?
– Advantages:



–
Disadvantages:



15 February 2005
Safety
security
efficiency
Privacy
Cost
liabilities
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Time Utility of Travel

Benefit / time expended

Benefit = function of(
–
–
–

(distance * load),
time saved,
added utility (eg reading, TV, email, www)
Example: concrete-mixer trucks use transit time to mix load
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Passenger travel benefits

Ratio (number of pax / cost of operation
–
Self-drive  Taxi / chauffeur  High occupancy vehicle [HOV]
–
Bus / tram /transitway  Train / ferry  Plane

Cost of operation =f(operator & crew, consumables, liabilities…

Opportunity cost of journey and waiting time – door-to-door [D2D]
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Tradeoff for personal travel with ICT services
Opportunity
cost of travel
with ICT
Opportunity
cost of travel
without ICT
Travel
fare
cost
TRAVEL TIME – DOOR-TO-DOOR [D2D] 
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Transport safety & security

Safety in transport is enhanced by ICT in many ways:
–

…
Security in transport is affected by ICT in many ways –
good and bad
–
–
–
15 February 2005
Physical assets
People – crew, passengers, travellers, third parties
Information needs – privacy, access, accuracy
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
45
DISplay Pty Ltd
Case study 1: Universal distress call

Technology exists now so why can’t we…
– Provide individual distress calls for Australia
 real-time, two-way
 100% coverage
 Affordable
–
Infrastructure needs
–
Jurisdictions – staffing; liabilities
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Case study 2: Parking assistance
P-signs
+ number of vacancies
+ reservations
+ payment by phone / DSRC / contact less smartcard


15 February 2005
Car sharing?
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Traveller / operator information service

Objectives – traveller, operator

Sources of data – NTIS

Data fusion – algorithms, technologies

Dissemination:
–
–
15 February 2005
Push, pull, publish/subscribe
Visual, audio, system, haptic
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Risk management for transport

What (risk item [RI]) could go wrong?

If the RI does go wrong, what will be the cost C to rectify?

What is the probability P that the RI will occur (go wrong)?

What can be done to reduce the aggregate value V of all risk items (V
= f(C,P))?
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
Summary – benefits, costs and risks

Costs ~ VKT * load/vehicle + non-variable costs 
– Cost / pax-km OR Cost / tonne-km
– Emissions cost ~ f(VKT)

Benefits:
– Travel-time D2D  time-utility of travel
– Safety, security, comfort, use of travel time

Risks
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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DISplay Pty Ltd
CONCLUSIONS

ITS was perceived as applicable for achieving benefits in:
–
safety, security and general efficiency

When the capabilities of ICT are applied more fully then it
may be that ITS is most beneficial when applied to:
– 1. Environmental monitoring for sustainability
– 2. Efficient usage of energy sources for transport

Further disruptive changes in technology are possible with
effects on transport that are difficult to predict
15 February 2005
Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies
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Questions
and
discussion
DISplay Pty Ltd
22 July 2004, Sydney
AC21 - New Technologies for Sustainable Transport
52