JOURNAL OF HEALTH
EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE (JOHESS)
VOLUME 4: NO 1
ISSN: 0795 – 2120
Journal of the Department of Physical Health
Education University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri – Nigeria
ISSN: 0795-2-120
© JOHESS 2003
PRINTED BY:
Royal Business Centre
No 17 Gombole Shopping Complex
Giwa Barracks Road Maiduguri
Borno State.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editors - in Chief
Dr. M.W.U Gaya
Managing Editor
Dr. A. kaidal
Editors
Dr. N. Tanglang
Dr. S.S. Hamafyelto
Dr. D.A.A. Sanusi
Mr. D.W.Bwala
Mr. D.A. Folaranmi
Secretary
Dr. I.A. Njodi`
Prof. B.S.Mshelia
Department of physical and health education,
University of maiduguri, maiduguri.
Prof. O.Enyikwola
Physiology Department,
College of Medical science,
University of maiduguri, maiduguri.
Prof. F.A.Amuchie
Department of Health and Physical Education
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Prof. Y. Awosika
Department of Health Education and Human Kinetics,
Prof. M.A. Chado
Department of Physical and Health Education
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Dr. D.I. Musa
Department of Physical and Health Education,
Bayero University, Kano
CONTENT
Title Page
ii
Guidelines for submitting papers for publication in JOHESS
iii
Editorial Board.
iv
Contents.
v
Factors precipitation sexual Behaviours of adolescent girls in Nigeria ;
The implication on female reproductive health Audu, Andrew Jatau
1
The habit, knowledge andpractice of cigarette smoking among students of Tertiary
Institution in borno state. Bello H.S., Omotara, B.A. AND YAHAYA, S.J
8
Condom embarrassment among in- school Nsuka urban Adolescents;
Implication forsexually Transmitted infection. Ezedum,C.E.,ph.D
17
Understanding the major Data collection techniques for Research in Health
Education and promotion. David W.Bwala and ibrahim A.Njodi, Ph.D
25
Social marketing in community Health Education programmes in Nigeria;
An Overview. Igboeli, C.C
31
Health implications of water management practices Among women in a Typical
Nigerian Rural community. Ogbuji, C.N
37
Perceived Health Needs and problems of street children in Nsukka urban,Enugu
State. Samuel, E.S., Ph.D
45
The Role of sports and Olympism in securing peace. Gambari, Mohammed Baba
53
Effects of sports Therapy programme on self—concept of maladjusted primary
School children. G.C.Nji
59
Variations in the physical characteristics of an impounded reservoir in maiduguri,
Borno state. Nwaiwu, N.E and Apagu, B.A.
66
Nigerian Universities students’ perception of the Qualities of an effective Health
Education Teacherp; policy implications for Teacher Education. Njodi,
I.A.,Ph.D&D.W.Bwala
75
First Aid Treatment of injuries Common to Footballers; An Overview. Nayawo, Z.M
82
Physical Characteristics and Body Compositions of Athletes in Different sports.
Kaidal, A.,Ph.D; Gaya, M.w.u., Ph.D& Abass, A.O. Ph.D
89
Variability of Anaerobic power Output of lower and upper Extremities with serum
Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentration. Haruna, F.R
96
Nutritional BehaviourAmong Teenage students in pankshin Area inspectorate of
Education of plateau state. Kajang, Y.G., Ph.D & Gudan, M.B
101
Pandemonium and interruption of matches During sports competition as inhibitory
Factors in the Organization of secondary school sports in Borno state.
Nayawo, Z.M., Gaya M.W.U.& Folaranmi, D.A
109
Emotional- reaction profile as function of University student – Athletes’ sport
Participation. Hamayelto, S.S., Ph.D &Ajayi M.A., Ph.D
117
An Appraisal of vehicular Traffic Congestion in Maiduguri; implication for Health.
Kundiri, A.M., Ojonimi,S.& Waziri., M
126
Drug prevention Educational Non—Formal and formal learning centres;
The role of mass media in Nigeria. Dibal, Y.Y.
133
Corporate perception of sports sponsorship Objectives in Nigeria.
N. Tanglang Ph.D
138
Health—Related physical fitness profile of Rural and Urban primary school pupils
In Nsukka, Emgu state .Alor, R.C., Nwimo, I.O and Dike, D.O
146
Assessment of Health services and Need of nursery school Children in North—East
Of Nigeria. Sanusi, A.A., Ph.D, Kaidal, A.Ph.D& sanusi, E.
154
The use and abuse of Drugs in relation to the Education of Adults.
Dibal, Y.Y. & Saleh Joji
161
Pattern of Drug Use Among Urban &Rural secondary school Students in
Borno State. Mohammed Kaka Gana &Amina Kaidal
170
Incidence of cardiovascular Health Problems Among selected Industrial Workers
In Northern Nigeria. Gwani, J.A. Ph.D, Chado,M.A.Ph.D & Wayo, I.I.
175
The Evaluation of Health Habits Between first and Last Borns Among University of
Ilorin male Students.Olaitan, O.Lanre, A.E.&Bwala, D.W
181
The Evaluation of Health Habits Between First and Last Born Among
University of Ilorin Male Students
OLAITAN, O. ‘Lanre, TALABI, A.E & **BWAL,4, D. W.
Department of Physical and Health Education
University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Department of Physical and Health Education,
University of MaidugurL
Abstract
This study looked into the differences between health habits and birth order of
male ‘students in the University of Ilorin. One hundred randomly selected first
born and last born (fifty each) were used for this study. These samples were
selected randomly from among 300 first born and last born who volunteered for
the study. Variables tested were nutritional habits, social behaviour, smoking,
drug/alcohol patterns, proneness to infection and psychological dependence
Even though first born had better mean values in all these variables, only
variables of “proneness to infection” and psychological dependence” were
significant at 0.05 level set for this Study) ‘This study also confirmed opinions
that first born tend to have ‘better health than lost born. It further recommended
ways to minimize these birth problems from affecting the health status.
Introduction
The World—Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as state of complete
physical, psychological and social wellbeing and not by absence of disease or
infirmity. Sesser (1993) defined health has simply, a “process that creates a state
of psychological and physiological dysfunction coniine d to the individuals. This
definition recognizes diseases as a process not merely a state of being unhealthy
and this implies a continuum of change from normality to ill health.
Epidemiologists have traditionally been searching for associations between
diseases of civilization and risk factors. It is becoming clearer now that it
demands a approach as very many factor of life may affect health. Several risk
cities have been and are been discovered as having possible impart on over all
health of individuals. One of such risk factors could be birth Order.
Birth order simply means the order of birth. Webster (1996) defines birth
Order as the systemic -arrange. for the delivery of offspring. According to Susser
& Watson (1991) there is a correlation between birth and family size, and that
birth order and family i and parental ages are related. These V variables give
each child a unique experience within the family Warren (1988) agreed that the
medico-social behaviour of an individual is dependent on its birth order. Sine
behaviour is equally important in shaping the health status, birth order should
therefore’ have an influence on the health status of individual.
In an ideal and normal seeing the first born is usually a special Viably and
a new experience to the V while the last born is just another — who usually
posses no serious hailer. V as the first born. According to Erlenmeyer (1989)
personal inventory shows that the last born more neurotic, less confident, and
more socially dependable than first born. He also said that, first born are more
achievers and highly intelligent. According to Kieninger (1998), the only child is
more independent, tends towards leadership and is more reliable; has a better
verbal IQ and is more adult-like in behaviour than the last child. According to
Kieninger (1998) the larger the family, the more time each child spends in the
world of child-sized minds, lie further said that the first child tends not have
rivalry, while the rivalry tendency 0! he last child is higher since he/she is
learning from the beginning to share and contend with older siblings. He
however, noted that as interval between birth increases, these tendency
decreases. According to Barker & Record (1989) peptic ulcer, allergic reaction,
eye defects and other defects are commonly passed to offspring as maternal
ages increases. Which could mean that last borns tend to receive genetic defects
more than first borns? Bibs (1991) seemed to confirm this when be said that
birth order is a factor in delinquency. That there is a high proportion of
delinquency in a family of 5 or more children than low family sized.
As most of studies seem to be on more developed areas of the world, the
study is particularly focused on Nigerian environment and Nigerian youths.
The purpose of this study is to find out if there is any differences in the
health habits with regards to birth orders of Llnilorin males students, To help in
carrying out this study, the following hypotheses were set. They are:
1.
There is no significant difference in nutritional attitudes between first
borns and last borns male students of Unilorin.
2.
There is no significant difference social attitude between first horns
and last horns male students of Unilorin.
3.
There is no significant difference in drinking and drug habit between
first borns and last borns male students of Unilorin.
4.
There is no significant difference in the level of proneness to infection
(infections manifestation) between for born- and last born male
students of Unilorin.
5.
There is no significant difference in the level of psychological
dependence on others between first borns and last horns male
students of Unilorin.
Methods and Procedure
A total number of hundred (100) students were randomly selected, based
on their birth order classification (i.e. first- and last-borns) and their acceptance
to participate in the stud. No reference was made to family size in the selection
of samples. Questionnaire and oral interview were the tools used to gather the
information. The data collected were analysed on the basis of health habit of
first-and-last-borns male students of Unilorin the methods used to present the
data collected were mean (X) and t-test to determine the statistics significance of
the differences between, health status of first-and-last-borns male students.
Percentages were also used where applicable and necessary, 0.05 level of
confidence was set for the study.
Results
The result of the variable of health surveyed among Unilorin male
students are presented in Table 1. First borns are generally more nutrition
conscious and more socially behaved than last borns. First borns also tend to be
less dependent on drugs and alcohols and cigarettes, and are less prone to
infection than last born. Finally the study showed that first borns are 1e
dependent on others than last borns the study is set at  0.05 level confidence,
only the mean values on if level of proneness to infection psychological
dependence significantly different between the first-and-last- born.
Table 1: Health Status Variables of first-and-last-born
Variable
Nutritional habit
First born
mean (x)
36.5
Last born
mean (x)
24.8
0.280
Accepted
Social behaviour
27.75
32
0.758
Accepted
Drinking, smoking and drug habit
24.74
25.75
0.188
Accepted
Level of proneness to infection
16.8
18
7.368
Rejected
Psychological dependence
24.5
31
7.054
Rejected
Significant at  = 0.05 level
Calc. t value
Decision on Ho
Critical Value = 12.671
Discussion
Even though there are no significant differences between the first- and
last- borns in many of the variables set for this study, detailed analysis of the
responses to the various questions asked still showed some very interesting
findings. First born tend to be more “introverted” than borns who tend — to be
more “extroverted”. Last borns tend to, out more with friends and do not like to
be at home alone. First borns tend to go out less and tend to be mo comfortable
alone and at home.
Table 2: Positive Responses to Questions N = 100
Questions
Do you always like going out with friends
First
Born
60.4%
%
Yes
Last
Born
90.2%
Do you always like staying indoor alone
40.6%
9.8%
conjunctivitis, hospitilsation , cholera etc)
28.2%
52.3%
Do you depend on other for your needs
40.2%
86.1%
%
Yes
General susceptibility to infections (malaria,
This is very understandable considering the circumstances that are usually attendant to these two groups. The first born, as the only child tend not
to have other sibling to play with as readily as the last child who tends to have
the company of older brothers/sisters most of the time. Therefore, the last borns
(90.2%) tend to need friends and-- go after them while first borns (40.6) who
are more used to staying alone tend to have less friends and so may not go out
as often as last borns.
The study however found significant differences between the first and last
born in the level of proneness to infection. About 52.3% of last horns tend to be
more susceptible to infections (malaria, cholera, conjunctivitis, chicken pox,
measles, hospitalisation etc.) than first borns who were 28.2% prone to
infections and diseases. If fitness is the ability of an individual to be in good and
healthy conditions, then one can assume that first horns may be fitter than last
borns. The value of 7.368 found for the “level of proneness to infection” in this
study is significant at w=0.05 level.
On psychological dependents the study also showed a significant
difference between first and last horns. 86.1% of last borns tend to be
dependent on others for their needs while 40.2% of first borns tend to depend
on others for their needs. The value of 7.054 found-in this study is significant c=
0.05 level.
This is in line with Biles (1991) finding that birth order is a factor in
delinquency that higher proportion of delinquency is in family with more children.
Also Erlenmeyer (1989) found that last borns are more neurotic less self
confident, less extroverted socially and are psychologically dependent than first
borns.
Conclusions and Recommendations
This study showed that birth order could be a factor in health status. It
has found out that first borns tend to be healthier, and less delinquent than last
borns among Unilorin male students. The following recommendation are
suggested:
a.
Parents should have adequate number of children they can cater for; a
small family size of between one, two or three is appropriate or at most
four children.
b.
Parents should always take cognizance of the normal birth interval, so as
to properly take care of one before another. Minimum of three years
interval and above is recommended. Child spacing should be intensified.
c.
Too early marriage and child bearing at too old age should be
discouraged.
References
Biles, D. (1991), Birth order and delinquency. Journal of American Psychologist,
10, 8, 1091-1099.
Barker, T. D. & Record, W. L. (1989). Non- communicable disease and heredity.
Edinburgh: McLane Publisher Ltd.
Erlenmeyer, K.L (1989). Birth order and schizophrenia. British Journal of
Psychiatrist, 1659-1678.
Hardy, L. (1994). Family configuration and intellectual development of American
Journal Psychologist, 95, 16, 12074.
Kieninger, R. (1998) Observation. Stelle Letter, 13, 165.
Susser, M. (1993), Causal thinking hi the health sciences, concept arid strategies
in Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Susser, M.W. and & Watson, W. (1991), Sociology of medicine (2” Edition).
Oxford: Medical Publishers press.
Warren, J.R. (1988), Birth order and social behaviour. Psychology Bulletin, 165,
38-49.
Webster, J. (1996). Oxford dictionary of English language. London: Oxford
University Press.