JOURNAL OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE (JOHESS)
VOL.5 NUMBER 1, DECEMBER, 2005
ISSN 0795-2120
Journal of the Department of Physical and Health Education,
University of Maiduguri
JOURNAL OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE (JOHESS)
Published by the Department of Physical and Health Education
University of Maiduguri
PMB 1069 Maiduguri
Nigeria
Journal of Health, Education and Sport Science
Typeset by:
IMPAQ COMPUTER SERVICES
Liman Ciroma Drive
Opposite SSTH Car Park
University of Maiduguri
ISSN 0795-2120
Editor-in-Chief
EDITORIAL BOARD
Nebath Tanglang, Ph.D
Managing Editor
Ibrahim A. Njodi, Ph.D
Editors
Mohammed W.U. Gaya, Ph.D
Amina Kaidal, Ph.D
Stephen S. Hamafyeito, Ph.D
Arimiyan A. Sanusi, Ph.D
David W. Bwala
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. B.S. Mshelia
Department of Physical and Health Education
University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri.
Prof. O. Enyinkwola
Physiology Department
College of Medical Science
University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
Prof. F.C. Carew
Department of Education,
University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
Prof. B.A. Omotara
Department of Community Medicine
University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital
Prof. F.A. Amuchie
Department of Health and Physical Education
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Prof. Y. Awosika
Department of Health Education and Human Kinetics
University of Ibadan.
Prof. M.A. Chado
Department of Physical and Health Education
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Prof. D.l. Musa
Department of Physical and Health Education
Benue State University
TALE OF CONTENTS
Page
Editorial Board
ii
Guidelines for submitting papers
v
Table of contents
vi
List of Contributors
x
Editorial
xiv
Health Seeking Behaviour Patterns of Academic and NonAcademic Staff in Tertiary Institutions in Taraba State Amina Kaida & Sheriff Sangari Jen
1-1 2
Characteristics and Consequences of Unregulated
Healthcare Services in Nigeria: Implications for Public
Health Education - Njodi I. A.
13-27
Knowledge and Practices of Barbers Regarding
Sterilization of Instruments on Prevention of HIV
Transmission in Ibadan, Nigeria - Olaitan, O. ‘Lanre
28-37
Role of Veterinarians in the Abattoir in Relation to Public
Health in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ipata Slaughter Slab,
Ilorin, lKwara State - E.G. Yanan; T. M. Akande & B.U. Shamaki
38-42
Incidence of Drug Abuse Among Tertiary Institution
Students in Borno State - Garba Hussaini & M.W.U. Gaya
43-55
Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices by Student-Mothers in
University of Maiduguri – A. A. Sanusi
56-65
Health Benefits of Exercise Programmes for Nigerian
Females: An Overview - Dashe Vehcit
65-77
Exercise as a Therapy in the Management of Type II
Diabetic Condition: An Overview - Njodi, LA.;
Hamafyelto S..S & Isyaku A. M.
78-87
Nutrient Demands of High Altitude Environment
- MA. Suleiman & K.. Venkateswarlu
88-99
Sports, Physical Activity and Academic Achievement: An
Overview - Mustapha Shettima; Mohammed K.
Gana & Elizabeth A. Haruna
100-108
Panacea to Sports Injuries: An Overview - Zakarya M.
Nayawo; Mohammed K. Gana & Hussaini Garba
109-119
Adolescent Girls Misconception about Sports Participation in
Borno State Secondary Schools: An Overview - Kambayarm Apagu 119-126
Perceived Impact of Training and Retraining of Staff for Improved
Productivity in Sports Organisation in Adamawa and Taraba States
Sports Councils - Musa Njidda
127-1 35
Zones Perception on impact of School Sports on Sports
Development in Borno State, Nigeria - Mustapha
Shettima & Abdullahi M. Isyaku
Educating the Emotions of Nigerian Citizens: A Better
Dimension in the National Strives for Unity and Progress -
136-141
Ahmed Umar Mwajim
145-15
Influence of Ethnicity, Literacy and Locality on Women’s
Attitudes Toward Western Education in Borno State Ashe K. Sandabe; Hadiza isa Bazza & Bala Dauda
155-163
Professional Development Strategies and Teachers Class
Practice in Secondary Schools in Borno State
- Hauwa Abdu Biu
164-1 79
The Role of Sports in the Promotion of National Unity: An
Overview - Kambayari Apagu
180-188
Perception of Female Genital Mutilation by College
Female Students as a Pre-Condition for Marriage in Borno
State – B.A. Haruna
189-201
Disabled Adult Learner’s Self-Concept and Relationship
with their age: A Case Study of Maiduguri Rehabilitation
Centre - Taiwo T.. Ambali & A. A. Fajonyomi
202-2 10
Cardiorespiratory Parameters of University Basketball and Handball
Players in Nigeria — Adamu Balami; Ayo, - & Bitrus Musa
211-218
Differences between Female Children and Adolescents in
Anaerobic Power Performance of Lower and Upper Limbs
Farouk R. Haruna
219-230
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF BARBERS REGARDING STERILIZATION OF
INSTRUMENTS ON PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
BY
OLAITAN, O. ‘LANRE
Department of Physical and Health Education,
University of Ilorin, Kwara state
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate into the knowledge and practices of
barbers regarding sterilization. It sharp instruments as a means to prevent H/V
transmission. A random sample of 102 barber shops were selected from 452
barber shops in Ibadan metropolis, a/I the 306 barbers in the selected sample
represented the subjects. A cross-sectional survey method using a redesigned
questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that majority
(99 %l of the barbers were knowledgeable about sterilization of instruments in
their workplace, 64. 1 % know that HIV transmission is possible through
unsterile blades, clippers and trimmers and 87.9% know that unsterile blade can
transmit diseases including HIV. However, the use of methylated spirit as a
means of sterilization has been adopted by majority, and only 24.2% keep their
methylated spirit in the original bottle with labeling. Based on the findings, it was
recommended, that rules and regulations regarding sterilization of instruments
should be adhered to, barbers and other professionals making use of sharp
instruments human beings should undergo some periods of training in health
education to improve their knowledge and practices about sterilization sharp
instruments.
Introduction
HIV can be transmitted from one person to another through the use of
contaminated or inadequately sterilized needles, syringes and other skin piercing
instruments JOHESS, UNIMAD such as (Olaitan, sterilization blades, scissors, etc
2002). Adequate of all such instruments is important to prevent HIV
transmission. HIV is very sensitive to standard method of sterilization and a high
level of disinfectants and methods designed to inactivate other viruses such as
hepatitis.
In Ibadan, the barber’s shop is a place where there is frequent use of the
same blades, clippers, trimmers, combs, brushes and scissors, often with
adequate sterilization or disinfection. The use of these sharp instruments may
present HIV hazard, since the skin of the clients’ face and scalp can be scratched
and broken during shaving. The shared use of blades, clippers and trimmers in
barber shops is a common practice and accidental scratching due to sharp
instrument provides an opportunity for micro organisms, mainly HIV and other
blood-borne pathogens, to enter the body easily and cause serious health
problems for the clients (Cheebrooh, 2000). Since there is possibility of skin
piercing and accidental injuries to the face or scalp, barber shops may therefore
be one of the routes of exposure to HIV infection leading to the deadly AIDS
disease currently afflicting the developing countries, such as Nigeria.
In Nigeria, HIV/AIDS started spreading rapidly in the 1990s after the
notification of the first case in 1986. The prevalence of HIV infection in the
country rapidly increased from 5.2 percent in 1995 to 12.5 percent in 1999
(MOH, 2001). The total number of adults and children infected globally in 1997
was estimated to be 2-3 million, and of all infected cases, it was estimated that
20 percent were in the age group of 1 5-24 years (MOH, 2001).
As a cure for AIDS is not yet available, an ever growing AIDS epidemic
may be inevitable unless action is sealed up drastically; and the damage already
done seems compared with what lies ahead. It is hard to play down the effects
of AIDS, which stands to kill more than half of the young adults in developing
countries (Alban & Guiness, .2000). The AIDS epidemic has the greatest impact
on these countries, disproportionately affecting the age groups in the most
productive years, and the spread of the disease has devastating consequences at
the household, community and family levels, with significant negative
consequences for the national economy as a whole (Alban & Guiness, 2000).
The government of Nigeria launched a national policy on HIV/AIDS in the
late 1 990s. The policy was designed to guide the implementation of successful
programmes to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS to care for people living with
HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and to reduce the adverse socio-economic consequences of
the epidemic. One goal of the policy is to ensure the safe use of sharp
instruments, and one method is prevention (Orc Macro, 2000; MOH, 2001).
Though many studies to knowledge and related practices, and their
effects on HIV transmission are being conducted among various sectors of
society, little or n attention is being paid to u profession of hair cutting and the
use of sharp instruments in this profession. Hence, the present study was carried
out to assess the knowledge, and practices of barbers regarding the sterilization
of sharp instruments and its effect on HIV transmission.
Methodology
A cross—sectional survey using a predesigned questionnaire was
conducted from July 1t to July 30th 2004, in order to assess the knowledge and
practices of barbers in the city of lbadan in relation to the sterilization and
disinfection of sharp instruments so as to reduce the risk ol HIV transmission.
The questions were put to the respondents by means of an interview, and the
interviewer recorded the responses.
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
Characteristics Age (years)
No
Percentage
< 20
11
3.6
21-25
155
5.7*
26-30
109
35.6
> 31
31
10.1
Total
306
100
Male
290
94.8*
Female
16
5.2
Total
306
100
No education
0
0
Primary education
92
30.1
Secondary education
214
69.9*
0
0
306
100
Gender
Educational status
Tertiary education
Total
* More predominant groups
Of the 452 barber shops in metropolis, 102 barber shops with 306 barbers
that are working there were selected to represent 22.6% of the total population.
And the entire sample selected was include in the study. Thus, with reference to
questionnaire, adults between 21-25 years of were more predominant and with
regard to sex 290 (94.8%) of the barbers were male and only 1 6 (5.2%) were
female. The educational status ranged from primary to secondary school as 214
(69.9%) have secondary education, 792 (30.1%) have primary education and
none of the respondents participants had no education and tertiary education.
Table 2:
Responses on Knowledge and Practices of Barbers on
Sterilization of sterilization instruments
Variable
No
Percentage
In my work place I know that sterilization is:a. Appropriate
303
99*
b. No appropriate
3
1
a. making instruments germ-free by autoclaving
131
42.8*
b. making instrument germ-free by disinfecting
175
57.2
a. through unsterile instruments
196
64.1*
b. through insects bites
110
35.9
a. brushing and dropping methylated spirit on my instrument
215
70.3
b. deeping the instrument in methylated spirit for at lest 30 minutes
91
29.7*
a. the same
261
85.3
b. different
45
14.7*
a. necessity
287
93.8*
b. not necessary
19
6.2
Sterilization of instrument means:
Possible way of HIV transmission in barbing is:
The method of sterilization I know is by:
Sterilization and disinfection are:
Provision of sterilization in barber shop is
Unsterilized blade can:
a. transmit diseases/HIV
269
87.9*
b. not transmit diseases/HIV
37
12.1
a. Yes
192
62.7*
b. No
114
37.3
I use any other bottle without labeling to store my methylated spirit
72
24.2
I use the original bottle with labeling only
74
24.2
I buy my methylated spirit from pharmacy shops
156
51*
I buy my methylated spirit from other shops
104
34
I buy my methylated spirit from supermarkets
46
15
a. Yes
214
69.9*
b. No
92
30.1
Disinfection is enough to prevent transmission of diseases/HIV
HIV transmission is possible in my work place through poor in
adequately sterile blades and clippers:
*More prominent figures in the write up
When the knowledge of barbers was assessed, it was found that 303
(99%) had correctly responded to the items concerning the use of sterilization,
importance of inspection their work environment by health personnel and the
possibility of disease transmission through unsterile sharp instruments (Table 2).
However, only 196 (64.1%) of the respondents knew about the possible
transmission of HIV through such instruments. The number of respondents that
really know the correct meaning of sterilization were 131 (42.8%), 91 (29.7%)
knew the methods of sterilization and 45 (14.7%) knew the difference between
sterilization and disinfection.
Of all the barbers interviewed 28.7 (93.8%) supported the provision of
sterilization in their work pattern as a necessity, and 269 (87.9%) knew that
unsterile blades could transmit diseases. However, 1 92 (62.7%) of the
respondents believed that disinfection of their instruments of is enough
transmission including HIV/AIDS.
This study showed that not all barbers had been using sterilization but
that all had been using disinfectant to remove disease causing micro— organisms
including HIV from their commonly used sharp instruments between serving one
client and the next. However, the ingredients of disinfectants, the concentration
and expiry date of the methylated spirit that the barbers used were not indicated
by labels in all barber shops. Furthermore, the contact time between the
methylated spirit and the blades was inadequate because it is usually less than
one minute and the quantity used was quite small. Moreover, 232 (75.8%) of the
barbers used bottles other than the original ones, with no labeling or other
pertinent information for their methylated spirit (Table 2). The study found that 1
56 (51 %) of barbers buy the methylated spirit from a pharmacy, 1 04 (34%)
from to prevent the of diseases other shops and 46 (1 5%) from a supermarket
(Table 2). All the barbers try to clean and sterilize blades, clippers, and trimmers
by only brushing their surface with either cotton soaked in methylated spirit or
make use of droppers to put few drops of the methylated spirit on the
instruments
Discussion
The transmission of HIV through blood transfusions, sexual contacts and
the sharing of skin piercing instruments such as blades and needles have been
widely reported in the literature. Olaitan (2002), in his study, discovered that the
students were also knowledgeable that a person may contact HIV by sharing
syringes and needles and piercing instruments with AIDS patient. HIV is
susceptible to heat and sunlight, and the period of survival outside the body is
known to be in general measurable in seconds, although occasionally it may be
as long as 10 to 15 minutes (Khadait, Abadekar & Vasudeo, 1 999) Barber shops
can act as potential channels for the transmission of HIV from one customer to
another. This can occur when different customers use the same blades, clippers,
and trimmers, which is a common practice in Nigeria. Moreover, during rush
hours, the reducing in time between serving two clients coupled with an
increased likelihood of skin scratching and skin piercing may drastically increase
the chance of a successful transmission of HIV, since the time to brush the
instruments with their methylated spirit is - decreased due to rushing. Thus,
barbers’ knowledge and practices regarding the sterilization and disinfection c
commonly used sharp instruments can have a great influence on the chain of HI
V/AIDS transmission.
The results of this study revealed that some respondent have good
knowledge, will regard to some of this knowledge questions, but the great
majority does not Majority of the respondents “.9%) were ignorant about
knowledge questions on sterilization in relation to V/AIDS transmission,
particularly through the sharp instruments (blades and uppers) used in their
occupation (Table 2). This may “due to lack of understanding between
disinfection and ;sterilization, and to lack of pattern may be partly attributed to
insufficient knowledge about sterilization and the possible risk of HIV/AIDS
transmission. The lack of strict control measures and monitoring by responsible
bodies in order to break the chain of HIV/AIDS transmission through places of
work may be another factor contributing to the improper disinfection procedures
on all barber shops.
Conclusion
As the productive force of the society is the main victim of the epidemic,
the impact of HIV/AIDS on the nation’s economy may be enormous. The result
of this study revealed that the knowledge and practices of barbers regarding the
sterilization of sharp instruments are generally poor in the work places of the
study area. Thus, any attempt to change the behaviour of the barbers should be
viewed as one potential way of breaking the chain of HIV/AIDS transmission in
the country.
Recommendations
Pathetically, no definitive cure for HIV/AIDS, but interestingly, the tool we
have at hand is prevention. Based on the findings of this study, the following
recommendations were made:
1
The government, in conjunction with other rotevai’ft bodios, sliouki gives
proper attention to the problem of sterilization in barber shops in such a
way that people get proper information pertaining to the public health
importance of sterilization.
2
There should be rules and regulations regarding sterilization of sharp
instrument in barber shops, and these rules should be strictly adhered to
at all levels.
3
Awareness of the potential risk of HIV/AIDS transmission through sharp
instruments should be promoted among the communities.
4
Barber and other professionals making use of sharp instruments on
human being should undergo some periods in health education s
seminars, workshops, symposia and conferences to improve their
knowledge and practices on various methods of sterilizing and disinfecting
sharp instruments.
References
Alban, A & Guiness, L. (2000). Socio-economic impact of HIV in Africa, from
economic AIDS in Africa. UNAiD, Switzerland (CD-ROM acrobat
reading).
Cheebrooh, M. (2000). Laboratory practice in tropic countries (part — II).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khadait, D.W. Abadekar, N.N & Vasudeo, N.D. (1999). Knowledge and practice
about HIV transmission among barbers in Nagpur City, Indian
Journal Medical Sciences, 53, 167— 71.
MergstU, B. (2001). International Conference of Public Management, Policy and
development proceeding governance and substantial development:
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MOH (2001). Epidemiology of H/V in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of I Health. Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
Olaitan, 0.L,. (2002). Knowledge ol HI V/AIDS among students of tertiary
institution in Kwara State. M.Ed. Dissertation in Health Education,
University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Orc Macro, E. (2000). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, 159-63.