DOWN SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES Rachelle Renee-Dutra Shockley B. A, California State University, Sacramento, 2005 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in EDUCATION (Special Education) at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2010 DOWN SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES A Project by Rachelle Renee-Dutra Shockley Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair David Raske, Ed.D. ____________________________ Date ii Student: Rachelle Renee-Dutra Shockley I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. _______________________________, Graduate Coordinator Guy E. Deaner, Ph.D., C.R.C. Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, School Psychology, and Deaf Studies iii ________________ Date Abstract of DOWN SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK FOR PARENTS AND FAMILIES by Rachelle Renee-Dutra Shockley Statement of Problem Although federal and state laws mandate individuals with disabilities and their families receive services, there is no set policies and procedures in place to ensure true accountability. Therefore, many individuals with disabilities find themselves receiving services much later than they are eligible and many families, especially those who do not speak English, do not have access to information that helps them to be productive members of their child’s educational plans. Sources of Data A review of literature was conducted to determine what the law says, how states have adopted Child Find and its subsequent impact, as well as the reflective experiences of families who either have a child with Down Syndrome or do not speak English. Results indicate families, in general, do not believe they are provided with enough information about their child’s disability and program when it is most critical at the infant/toddler level. Families who do not speak English are often not provided with interpreters and translators to help them be a meaningful participant in their child’s iv educational plans and Child Find systems that have been well established in other states appear to be relatively successful although there is virtually no studies conducted about the hospital to home efforts, particularly in California Conclusions Reached There are many issues that individuals with disabilities and their families face today in the twenty-first century. Two such issues have arisen that continue to be a challenge for new families. One issue includes the process mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 known as Child Find: Search and Serve at the infant/toddler level. The other issue is in regards to the parental rights and safeguards, particularly for those parents that come from non-English speaking backgrounds who often do not know their rights or understand them. This project serves to assist more families in receiving early intervention services in California by creating a handbook for parents of children with Down Syndrome in English, Spanish and Russian. _______________________, Committee Chair David Raske, Ed.D. _______________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first person I would like to acknowledge is my daughter, Carlianne. She has taught me much about life and without her I would not have passion for differences. They say that parents are supposed to teach their children, but I find that Carlianne teaches me. It is because of her that I have decided to write this book. The second person I would like to acknowledge is my husband, Gary Shockley. He has spent many hours encouraging me to follow my dreams and supporting my successes: allowing me to put much time into this project. Third, I must acknowledge my parents, Robert and Paula Dutra. Although it has been a difficult and rough road, they have equally provided as much support and encouragement for me to follow my dreams and succeed in meeting many of my life goals. More importantly, they have made many personal sacrifices to support us in raising Carlianne, often providing after school care and much involvement in therapy appointments and extra-curricular activities that support Carlianne’s interests and developmental experiences. I would also like to take the time to acknowledge our pediatrician, First Steps Infant Program in Yolo County, and especially my daughter’s infant development teacher and the head coordinator, who has taken me under her wing to help support and train me as a professional. For the sake of respecting their privacy I have not used names, but they know who they are. Equally important, I would like to take the time to recognize Olga Dutra, a Russian translator, and Clarissa LaGuardia, a Spanish translator, who took time out of vi their lives to help get this handbook translated into Russian and Spanish. Without their hard work the information provided in this handbook would not be available to families who speak Spanish and Russian. And finally, last but not least, I must acknowledge my Master’s advisor, Dr. David Raske, who believed in the importance of my project and helped to support my efforts in developing this handbook to serve other families of children who have Down Syndrome. Without these main individuals, this project would not have been possible. vii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this handbook to my daughter, Carlianne. May others have the opportunity to experience those things in life that you have taught me. This world would truly be a better place if we all had Down Syndrome. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Dedication .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 Background of the Problem ........................................................................ 2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................ 3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 4 Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 5 Justification ................................................................................................. 6 Limitations .................................................................................................. 6 Organization of the Remainder of the Project ............................................ 7 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .................................................................. 9 Background ................................................................................................. 9 The Rule ...................................................................................................... 9 Qualitative Study: Effects of Early Intervention ...................................... 13 Quantitative Study: Effectiveness of Child Find ...................................... 18 Study of Policies and Procedures used in Child Find Efforts ................... 23 Qualitative Study: Perspectives of Receiving Services for Latino Parents25 Summary ................................................................................................... 31 ix 3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 34 Project Description.................................................................................... 34 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 36 Summary ................................................................................................... 36 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 37 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 39 Appendix A. Down Syndrome: A Comprehensive Handbook for Parents and Families ................................................................................................ 41 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 207 x 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION For decades, or even centuries, individuals with disabilities have been persecuted against and even murdered for not fitting into society’s concept of perfection that, in actuality, does not exist. Unfortunately, the genocidal movement still exists today, in the twenty-first century. The only difference is people murder an individual with disabilities legally through abortions, or as in Terri Shiavo’s case, with the law behind their side. Those that are born have become a burden to most of society; their imperfections fuel this mythical idea of perfection and concerns for quality of life among society and expectant parents. Parents who chose the role of loving and caring for an individual with disabilities have found themselves fighting for what is right for their children: in home, in school, and in the community. Thus, federal law has been created (only 40 years ago) to protect individuals with disabilities from being rejected at school through a bribery mission of giving states funds for adopting the law. Today, in the twenty-first century, there are many States who have found tolerance in practicing the law as long as they receive funds. Some states find themselves becoming more accepting of individuals with disabilities while others find themselves tolerating individuals with disabilities almost the same as before. People who are directly influenced by the law, administrators, teachers, students, and parents have found the law to be very detailed, yet practiced and interpreted in an imperfect way. Consequently, 2 there are several issues about special education services and the law which have fueled many debates and much civil litigation. Background of the Problem One such issue that is finding its way to be an increasingly huge problem, particularly in California, is the rise in diversity and the lack of translated materials, translators, and interpreters to inform parents. The United States embraces itself for welcoming diversity, but it still requires that families learn and speak English fluently, something that is often very difficult and extremely time consuming. Many families of children with special needs find themselves not having access to information about their child’s disability, services that should be provided, their rights, and the law that protects their children: in home, in school, and in the community. Moreover, they cannot wait until they are fluent in English for their child to begin services due to the proven positive effects of early intervention and laws surrounding child find, search and serve. Early intervention is the process by which individuals with disabilities and their families receive programs, supports, and intensive therapy so that the anticipated amount of services later in life are greatly minimized by hopefully influencing individuals with disabilities to become independent enough to take care of many of their own needs; thus, relieving the state of many financial responsibilities for funding programs for individuals later in life. Unfortunately, however, even though this has been a problem for several years, there are still not enough interpreters, translators, and materials available to families who speak languages other than English to inform them about programs such as 3 this. Thus, many children fall short of receiving timely services and parents are unable to ensure that their child is receiving all services that are available in the community. Statement of the Problem Equally problematic and often very much overlooked are the issues surrounding child find: search and serve at the infant and toddler level. The law mandates that all efforts be made to identify individuals with disabilities by “actively and systematically seeking” (California Department of Education [CDE], 2009, p. 4) them out. Once identified, they must be located, assessed, and provided appropriate services, but there appears to be much variation in practice from county to county and the law does not specify what “actively” and “systematically seeking out” is nor does it specify any procedure for identification. Putting the issue of multi-lingualism aside, many parents in general find themselves receiving information about their child’s disability, services that should be provided, their rights, and the law that protects them much later than research recommends individuals begin intervention. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that many individuals with disabilities are denied access to services on grounds that many parents and individuals with disabilities, including those who do not speak English, lack being informed on top of the loose procedures that have been set in place for the very professionals that they have come to trust. Moreover, an equally growing concern for the state of California, for example, lies in the fact that the state is in current economic crisis where public services and education have suffered from record breaking budget cuts. Although the spirit of the law intends that individuals with disabilities receive those 4 services, the fact that there is no definition of “actively” and “systematically seeking out” leaves much room for interpretation and lax practice, particularly when it comes to the infant and toddler level when schools are often not yet involved. Purpose of the Study In an attempt to help bridge the gap between what parents are able to know, what professionals are obligated to provide, and what the state of California attempts to do in regards to Child Find: Search and Serve, the purpose of this project is to create a handbook for parents in English, Spanish, and, Russian while providing information about one of the most common genetic disabilities, such as Down Syndrome, which is a chromosomal defect often occurring among pregnant women not only over 35 years old, but also most commonly between the ages of 19 and 21, occurring one in 733 births (National Down Syndrome Society, 2010). With more information parents can be informed about Down Syndrome, hoping to minimize the numbers of babies being legally aborted by having more accurate knowledge, while at the same time providing parents an opportunity at or before birth about their child’s rights and the services that California is obligated by law to provide. With more infants receiving early intervention at such a young and critical age, many more individuals with Down Syndrome will have the potential for more growth in brain development which ultimately leads to more opportunities in life. 5 Definition of Terms Child Find Search and Serve: A component of the federal mandate that says states who adopt the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act must put forth a reasonable effort to find individuals with disabilities so that they may receive supports and services. It requires that individuals be found at all developmental stages from birth to 21. Early Intervention: Part of the federal mandate that individuals with disabilities who qualify receive educational services in their natural environment from birth to three years old. This aspect of the law focuses on providing services not only to the child, but the entire family if needed and appropriate. Moreover, the services must be provided within the child’s natural environment which is most typically in the home or somewhere in the community. Free and Appropriate Education: Refers to individuals receiving an education as is their natural born right within the school setting. Students receiving this education are not necessarily in the best educational environment, but the environment must be adequately meeting the students’ needs. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): A federal law adopted by the State of California to provide educational opportunities to individuals who have disabilities. This law mandates that individuals with disabilities are receiving a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment and provides this right to qualifying individuals from birth to 21 years old. Least Restrictive Environment: The idea that individuals with disabilities will be educated in an environment to the maximum extent possible with individuals who do not 6 have disabilities. Some students require more specialized educational programs while other students can be appropriately served in general education classrooms with support. This aspect of the law requires a spectrum of service options available so that an individual can be placed appropriately. Justification Creating the handbook for parents and families of children with Down Syndrome will help contribute to the Child Find: Search and Serve effort. It will place more responsibility in the hands of the parents and relieve professionals from the sole obligation of seeking individuals with disabilities. Parents who do not speak English will have access to information explaining why it is important that they understand their rights and be an active member in their child’s education. By doing this professionals will be able to form better relationships with parents so that there will be more opportunities for collaboration with professionals who need more information and strategies for supporting their student/client appropriately. Limitations The limitations to this project include concerns with sample size and generalization to other areas, even within California, since each county has potentially different programs and services, as well as different servicing Regional Centers. The sample size is limited to families who have children with Down syndrome, and only accounts for a very small portion of children with special needs. However, the 7 information about the law and services in the area can also serve families of children with differing disabilities. Another limitation is in regards to the populations that it serves, which is only a small fraction of the total population of individuals who reside within the county. There will still be many families from different ethnic backgrounds who speak different languages than those chosen for this project since it will only be translated in Spanish and Russian, which indicates that many other social minority groups will lack access to this information. The third and final limitation is that it will only be translated in Spanish and Russian, which indicates that many other social minority groups will lack access to this information. Organization of the Remainder of the Project Chapter 1 of this project includes an introduction, background, and statement of the problem. Following the introduction, background, and purpose statements are the Purpose of the Study, Definition of Terms, Justification, Limitations, and Organization of the Remainder of the Project. Chapter 2 comprises an extensive Review of Literature which includes The Rule under which this project applies, followed by the subsequent subtopics: Qualitative Study of the Effects of Early Intervention, Quantitative Study of the Effectiveness of Child Find, Study of the Policies and Procedures used in Child Find Efforts, Qualitative Study on the Perspectives of Receiving Services for Latino Parents, and Concluding Thoughts. Chapter 3 provides a complete description of the methods 8 used in creating the project. Chapter 4 consists of the Conclusions, Summary, and Recommendations which also discuss the limitations of the project and further recommendations for future research in this area. The Appendix includes the project, Down Syndrome: A Comprehensive Handbook for Parents and Families followed by a list of references. 9 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Background As part of the literature review, it is necessary to understand what the law states in relation to parent participation and consent for services and programs, translated materials, and the child find process. This will help readers to understand the impact of parental involvement in the development of their child and to set the foundation for an understanding of what the law requires the state of California to provide as well as why it is imperative that parents understand their rights. In addition, reviews of literature on early intervention and child find will also shed light on the importance of these issues. The Rule Federal law, P.L. 94-142, or the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004, stated that families of individuals with disabilities must be fully informed before any assessments can be completed, during the completion of an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) or an Individual Education Plan (IEP), and before any services are implemented (1414(a)(1)(D)). Without informed consent, districts are in violation of not providing families with enough information to advocate for what they feel is best for their child. In addition, children must be assessed using an assessment tool that is not culturally biased (1414(b)(3)(A)(ii) and parents must be part of the team in determining what needs to be done in order for the child to succeed in school (IDEA Act, 2004, 10 1414(d)(1)(B)). Parents must be given a copy of the procedural safeguards, or parental rights, and all information must be translated, if possible and necessary, unless the safeguards have been written in the parent’s native language (1415) (d)(2)). Procedural safeguards in the natural language should relate to the following: independent educational evaluation, prior written notice, parental consent, access to educational records, the opportunity to present and resolve complaints, as well as the availability of mediation, the child’s placement while due process proceedings are pending, procedures for students who are subject to placement in an interim alternative educational setting, requirements for unilateral placement by parents of children in private schools at public expense, due process hearings, including requirements for disclosure of evaluation results and recommendations, state-level appeals, civil actions, including the time period in which to file such actions, and attorney’s fees (Turnbull, Hueuta & Stowe, 2006, p. 76). In other words, in order for a parent to be an informed participant in an individual family service plan or an individual education plan for their child, he or she, or both, must be fully aware of their rights and it must be translated for them in order for their consent to be considered fully informed. Unfortunately, however, most districts only translate parent rights in Spanish. In regards to Child Find: search and serve, the federal law, or Individuals with the Disabilities Education Act of 2004, stated the following: A local education agency shall actively and systematically seek out all individuals with exceptional needs, from birth to 21 years of age, inclusive, including children not enrolled in public school programs that reside in a school district or 11 are under the jurisdiction of a special education local plan area or a county office of education (Disabilities Act, 2004). The law continues to specify that all children with disabilities “In need of special education and related services, shall be identified, located, assessed, and a practical method is developed and implemented” (Disabilities Act, 2004). In addition, the law specifies that a child find process must be completed in a similar timeline as the Individualized Education Plan and that each special education local plan are shall write up their policies and or procedures for “A continuous child find system that addresses the relationships among identification, screening, referral, assessment, planning, implementation, review, and the triennial assessment” (Disabilities Act, 2004). Although special education local plan areas have been given a directive on what to address in their plan, each local plan area has the ability to decipher how they wish to do so. In any case, the law continues to provide specific identification procedures, but the procedures appear to be much easier to follow at the school level than at the infancy level where special education local plan areas must be connected to hospital staff personnel in order to reasonably seek out individuals born with disabilities. Taking these two aspects of the law into consideration, it is imperative that parents of individuals with disabilities understand their rights to make sure that they receive accurate information and in their home language. In reading A Composite of Laws, from the California Department of Education (2009), it is clear that there are volumes of state codes that district personnel must make sure they are in compliance with. The codes refer to parental consent, parental 12 involvement, parental awareness, procedural safeguards that protect parents, and requirements surrounding parents having to participate in the IEP/IFSP process to ensure that their child is receiving an appropriate education with appropriate services. The codes also speak about non-English speaking families and how every effort must be made to ensure families have a translator/interpreter who will fully explain to them all of the things they need to know to make the best and most informed decisions for their child. Moreover, state code recommended that IFSPs and IEPs be translated when and if necessary so that parents may understand the legally binding document and that their questions may be answered as best as possible. It also required that families receive information about their rights in their native language. Otherwise, the procedural safeguards should be translated and fully explained to parents so that their participation is meaningful. According to Turnbull et al. (2006), “The uninvolved or uninformed parent causes the student to pay the price of the parents’ inaction or ignorance” (p. 36). Unfortunately, for parents who do not speak English this is an increasing concern, which is why all attempts must be made to ensure families are fully informed of the law and their rights. According to McGoldrick, Giordano and Pearce (1996), there has been a dramatic increase in the number of immigrants who come to America over the last 100 years. Because of this increase, White Americans are not expected to be the majority of the population by the end of the next decade. As the country wants to preserve the English language, the diversity of America threatens the ability for everyone to speak English. Many cultural groups want to continue practicing their heritage and want to preserve their 13 language. In addition, McGoldrick et al. (1996) pointed out the different practices of each ethnic group, which can very well effect how families are able to receive services and information in a world that is predominantly English. For example, many other cultures besides the typical “White, Anglo Saxon” do not believe in questioning professionals. Nor do they believe in receiving services or labeling their children. This can be a huge problem in regards to children with special needs who need services, such as early intervention and special education and related services, all of which are offered in America so that individuals with disabilities may function at the maximum extent possible. Qualitative Study: Effects of Early Intervention In a qualitative study to determine the effects of early intervention on children with Down Syndrome and their families, Hanson (2003), who was also their early intervention program director, and an unbiased assistant, interviewed twelve out of the 15 children and families who were part of the first “wave” of individuals who received early intervention services. The subjects for the study were individuals who received early intervention services as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, or P.L. 94-142 also known as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004), was created to offer school based services and programs to individuals with disabilities. The children and families who participated in the study received early intervention nearly 25 years ago from 1974 through 1976. All individuals received early intervention between four weeks 14 and six months of age, with an average mean of 14 weeks, and all children except for two were diagnosed with trisomy 21; two of them were diagnosed with a more rare form of Down Syndrome called Mosaic Down Syndrome, which is a form of the condition where individuals have less characteristics and health concerns. Eight of the children were girls and seven were boys; only seven of them had other siblings. Five of these individuals had heart problems, but only four of them were able to receive corrective surgery. For the one child who did not receive corrective surgery he continued to have health problems, including a stroke that greatly impacted his ability to develop milestones. For the study, it was discovered that one of these twelve individuals died of leukemia in preschool while the other two children had relocated to an unknown state. All individuals resided in suburban, urban, and rural areas. All individuals were from Caucasian families and all but one child resided with their biological families; only two families had mothers from Germany who did not speak English. The average age for the mothers was 27, with a range from 21 to 41, and the average age for fathers was 28 years old, with a range of 23 to 37, at the time their child was born. All of the parents were high school graduates while five mothers and seven fathers earned college degrees and one father had an MBA. Out of the twelve mothers, ten were homemakers and two worked in clerical positions while all of the fathers were laborers or worked in other professional position. At the time the families received early intervention, only one family divorced while this number grew to half of the families by the time the follow up study 25 years later took place. All parents and children were interviewed for approximately two hours using open ended questions that were transcribed and coded twice. Questions centered around educational 15 placements, sibling and social relationships, supports, challenges, housing, employment opportunities, typical daily routines, general family experiences, parental hopes and dreams for their child, and individual likes as well as defining what Down Syndrome meant to them. Once the interviews were coded, the most common themes were identified and placed into four categories, which were: parent perceptions and experiences, supports and services for families, children’s educational placements, and children’s lives in adulthood. In regards to parent perceptions and experiences, Hanson (2003) reported most families indicated that their experiences raising a child with Down Syndrome was relatively pleasant and something they considered a blessing. The parents reported that their child with Down Syndrome reflected “… positive attitudes, winning and pleasant personalities, and …sense of humor” (Hanson, 2003, p. 359). Often changing the attitudes and expectations of those people around them, in general, they were less difficult to raise than their other children who did not have Down Syndrome. Some of the common struggles were the loss of control, having to put much time, effort, and financial resources into ensuring a good quality of life, being “teased and ostracized” by others, limited social networks to mainly family and religious groups in the community, inability to attain many milestones and independence as an adult, and wishing for a relief of some responsibilities later in life. Most parental hopes and dreams focused on wanting their child to be happy and have a good quality of life. As far as the supports and services that were available, almost all parents expressed the importance of advocacy and how they would have pushed for more programs and services if they would have known early on 16 what they knew now. The most important program and support they received was the support they received from the early intervention program where they were taught how to teach their children and about many strategies that would help their children be successful in school, such as the methods of structured teaching. Although most parents were not fond of participating in support groups nearly all of them reported of the importance of having relationships with other families who had a common experience. When it came to educational placements, almost all children began preschool programs in a segregated classroom, but were able to experience inclusion and mainstreaming options as they entered kindergarten and elementary grades. As the children aged, i.e. in junior high and high school, most of them returned to more segregated programs with some mainstreaming opportunities. Once these children graduated, however, parents reported dissatisfaction with programs and services: many reporting no support at all while others reported there were programs but they had to be sought out independently. Out of the twelve individuals with Down Syndrome, nine of them were: … employed at least part time, were able to take public transportation independently, and were able to perform many of the activities of adult living independently such as cooking, cleaning, paying bills, and so forth. Six of these individuals were living in independent or semi-independent living situations in either apartments or homes. (Hanson, 2003, p. 362) One child did not have a job, but was in the process of seeking independent living opportunities with training for more independent living skills. Another was placed in foster care because her parents no longer could provide support to their daughter. As a 17 result, she struggled with behavior, had limited speech, and resides in a “sheltered care situation”. The last child was limited by his healthcare needs, suffering from a stroke and unable to continue growing and developing as the other children. All of them were able to read, aware of their disability, participated in sports and other extracurricular activities, while also desiring marital relationships and children. Overall, this cohort of individuals with Down Syndrome had a relatively successful start to life and parents reported several positive experiences as well as stressed the importance of participation in early intervention support programs and advocacy, particularly since the level of support decreases as the child gets older until there is virtually no support in adulthood. Unfortunately, however, this article does not reflect opinions and experiences of the programs being offered today, which are often lacking the financial support that was originally offered when the laws were created. Moreover, the study focused on individuals from only one program and only used individuals that were Caucasian or English in descent. The population of individuals used in this study is not necessarily representative of the current population of individuals who have Down Syndrome today, particularly in California where the current population greatly consists of many minority cultures whose families speak languages other than English. Setting this aside, however, the study does conclude that parents found an overall dissatisfaction with programs and services and conclude that they wish they had more information and resources early on in their child’s life to ensure more accountability and better decision making. 18 Quantitative Study: Effectiveness of Child Find In a quantitative study to determine the effectiveness of Child Find, search and serve, in Florida, Delgado and Scott (2006) identified potential biases in the referral rates for preschool children who are at risk for disabilities. In their study they collected information from birth records and a statewide system called CHRIS, or Children’s Registry and Information System, for 1994 and 1995 to determine, out of the population of children born in those years, how many of them have been referred for special education and related services in relation to the following factors: “…gestational age, birthweight, maternal age, maternal education, maternal marital status, gender, race, and ethnicity” (p. 30). CHRIS is a database project funded by the state of Florida, or specifically Florida’s Department of Education, since 1990 to keep track of children who were potentially eligible for the services listed in Part B of IDEA, which is an addition to the original law so that infants, toddlers, and preschool aged children from birth to five years old may receive early intervention services. According to the study, the database contains information about “…referrals, screening, evaluation, and eligibility information for preschool aged children…who have been referred to the Florida Diagnostic and Learning Resource System (FDLRS)” (Delgado & Scott, 2006, p. 29). Apparently information in regards to service coordination can also be entered into the database so that the information is available to coordinators who work with each individual child throughout the state to save time and resources. This system is Florida’s attempt to comply with the federal mandates of Child Find: search and serve by tracking any and or all preschool aged students who have or are at risk of disabilities. The hypothesis is that 19 there will be a higher proportion of students being referred for services who meet the above criteria than those students who are in the general population. Delgado et al. (2006) also hypothesized that there will be consistency in their findings with previous research that states there is a significant discrepancy between White and non-White students being referred for special education services, where more African American students are being referred than White students and while Hispanic students are referred at similar rates to White students. According to the study, previous research also indicated that many children with developmental delays who were from cultural and linguistic backgrounds were less apt to be detected for special education and related services at an early age (Delgado et al., 2006). To receive accurate information, the researcher integrated information from both databases “…by using automated deterministic data linkage techniques” (p. 29) where a child’s birth records were joined with the records from CHRIS if their full name and birth date were a complete match. Any child who was not a match by full name and birth date did not count as a child who was linked in the databases and therefore was not used in the linked sample. Once this process was complete, all identifying information was removed to maintain confidentiality. The sample included 375, 508 total children born in 1994 and 1995 in Florida who were referred for special education services between 2.6 and 4.11 years old. Of this number, 36, 698 children were also found in the CHRIS database, but only 24,539 were able to be linked to birth records. All other children were either not born in Florida before moving into the state and receiving services, or did not have consistent data using their full name and birth date to link both systems. Therefore, the 20 sample included 24, 539 referred children and 350, 969 “not referred” children. For consistent data during analysis, records with missing information on any of the factors were discarded. A final sample included 24,366 referred children and 348,210 “not referred” children. Finally, a percentage ratio was given for each subset of children from the above factors relative to the reference group, which was White and nonHispanic/non-Haitian children because of their large population, using the “…logistic regression to evaluate the association of each factor with referral status” (Delgado et al., 2006, p. 30) and the Wald chi-square statistic. Any ratio of 1.0 was not considered meaningful because the researchers could not be sure that the rate of referral was due to the chosen factors. Results of the study indicated that children who were premature, had very low or low birthweight, and mothers who had education of less than or equal to twelve years had higher odds of being referred for special education and related services and that the mother’s age and marital status was not associated with referral rates. Moreover, boys were 1.9 more likely to be referred for services than girls and that the odds for African American children and Asian/Pacific Island children referred for services was much lower than the odds for White children. Interestingly, however, Native American children were much more likely to be referred for services than White children. In regards to ethnicity, the study findings indicated that non-Hispanic/non-Haitian children were “[…] 1.4 times greater than the odds of referral for Hispanic children and 2.0 times greater than those for Haitian children” (p. 31). The study concluded that Child Find efforts in Florida appear to be effective in searching and finding children who are potential for having 21 disabilities, but that there is a “disproportionate” representation for referral when looking at race and ethnicity even though they have been included in the identified risk factors. They also concluded that biological and environmental risk factors, including socioeconomic status of mothers, were greatly associated with higher rates of referral for special education services. In discussion, Delgado et al. (2006) suggested that more information is needed to discover the reason why boys are at a higher referral rate than girls because they cannot determine whether there is a gender bias or if the incidence is truly higher for boys than girls. They also suggested that it would be in the state of Florida’s best interest to focus more funds in prevention and intervention programs for mothers because of their association with lower education and socioeconomic status, which may ultimately have greater effects on babies born with low birthweight. Overall, Delgado et al. (2006) discovered that Native American and Asian/Pacific Island children’s rate of referral was consistent with previous research that Native Americans are overrepresented and Asian/Pacific Islanders are underrepresented, but they did not see the overrepresentation among African American children as also stated in previous research. Moreover, they found that African American children had higher risks for disability, doubling the amount of children born with low birthweight, and a higher percentage rate of mothers who had twelve years or less of education than White children. In regards to ethnicity there was an under-referral rate for special education services for children who were Hispanic or Haitian. Possible reasons were due to “A lack of awareness regarding the availability of services, differences in cultural attitudes regarding disabilities, and limited English 22 proficiency, which they state resulted in …limited access to materials…and a reduced ability to communicate with medical, educational, and childcare personnel” (Delgado et al., 2006, p. 33). Limitations included a less than accurate measure of the true link between the factors and the rate of referral because of children who were not counted in the study, as well as an inability to generalize findings to other states due to differences in procedural policies and diversity. The researchers hoped that these findings will alert professionals, parents, and policymakers to further improve the procedures used in Florida to search, locate, and serve children who are at risk for developmental delays as mandated by federal law. Taking the study as a whole, the findings suggested that overall families who come from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds struggle to get access to information that ultimately results in their child being referred at an early age for early intervention services. Although there is an attempt to determine the effectiveness of the Child Find system in Florida, more research is needed to discover the discrepancies among these same factors in regards to children who are at risk for developmental delays and or disabilities in California. The researchers were correct in that their findings are limited to only Florida because other states, such as California have differing minority groups and do not have a statewide database that tracks children and their rate of referrals. Their findings were also based on children born over a decade ago, when the nation was not pressured by the current economic challenge to cut programs and services due to a decrease in federal funding, not to mention the study does not include children younger than 2.6 years old, which further limits the study to children once they are eligible for 23 district services and does not consider infants and toddlers who are eligible for services as well. This study brought about many questions for children, who are infants and toddlers actually being served while residing in California as well as the current practices and procedures permitted by the federal government which have been recommended by the local education agencies for approval by the California Department of Education. In all, more research in regards to child find and its effectiveness in California is needed. Study of Policies and Procedures Used in Child Find Efforts Similarly, another study was conducted in Hawaii in regards to the policies and procedures used in Child Find to determine referral rates and eligibility for children who were from immigrant families’ versus native born Hawaiians. In the study, the following factors were considered: socioeconomic status, which was often, determined using insurance because of no ability to find income information, level of English proficiency, military status, and homelessness. These factors were compared to the referral and enrollment rates of three to five year old children with developmental delays in early intervention programs and related services. Methods included access to 40-44 intake records of individuals enrolled in each of the seven out of nine programs across the island state in 1997, which was collected by a “statewide electronic management information system database, or MIS” (Shapiro & Derrington, 2004, p. 199) and information collected at first referral. Information was gathered by professionals working for the programs but interview questions were pilot tested and created by the study’s researchers (Shapiro & Derrington). Information gathered was then compared to Census reports of 2000 and 24 categorical comparisons were analyzed and transformed into statistics in the form of frequencies, percentages, and totals using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Once these figures were produced they were entered into GraphPad Instant Software, 2000, to calculate the chi square and determine the statistical significance of the numbers. Unfortunately, however, overall results of the study were inconclusive in most areas due to the limitations of the study in receiving accurate information where many educated guesses and assumptions were made, particularly in regards to the number of homeless individuals, the number of immigrants needing a translator and their proficiency levels, and levels of income which were often based on type of insurance, etc. Moreover, Shapiro et al. (2004) stated there are many threats to the validity and reliability of the information because their sources of information were not systematically gathered by nonbiased individuals. They concluded that more studies need to be done in regards to child find for children receiving early intervention and that statewide databases, which have only been adopted by few states such as “Florida, North Carolina, and Rhode Island” (p. 210), need to be improved to provide more detailed demographic information on individuals receiving services. After reading this study it was clear that there was not enough information about child find, in general, especially since each state adopted their own way of tracking referrals and enrollments of children with disabilities into early intervention programs. Because the study is unreliable, it does not offer any definitive information that child find is or is not working. Taking the study done in Hawaii and the study done in Florida together, the results of each study even if they were reliable do not generalize to 25 California because of several reasons which include not having adopted a statewide database to track referrals and enrollments for early intervention programs. Moreover, the California Department of Education allows each local plan agency to create a unique plan for their policies and procedures in relation to child find: search and serve (as cited in Wrightslaw Special Education Law and Advocacy, 2009). Setting this issue aside, however, Florida did conclusively find that minority populations, particularly those that do not speak English, are grossly underrepresented as has been well known for quite some time. Although there is no clear cut answer as to why, one can only assume part of the responsibility lies in accessing pertinent information for good decision making. In any case, there are very few studies that offer any insight as to the possible discrepancies found at the birth to three levels in regards to child find procedures, in general. However, there are many studies that speak to the struggles of non-English speaking families in regards to language barriers and children’s rights for early intervention services. Qualitative Study: Perspectives of Receiving Services for Latino Parents One qualitative study in North Carolina focused on the perspectives of parents and professionals in regards to Latino children receiving early intervention services in preschool and other early childhood programs in an attempt to address the issues surrounding disproportionate representation of these students in special education. The researchers Hardin, Mereoiu, Hung and Roach-Scott (2009), defined disproportion as “[…] the inappropriate representation of students by race or ethnicity in special education at either a greater or lesser rate than all special education students” (p. 94). In the study, 26 they evaluated the perspectives of administrators, general and special education teachers, and Latino parents, all of which had children with special needs, regarding the referral, evaluation, and program placement processes to identify common themes that contribute to the challenges of non-English speaking families and students. For their methods, Hardin et al. (2009) researched two consenting sites out of six possible sites that could accurately represent urban or rural areas, had multiple types of programs that supported children who had disabilities and were English language learners, as well as, a minimum of five percent of the population needed to be Latino. One site was located in an urban area and the other was located in a rural area. The urban site consisted of “…59 inclusive pre-kindergartens, 11 Head Start centers, and more than 542 community child care programs. The rural site consisted of seven pre-kindergarten classrooms, six Head Start Centers and 37 child care centers” (Hardin et al., 2009, p. 95). Out of these two sites, a homogeneous sample of administrators, teachers, and parents were selected for a total of six total focus groups (three focus groups from each site) which further consisted of 15 administrators, eleven teachers, and five parents; six were male and 25 were female. Seven participants were African American, eight were Hispanic/Latino, and 17 were European Americans, all of which came from diverse cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic groups. Each focus group attended an audio-taped two hour training to go over the study, gain consent and demographic information for the participants before collecting data. All field notes were documented using a laptop computer. Focus groups were given pilot tests (by individuals in similar roles to check for clarity and understanding) open ended question surveys in their home language to 27 complete which asked about participant’s beliefs in regards to educational services for young children with and without disabilities, current processes used during referral, evaluation, and placement processes, and suggestions for improvements for children who are Latino based English language learners. All answers were translated into English, transcribed, and coded for further analysis using the “constant comparative coding” methods. All frequencies and percentages were documented in a spreadsheet and each category was defined. The researchers agreed to each theme with 89% approval rating and all issues were discussed and agreed upon during the final stage of analysis. Results were placed in three categories: referral process, evaluation process, and placement process. In the referral process all participants agreed to that the most challenging characteristics during referrals were attributed to language barriers, parent participation, time constraints, and procedural issues. In regards to language barriers all participants found a problem with the fact that most professionals are English speaking while most parents were Spanish speaking and that there was a huge disparity with bilingual staff and available trained translators who were familiar with educational terminology and screening tools. Although parent participation is pertinent in all aspects of special education, most parents do not understand their roles in providing professionals information during parent interviews and those families who are of “illegal status” fear to disagree with professionals or inquire help. Interestingly, administrators and teachers both agreed that “Supplying parents with handbooks concerning their rights was not enough” (Hardin et al., 2009, p. 97). There was much debate about the effectiveness of 28 the federal mandate on timelines. Some professionals felt 45 day timelines in preschool was not enough time to thoroughly evaluate and determine a child’s accurate needs because it does not provide enough time for a child to settle into their new classroom environment. Because of this, some professionals choose when to place their referrals, often waiting until after the holidays so that students have enough time to learn English and more accurately demonstrate their skills. Other professionals were concerned about this as they felt that 45 days is enough because the sooner children are discovered and served, the better. Procedural issues involved concerns about untrained professionals and cultural sensitivity in completing screening tools, lack of clear guidance on the federal mandate for how to screen and make decisions for English language learners, and a gap in screening processes with placing referrals while waiting for interpreters to gain active consent for further assessment and evaluation. Unfortunately, it was found that although nonverbal cues among English language learners can indicate a stage in acquisition of the English language, an inability to imitate or respond to what they see results in immediate referral. The last concern was in the area of coordination where agencies often do not collaborate to ensure families receive appropriate public services. When it came to the evaluation process, Hardin et al. (2009) found two equally challenging themes between administrators, teachers, and parents arose such as parent participation and a lack of understanding about the purpose and procedure of evaluations. Similar to the referral process, because of the language barrier and cultural differences parents are not sure what they should share to help professionals serve their children and there is no consistent method for gathering information between schools. More 29 problematic is the time available for professionals to complete home visits and the lack of available translators, where more often than not families have to attend meetings on their own. Additionally, because professionals must conduct home visits during their contract hours, many parents who are working are unable to provide the information necessary for accurate background knowledge of the student; rather, professionals actively seek information from day care providers who often do not know their child as well. Parents that could attend meetings, and without an interpreter, stated they felt left out of the process and many eventually stopped attending them. One parent stated, “Having forms and evaluation results in Spanish was helpful because even though he knew some English …it was easier to understand written information in Spanish” (Hardin et al., 2009, p. 99). Unfortunately, however, Hardin et al. (2009) indicated that there were few materials available to these families and that the parents expressed their confusion about the procedures involved in the evaluation process. For the placement process, Hardin et al. (2009) discovered the same reoccurring themes: cultural and linguistic differences, lack of sufficient information for understanding and interpreters. Additionally, however, Hardin et al. (2009) found that parents were intimidated by the IEP (Individual Education Plan) process because they did not understand the process without access to interpreters. Teachers and administrators stated they were concerned that parents were not actively involved enough during IEP meetings and that most of the information contained in the IEP was placed in the document as a result of professional recommendations. One parent stated that she was “worried if she was helping her child with disabilities effectively” (Hardin et al., 2009, p. 30 99). Teachers and administrators both felt that parents greatly needed more “family friendly” information to be a more productive participant in the referral, evaluation, and placement process and to make more informed decisions for their child. All participants agreed that “facilitating transportation, providing child care support to allow parents to attend meetings, and maintaining flexible meeting schedules” (Hardin et al., 2009, p. 101), were needed to improve parent participation and access to services. In summary, Hardin et al. (2009) concluded that there were four overall gaps in services for Latino families and children. The first gap was in the screening and evaluation methods which perhaps contribute to the disproportion of Latino children being referred for special education. The second gap indicates a need for better strategies to facilitate more meaningful parent participation since the lack of involvement becomes an issue with federal mandates for informed consent. The third gap identifies a lack of professional development in regards to methods for screening and evaluating individuals who are English language learners. The final and fourth gap implicates a greater need for policies and procedures to be revised, including timelines, bilingual services, and funding for more training and support for parents and professionals. As for the limitations to the study, Hardin et al. (2009) believed their study to have a relatively small sample size, especially for Latino parents, and recognize the need for more research to be done for all diverse groups at more diverse sites and educational programs. Generally speaking, although Hardin et al. (2009) conducted a study on only one cultural group and on such a small population, the information provided by several different administrators, teachers, and parents in two different sites appeared to have 31 consistent, corresponding opinions that shed light upon the current challenges in regards to being compliant with federal mandates in serving individuals who speak Spanish and have special needs. Additionally, although the study’s focus is only on populations and practices in North Carolina, concerns about disproportionately serving individuals from immigrant and non-English speaking families appears to be a common theme for most states, including California. The study can relate to California in the sense that there are no single set of policies and procedures for each district and local education plan to follow to ensure appropriate referrals and service delivery. Moreover, if it is a general consensus that a variety of administrators, teachers, and parents believe language barriers and a lack of interpreters and translated materials contribute to less active participation in the IEP process, however small the sample, then states must consider how compliant they actually are when considering a parent’s consent as “active informed consent” mandated by the state and federal law (IDEA, 2004). Thus, although the information was to serve as a resource to improve programs in North Carolina, particularly for Latino families, other states can consider the findings to better improve their own practices with families so that they are more compliant with federal mandates and more states can begin to investigate possible avenues to help bridge this gap between professionals and families. Summary Interestingly enough, on one hand, America has this law, P.L. 94-142 or the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 that requires parents to participate in the development of their child’s IEP/IFSP, as well as gives them rights to ensure services 32 are working for their child. Yet, on the other hand, there are cultural groups that depend on professionals for their information and do not believe in questioning their expertise. Moreover, some cultures do not even believe in receiving public assistance or labeling their child. All of this can have an effect on the amount of “informed consent” a parent might have throughout the IEP/IFSP process. Thus, it is critical for information about disabilities, services, and rights to be translated and interpreted for families so that they may have a better understanding of what is available and why it is important, or even what they can do for their child who is not receiving adequate services he or she needs. In regards to child find: search and serve, one of the most unfortunate findings has been in discovering that there is not much literature available about it, particularly in the state of California. Literature available affirms what the law states is the federal and state mandate for locating individuals with disabilities. However, there is not much research that suggests whether or not it is effective or if it is successful. Generally, information about child find in California has been found at the Wright’s Law (2010) website. Interestingly, the site shared that the Office of Civil Rights at the Education Department has accepted child find plans which include “Door to door surveys, brochure mailings, public education programs, and other public meetings, physician referrals, contacts with day care providers, and surveys of private school personnel” (www.wrightslaw.com, 2010). However, the only court cases that have brought about any concern in regards to child find have been for children who have already been a member of the school system. Is this because parents, including those who do not speak English, are still uninformed, especially in regards to the legal timelines for when their child should have been 33 identified, located, assessed, and provided services or is this because by the time parents have realized their child has been failed by the system to receive services at the earliest possible moment that it is too late or have other problems in school districts taken precedence? According to studies from other states, access is a huge concern. Unfortunately, without further interest or further research in regards to the current practices of California in regards to non-English speaking families and child find, no one knows if the current system of identifying and locating children as early in infancy as possible is truly effective or in need of revision. What literature and research does say, however, is that early intervention is imperative for individuals with disabilities and that the earlier children receive therapy the better odds they will have to perform as an independent and meaningful participant in their community. In fact, the entire basis for federal law to mandate early intervention services to individuals with disabilities from birth to three years old comes from the idea that the earlier children are exposed to therapy the less expensive their needs may be or the less therapy they will need over an entire lifetime (Reynolds, Temple, Ou, Robertson, Mersky, Topitzes & Niles, 2007). Thus, one can see how critical it is for parents to be informed in general about their child's disability and needs regardless of whether or not they were English speaking. 34 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Project Description In an attempt to improve the rate of infants and toddlers receiving early intervention services, a handbook will be created to help support parents and families. The topic of Down Syndrome was chosen as the focus population because it is one of the most common occurring genetic disabilities and one of the most common causes of mental retardation diagnosed in babies and young children. Since the diagnosis of Down Syndrome most typically qualifies an infant or child for early intervention services at birth, it is reasonable to assume that more information will help stimulate the early intervention process for young babies and their families. This would allow parents to be more proactive and aware of the condition, early intervention, and the policies and procedures that federally mandate their right for early intervention, as well as where to go to place referrals within Sacramento County. Since the researcher has access to families and professionals within her county, it was decided to investigate the top 15 languages in Sacramento County using California Department of Education’s last Census Report of 1998 to determine the most prevalent ethnic groups in the county. Census reports indicated that Spanish speaking individuals account for the highest population of minorities in the county at 9,307. This is followed by the Hmong population at 5, 724 then the Russian population of 2,457. Thus, besides English the top three languages in the Sacramento region are Spanish, Hmong, and 35 Russian. In an attempt to provide information to non-English speaking families, the researcher has decided to have the handbook translated in Spanish and Russian since Hmong translators and interpreters are very difficult to find and not very common. 36 Chapter 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The handbook, upon getting it potentially published, is an attempt to respond to the growing need of parents wishing they had more information while their children were infants as well as the growing need for parents who do not speak English to understand their child’s disability and the services and supports that are available in the community. Equally important, the purpose of the handbook is to relieve immigrant families of their fears in relation to standing up for their children’s needs and rights by addressing concerns related to understanding what early intervention is, as well as why it is important for young children with Down Syndrome. Most importantly, those families who do not speak English, the handbook will explain a little more about the law and why it is important that they participate in the referral, evaluation, and placement process for their child. Because of the cost of resources during this critical time of economic crunch, where many programs and services are facing devastating cut backs to unnecessary programs and personnel, as well as, the lack of access to interpreters, the translated materials will hopefully empower more families in Sacramento County. This is so that families who do not speak English will not depend on an interpreter to explain the importance of early intervention, or even what it is, including why collaboration and participation in their child’s educational 37 program and plan is important, as well as the law that supports this right and some of the services that are readily available in the area. Considering that some families are unable to read, it is easier find someone in their family and friend support network that can read the materials to them without having to find alternative and outside resources. In any case, although the success of California’s practices in relation to Child Find: Search and Serve remains a mystery and needing much more research, the handbook serves as a first step in attempting to ensure families are supported as early as possible by allowing them to take the first step in seeking services for their child. This gives them a proactive avenue to share the responsibility of ensuring their child receives early intervention instead of depending on and or waiting for professionals to have access to the information they need to get these things started. Conclusion One of the great stepping stones of all times when it comes to children with special needs is the laws that have been created within the last century to protect children with special needs from being segregated from schools and society. Many great efforts from parents and law makers have made it possible for children who have special needs to perform at their maximum potential. However, even with this great effort, when it comes to special education services and law, there are many issues that need to be addressed, particularly the ones surrounding Child Find: Search and Serve and nonEnglish speaking families. The processes recommended by the law at the most critical 38 point in life is one that has been accepted very loosely and with little feedback in its development. Because very little research has been done in the area of child find at the infant and toddler level in California it is not clear why some individuals with disabilities are found in the hospital while others are found much later: by months and sometimes years. As each county is able to decide how they will identify, locate, assess infants the lack of uniformity the law allows enables much room for individuals to fall through the cracks before they even reach district level services. Being that the researcher is also knowledgeable about the disconnect between the legal mandates of the law and practice through experience, recommendations include reforming the regulations to make the law more specific so that states, even in a budget crisis, have no freedom to overlook certain individuals, particularly those who belong to non-English speaking families. On the contrary, this handbook was created to serve families so that they can experience being empowered to ensure these processes from their end without having to wait for the system to do things the right way. Furthermore, there seems to be a very wide gap in what the law says and how it is practiced and accepted, moreso for California since they do not yet possess a uniform child find process. Families are required to make informed decisions about their children and be active participants in their child’s educational programming, but most find themselves not understanding a great deal of the information that is shared. Unfortunately also true is the fact that many families who come from other cultures do not have resources available to them either due to their cultural beliefs or to the lack of information that is shared between families and professionals. Translated materials, 39 translators, and interpreters are in great need as America continues to serve children with special needs whose parents do not speak English. Not just understanding their rights, but understanding the law will help families to understand their expected roles in American education and will help to create a better checks and balances system that was intended by federal law. Moreover, the attitude that families will or should ask questions to know more about services and the IEP/IFSP process needs to be readjusted as the mind cannot see what the brain does not know. In other words, if families do not understand something exists they do not know how to ask what they do not already know. Thus, it is the obligation of America to not only embrace this multi-cultural diversity, but to acknowledge that non-English families would contribute to American society, particularly when it comes to their child’s education, if they had the resources to do so. In essence, the handbook serves as the best tool for Spanish and Russian families of children with Down Syndrome to tackle this challenge. Recommendations Exclusively looking at California, there are many recommendations for further efforts to ensure children with disabilities are being served appropriately. Since there are virtually no research studies done in the state of California in regards to Child Find: Search and Serve, even prior to the current state of economic turmoil, it is difficult to conclude that any of the policies and procedures in practice are effective. Qualitative studies could be done with families and professionals to determine levels of satisfaction with the current programs and practices or quantitative studies can be done, like Florida’s 40 for example, to link information and determine the effectiveness of current practices in early intervention. Looking at the nation as a whole, including California, it is in the very best interest that families begin pursuing the federal government to mandate states to further look into the quality and accountability of the Child Find system, particularly in those states like California that have not adopted a database to track infants and toddlers from birth to three years old. Moreover, those studies that have already been completed need to expand in order to study younger populations like the infants and toddlers that are all too often overlooked. It would be interesting to see whether or not professionals in California are following through with the mandates of the federal law by truly actively seeking out those individuals who need services regardless of the current budget crisis. 41 APPENDIX A Down Syndrome: A Comprehensive Handbook for Parents and Families 42 Created By: Rachelle Renee-Dutra Shockley Master of Arts Degree in Special Education California State University, Sacramento Russian Translation by: Olga Dutra Spanish Translation by: Clarissa LaGuardia 43 FORWARD by Rachelle Shockley It was the Fall of 1999 when I began my college career at the University of Sacramento, California. I was enrolled in the Liberal Studies program to become a teacher. I had just graduated few months before from St. Francis High School in Sacramento, California and was only 18 years old. I had dreams of teaching students, but had no idea what I wanted to teach. My desire for holidays and summers off very much influenced my decision to become a teacher. In the middle of my first semester I discovered that I was also going to become a mother. Little did I know at the time that I was going to become a mother of a child with Down Syndrome, a subject about which I knew nothing. Although the education I received at St. Francis was to prepare me for college and pave my way for success, I was not prepared in the least, for the life I was about to lead today nor was I prepared for the life possibilities of having a child with special needs. Truth be told, very little if anything was ever discussed about children with special needs, especially in sex education courses where we were supposed to learn about the realities of becoming a parent at a potentially much younger age than we might have been ready. Unfortunately because of this, the perception of most individuals, including myself, is that children with special needs are only born of mothers 35 years old or older, which is also most commonly taught and to my surprise, also proven to be very wrong. 44 All through my pregnancy I remained healthy, never having exposed myself to any type of alcohol or drugs, as well as cigarettes/smoke and caffeine. I took prenatal vitamins everyday and remained in optimal health. For exercise, I walked about 1.5 miles to work and back home 5 days per week, with rides only on extremely late nights. Ultrasounds indicated my baby was perfectly healthy and there were no concerns. I was young and in good health. Furthermore, there was no history of disabilities or health concerns in the family; therefore, there was no reason for the doctors to be concerned. I was working at Raley’s Supermarket as a courtesy clerk at the time. At about six months, I remember helping a family friend out to the car. That day, I told her “Something is wrong with my baby”. She looked at me and asked, “What’s wrong? How can you be sure? Are you okay”? I just looked at her and I said, “I’m fine, but something’s wrong. I can feel it”! She asked me what the doctors have said about the baby during my regular doctor’s visits. I told her they always assured me my baby was doing great and was perfectly healthy. She reassured me that my baby would be fine and told me to get some rest when I got home. About three weeks later I left work early to go to the hospital for early contractions. One week later, my doctor wrote me out of work to reduce my stress levels. Fortunately, I ended up carrying the baby to full term. On July 25, 2000, I woke up in the morning certain I was going to have my baby even though I had not started any contractions yet. The baby was due the day before. We arrived at the hospital around noon. I was admitted for being dilated at 4 centimeters. My labor actually started around 7:30 pm and due to good fortune the baby was born shortly after at 8:30 pm. It was a beautiful and precious baby girl; we named her Carlianne. I do 45 not remember much of what happened after that because I was shaking so badly and losing a lot of blood. The room was swarming with nurses and doctors. I thought it was attributed to quality care and had no idea that this was not normal. Later in pictures I was able to see that Carlianne needed some oxygen shortly after she was born. Once I was okay, I was able to hold Carlianne for the first time. I made sure to count all her fingers and toes, a common ritualistic measure of health among new parents. Little did I know I would have much more to worry about than Carlianne not having a finger or a toe. As soon as it was determined that both of us were going to be okay, we were transferred to another private room for the night. As I looked at Carlianne, I remember thinking that I had never seen something more precious in my life. I was in love with her from the moment I saw her and I was proud. I made her a promise that night that I would be the best mom: always protecting her from the evils of this world and not letting anything bad happen to her. Ironically, that same night my husband asked me, “Doesn’t she look different to you? Doesn’t she look like one of those kids? You know…those Down’s people”? I replied, “Of course not! She’s perfect! She looks just like my brother when he was born, crinkled ears and all”! His question really bothered me, especially the insensitive words, “Down’s people” like they belonged to someone else other than themselves. To me, Carlianne was a normal baby. She was my baby and she was perfect. To everyone else, Carlianne was already noticed as different. The next morning we were greeted very early by the pediatrician. He was our family doctor. He had been my doctor when I was a little girl and he was my brother’s doctor as well. When my brother was a little boy he had a knot in his intestines and 46 almost died. It was my pediatrician that saved him, having spent many hours trying to figure out why my brother was so sick: not able to hold any food down, throwing up, and not going to the bathroom. It had been a few days and my brother was at risk of his organs shutting down within hours. That night, our pediatrician ran through the hospital, running through the double doors pleading with my parents to trust him and sign consent for emergency surgery that they did not have time to talk and he couldn’t take time to explain: my brother was going to die and they had to place their trust in doctor without knowing why or what was going to be done. My parents signed and my brother was rolled into emergency surgery to correct the problem. I suppose they thought he was going to die without surgery so letting him go without explanation, so my parents gave my doctor a chance. Three weeks later the little girl off “Poltergeist” died of the same thing. Since that day, our pediatrician was the only health professional we came to trust and because of that, he was worthy of being chosen to care for Carlianne as well. Equally ironic, the same reason I chose him was the reason Carlianne needed him: she was special and needed special care that only a gifted professional could provide. In any case, that morning he came into my room and asked me how I was doing. I said that I was doing fine. He remarked how beautiful Carlianne was and then said, “Well that’s great! As a matter of fact we think your daughter has Down Syndrome so I’m going to order a chromosome analysis while she is in the hospital and I want to see you back in one week. Do you have any questions”? Inside I was shocked with no emotion, much like a stone. I told him no, but as soon as he left, I had hundreds of questions. Even worse, there was no one staffed at the hospital to tell me what this meant 47 or what to do next. I could only do one thing: hold Carlianne tighter in fear of mortality and love her even more. Three weeks later the doctor confirmed Carlianne had Trisomy 21, or Down Syndrome. Needless to say, I had a lot of questions I had to find the answers to. About 6 months later I received a knock at my door. Some woman came to my house to take information about my pregnancy and birth experience and to get information on Carlianne. I was very cautious and extremely hesitant to share such personal information with a stranger. My initial response was that I did not want their services. I had no idea they were there to help Carlianne. I thought they were there to convince me that Carlianne needed to be sent away like the children in institutions I had read about in my school books. I was determined to raise Carlianne at home with nothing but love and no matter what, I was going to raise her as if she was just another child. On another visit two ladies showed up at my house. Someone called an infant teacher and the other lady from a place called Alta. I had no idea that there was such a thing as an infant teacher and I had no idea what the Alta worker was for. They tried explaining their services, but I didn’t really understand what the importance of providing home visits and other services were. To me, they were a waste of my time and a complete invasion of my personal life. Moreover, I didn’t feel that anything in regards to Carlianne was anyone’s business. I remember asking for a brochure to read more about the services they provide. At the time, the infant teacher gave me a blank face and told me she didn’t have a brochure. I was given some book about my rights and a binder with a bunch of information I didn’t understand and couldn’t make sense of. They attempted to explain 48 their services again and I eventually signed a bunch of paperwork that again, I didn’t understand. All I know is that I agreed to some services for people to come to my house and provide Carlianne with therapy. I still did not exactly understand what it was for. As some time went on, every other week was filled with some type of appointments. I had a health nurse, a speech teacher, an occupational therapist, and an infant teacher coming to my house. The infant teacher told me she too had a son with special needs. From that moment I was relieved of much of my tension. I started asking her questions and she was trying her best to answer them until I asked, “What will Carlianne be able to do?” She looked at me and said, “I can’t really say because I do not know”. Immediately I was filled with anger and thinking, “you people come to my house telling me I need all these things every week and you cannot even tell me what Carlianne will be able to do? Moreover, you do nothing different than I do. I play with Carlianne, I talk to her, and I sing to her”. It didn’t make sense and I was furious although I didn’t mention it at the time. Most importantly I kept thinking to myself, “Every doctor and specialist I have talked to tells me the same damn thing. I don’t know. How come they don’t know? They are doctors! They work with people like my daughter every day. Who are they to tell me they don’t know?” These questions have led me to take “extra” classes in college. I took just about every child development course I could think of. I figured if the doctors and specialists couldn’t answer my questions, I would find them somehow on my own. Almost every class I took focused on typical development, to what many refer as “normal” child development. Hardly anything was discussed about children with special needs. By the 49 time I got into my final class I was extremely angry. I asked the teacher when we were supposed to learn about children like my daughter. She told me, “We focus on teaching students the typical developmental milestones of children. You are in the wrong department. You need to be in Special Education!” The first thing that came to my mind was anger. I was already feeling the clear divide in my own community and in society. I kept thinking, “Children with special needs aren’t human now? We don’t learn about them as a result of taking human development courses? We always have to go somewhere special for them and now even in my own education?” This is when I realized the injustices I would face for the rest of Carlianne’s life and I was determined that I would eventually do something to help change it, even if it is on a very small scale. Today Carlianne is nearly ten years old. She is very smart and shows me aspects of life I never would have taken the time to see without her. She has saved me in many ways from being blind to many things, especially when it comes to recognizing people. She is in a third grade general education class and has many friends with and without disabilities. Her classmates include her in parties, laugh with her, and help her to learn. Carlianne loves to ride horses and participates in horse shows and competitions, often winning ribbons (see picture below). She loves to read, having learned how to read by the end of first grade. She enjoys playing games on the computer and on Wii, especially bowling. Carlianne enjoys watching television programs like American Idol, Nickelodeon’s ICarly, and America’s Funniest Home Videos. She loves to laugh and make jokes. Her favorite actor is Tom Hanks and her favorite movie is Toy Story. She carries her Woody and Jessie doll with her almost everywhere she goes. Her favorite 50 foods are pizza, chicken, and fries; she also loves Grandma’s steak, broccoli, and salad. To everyone who knows Carlianne, she is normal. I am very honored and privileged that she is my daughter. Because of her and the influences of her early intervention team, a term I will define later, I am now a special education specialist. Although my passion is to teach infants and toddlers and to support families, I am at the present time a preschool special education teacher. Obviously without Carlianne, my life would be very different. The overall purpose of this handbook is to provide families with information about Down Syndrome: what it is and what could be expected. It is also to help aid families in accessing services in the community and to explain some of the processes that I did not understand. Moreover, the largest goal is to spread awareness because all too often children with Down Syndrome have been persecuted against, segregated, and even terminated for a lack of accurate knowledge and fear of the unknown. I hope that by providing accurate information about Down Syndrome parents will be relieved of some of their fears and be able to make informed decisions regardless of their personal life choices. 51 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first person I would like to acknowledge is my daughter, Carlianne. She has taught me much about life and without her I would not have passion for differences. They say that parents are supposed to teach their children, but I find that Carlianne teaches me. It is because of her that I have decided to write this book. The second person I would like to acknowledge is my husband, Gary Shockley. He has spent many hours encouraging me to follow my dreams and supporting my successes: allowing me to put much time into this project. Third, I must acknowledge my parents, Robert and Paula Dutra. Although it has been a difficult and rough road they have provided equally as much support and encouragement for me to follow my dreams and succeed in meeting many of my life goals. More importantly, they have made many personal sacrifices to support us in raising Carlianne, often providing after school care and much involvement in therapy appointments and extra-curricular activities that support Carlianne’s interest and developmental experiences. I would also like to take the time to acknowledge our pediatrician, First Steps Infant Program in Yolo County, and especially my daughter’s infant development teacher and the head coordinator, who has taken me under her wings to help support and train me as a professional. For the sake of respecting their privacy I have not used names, but they know who they are. 52 Equally important, I would like to take the time to recognize Olga Dutra, a Russian translator, and Clarissa Laguardia, a Spanish translator, who took time out of their lives to help get this handbook translated into Russian and Spanish. Without their hard work the information provided in this handbook would not be available to families who speak Spanish and Russian. And finally, last but not least, I must acknowledge my Master’s advisor, Dr. David Raske, who believed in the importance of my project and helped to support my efforts in developing this handbook to serve other families of children who have Down Syndrome. Without these main individuals, this project would not have been possible. 53 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this handbook to my daughter, Carlianne. May others have the opportunity to experience those things in life that you have taught me. This world would truly be a better place if we all had Down Syndrome. 54 PART ONE Answering Questions about Down Syndrome What is Down Syndrome? Down Syndrome is a genetic condition where a child is born with 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. When a sperm meets an egg, which we will call cells, they divide. During that division a “normal” person gets 23 chromosomes from his or her mother, which is naturally carried by the egg, and 23 from his or her father, which is also carried by the sperm. With Down Syndrome, a person gets 23 chromosomes from one parent and 24 from the other. In other words, the egg, or sperm, carries 23 when it meets the sperm, or the egg, with 24. They used to say that this extra chromosome came from the mother, but research has found that it could very well come from the father too. There is still no way to find out either way. Anyhow, when thinking about “normal” individuals, since each individual has one chromosome from one parent and has one more of the same chromosome coming from the other parent, we call that a pair. Down Syndrome happens when there are three of the same chromosomes located at the 21st pair. This is why doctors will also call Down Syndrome, “Trisomy 21,” which simply means 3 copies of 21. 55 How many types of Down Syndrome are there? There are three different kinds of Down Syndrome. They are called Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaic Trisomy and are further explained below. Trisomy 21 is the kind that happens most often. When the sperm and egg meets, the cells divide. It is during this time that the extra chromosome becomes attached to the embryo’s genes. The extra chromosome can attach to some of the genes or all of the genes. How the extra chromosome attaches and affects other genes determines the amount of needs a child with Down Syndrome will have. However, there is no way to find out the extent of these needs until after the baby is born. Translocation happens when part of the extra 21st chromosome breaks and attaches to another part of a chromosome. This means that there is one 21st pair and one broken 21st chromosome that will connect to another chromosome that is not at the 21st pair. With this type of Down Syndrome, because the extra 21st chromosome breaks during cell division and attaches itself to part of another chromosome, the baby will appear to have only 46 chromosomes, but when taking a closer look, one of the chromosomes will actually have a longer leg because of the extra 21st chromosome attachment. This causes Down Syndrome too, but does not happen as often as Trisomy 21. Mosaic Trisomy is very rare and is usually only seen when taking a closer look at the genes. When the sperm and egg meet and begin to divide some of the genes have 46 chromosomes and some of them have 47. Because of this, a child will have some 56 “normal” genes and some genes of a person with Down Syndrome. A person with Mosaic Trisomy usually looks more like their parents and usually has significantly less needs, resulting in a more “normal” life. Only a chromosome analysis can tell you which type of Down Syndrome your baby might have. Also, a chromosome analysis can only be done after the baby is born. Why is Trisomy 21 called Down Syndrome? In 1866 an English man named John Langdon Down wrote an essay about a group of individuals who appeared to look alike. All of these individuals had Trisomy 21. In his essay, John Langdon Down described several of the characteristics of Down Syndrome, which will be discussed later in this section of the book. In 1866, people with Down Syndrome were called mongoloids because many people thought they looked like individuals from Mongolia. In 1960, the term mongoloid was dropped because it offended many people, including those from Mongolia, so Trisomy 21 was renamed Down Syndrome. Did I cause my child to have Down Syndrome? Absolutely not! There is no possible way that anyone can cause Down Syndrome to happen. For some reason when cells divide sometimes they do not always divide the same way. There really is no good explanation of why that is. When cells divide and result in a third 21st chromosome it is called Down Syndrome. When cells divide with 57 extra chromosomes at a different pair, the child will be born with a different condition. No one can stop it from happening: it just does! How often does Down Syndrome happen? Down Syndrome happens to people of all ages, races, and economic levels. In other words, it happens to the richest of people and to the poorest of people the same. It also happens in all different races and ethnic groups. Interestingly, Down Syndrome happens more common than any other chromosome defect. Recent research says that Down Syndrome happens 1 in every 733 babies born. This does not count for the number of babies that have been aborted or miscarried. Major researchers who study Down Syndrome say that if no babies were aborted then Down Syndrome would probably happen more like 1 in every 500 to 600 babies born, if not more often than that. Today, in 2010, there are about 400,000 people with Down Syndrome in the United States alone. According to the National Down Syndrome Society, approximately 5,000 babies are born every year with Down Syndrome in the United States. Researchers also say there are two peak age spans among pregnant women where they see babies born with Down Syndrome the most. The first peak is between the ages of 19 and 21. The second peak usually happens among pregnant women who are 35 years old or older. Although women who are 35 years old or older are at a higher risk for having a baby born with Down Syndrome, more babies are actually born to mothers who are between the ages of 19 and 21 years old. 58 How do I know if my baby has Down Syndrome? Down Syndrome can only be confirmed through a chromosome analysis once the baby is born. A chromosome analysis is when the doctor takes a sample of blood from the baby to look at the baby’s genes. When taking a closer look at the genes, a doctor can tell what type of Down Syndrome the baby has. Today, in 2010, most doctors will complete a protein test on pregnant women to find out whether or not the baby might have Down Syndrome when it is born. This is so that the doctor is prepared when it is time for the baby to be born. Doctors will be better prepared to determine if there are other possible health conditions so that they can act fast after a baby is born, which we will discuss later in this handbook. If the protein test comes back positive the doctor may order more tests like an amniocentesis, which is a test where a needle is injected into the amniotic sac to get a sample of the baby’s fluid. The fluid contains the baby’s urine, which will give the doctors a good sample to look closer at the genes. This will also help the doctor to find out whether or not the baby could have Down Syndrome. Why do I need to know my baby might have Down Syndrome if doctors will not be 100% sure until after he or she is born? It is important to know if your baby might have Down Syndrome for several reasons. The first reason is because doctors need to be prepared for the possibility of any extra care the baby might need after he or she is born. Because babies with Down Syndrome are at a higher risk for developing other healthcare needs, the baby’s chance of 59 survival greatly improves when doctors are ready to give a baby with Down Syndrome the extra attention he or she might need. Sometimes immediate surgery is needed to repair things. For example, some babies might need heart surgery to help close holes in the heart that never developed while the baby was growing inside his or her mother’s stomach. Although this is common among babies with Down Syndrome it is also common for children who do not have Down Syndrome. The only difference is that babies with Down Syndrome have a higher risk rate. Another reason why it is important to know about Down Syndrome is so that parents have an opportunity to prepare for their baby. There is a growing amount of literature available to help families learn about Down Syndrome. This will help families be better prepared and will help families to get to know more about the services available to help support the family. You might like to know that many services have been set in place and mandated by the US government to protect families and children born with Down Syndrome. Many services available for families of children with Down Syndrome are free because state and federal funds have been automatically set aside to help provide families with the support they need to help raise their child with Down Syndrome at home. Finally, when parents are informed that their baby might have Down Syndrome, they are also given the option to make life choices. A family can choose to terminate the pregnancy before they can no longer have this option or a family can choose to carry the baby to full term to find out if the tests were accurate. Unfortunately, research has found that although doctors make an attempt to help families screen for disabilities, there is also 60 a possibility that the test results are not true. For example, many parents are told their baby will be born with Down Syndrome and when the baby is born they find out this is not true. On the other hand, other parents are told their baby did not test positive for Down Syndrome and when they have the baby, they find out the baby does have Down Syndrome. Unfortunately, this happens very often. Parents are left with the difficult choice of should they or should they not take this chance? If Down Syndrome can only be confirmed through a blood test, then how come doctors know by looking at my child that he or she has Down Syndrome when he or she is born? Although it is true that Down Syndrome can only be proven with a blood sample, there are many visual signs that a person with Down Syndrome has which give doctors an idea to test for Down Syndrome shortly after birth. Following are some of the signs or characteristics of Down Syndrome: 1. Flat feet and widely spaced toes 2. Possible low birth weight and length 3. Slanted eyes 4. A flat bridge to the nose giving the face a flatter appearance 5. A flat back to the head making the head and neck connect without a rounded groove 6. A smaller mouth which makes the tongue look bigger in proportion 7. Low muscle tone (not the strength, but the tone of the muscles) 8. Straight line across the inside palm of the hand 61 9. White speckles in the iris of the eye 10. An abnormal shape or crease in the ear 11. Small skin folds at the corners of each eye (Batshaw et al., 2007). What are the other healthcare risks for my child? This question is not very easy to answer because just as every “normal” child is different, every child with Down Syndrome is different too. Research has identified many healthcare risks for people with Down Syndrome. Some are born with none of them, some are born with a couple of them, and others are born with many of them. Almost no child with Down Syndrome will have them all. Although children with Down Syndrome may have these risks, advances in medical technology, services, and therapies have been able to minimize or even cure some of the healthcare needs. Some of the risks are as follows: Figure 1: Health Related Risks among Individuals with Down Syndrome. Taken from Children with Disabilities. (6th Ed.) Batshaw, M.L., Pellegrino, L., Roizen, N.J. (2007). Disorder Congenital Heart Defects Types: Endocardial Cushion Defect Ventricular Septal Defect 15 Atrial Septal Defect Other Ophthalmic Disorders Types: Refractice Errors 35 Strabismus Nystagmus Blepharitis Tear Duct Obstruction Cataracts Ptosis Hearing Loss % Affected 44 20 4 5 60 27 20 9 6 5 5 66 62 Endocrine Abnormalities 50-90 Types: Subclinical Hypothyroidism 25-40 Overt Hypothyroidism 4-30 Diabetes .5-1 Growth Problems 50-90 Type: Obesity 60 Short Stature 50-90 Orthopedic Abnormalities 16 Type: Subclinical Atlantoaxial Subluxation 15 Symptomatic Atlantoaxial Subluxation 1 Dental Problems, Periodontal Disease, and Malocclusion 60-100 Gastrointestinal Malformations 5 Celiac Disease 1-7 Epilepsy 6 Leukemia .6-1 Skin Conditions 50 Alzheimer’s Disease after 40 years 21 NOTE: Original Source: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Genetics (2001); Cohen, for the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (1999). After looking at this long list of risks, it is easy to be fearful that all of these things could occur to your child. Statistics can be very scary if they are not read properly. Do not scare yourself into thinking that because your child has Down Syndrome that you must expect any or all of these risks. It is important to restate that some children are luckier than others and have none of them, some children have some of them, and some children have many of them, but no child has all of them. More important to consider is that many of these disorders can be corrected or the effects can be minimal with our advances in medical technology and with the help of therapists and other service providers. 63 As a matter of fact, according to the National Down Syndrome Society, it used to be that individuals with Down Syndrome in 1910 did not live to see past 9 years old. When antibiotics were invented, people with Down Syndrome began living until they were 20 years old. Now, with advances in medical technology and services in 2010, most live to at least 60 years old and even much older. Some individuals have been recorded to reach into their 80s. Now, you might be asking yourself, “How can I afford this care for my child if he or she does have any of these conditions”? This question will be answered in part 3 of this handbook. For now, it is important to discuss the risks of Atlantoaxial Subluxation and Leukemia because although they do not happen very often, they are the two healthcare risks that are most often screened for, the most often talked about, and the most often feared. What is Atlantoaxial Subluxation? Atlantoaxial subluxation is when a joint of the spinal cord in the neck area is dislocated or out of place. Children who have this problem are at risk for spinal cord trauma so it is important that all children with Down Syndrome get an x-ray done to determine whether or not they have it. If a child is found to have atlantoaxial subluxation, they must stay away from activities that could cause trauma to the back of the neck. For example, a child might not be able to go horseback riding, jump on trampolines, or play tackle football. It is important to talk to the doctor about what activities the child should 64 stay away from. Please take a look at the figure below (Batshaw et al., 2007) of a picture of a “normal” child’s neck compared to a child with Down Syndrome. Figure 2: A picture representation of Atlantoaxial Subluxation. Taken from Children with Disabilities. (6th Ed.) Batshaw, M.L., Pelligrino, L., Roizen, N.J. (2007). Original Source: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness 1995. Why do I hear about the risk of Leukemia? Every child regardless of whether or not they have Down Syndrome is at risk of developing childhood leukemia. For some reason, even though this happens in an extremely small amount of children with Down Syndrome, the risk is a little higher than for children that do not have Down Syndrome. Leukemia only happens to about .6-1% of the population. A woman is more likely to have breast cancer in her life than a child with Down Syndrome is to have leukemia. However, it does happen among some individuals and is something to be aware of. 65 Now that I know what Down Syndrome is and what health related risks to expect, why do doctors tell me they don’t know what my child will be able to do? There are two parts to this question. In answering the first part: unfortunately, this is the most commonly asked question, but the question that is the hardest to answer. Most doctors and specialists will tell you that they do not know because they really cannot predict what your child will be able to do for several reasons. The first reason goes back to the fact that every child with Down Syndrome is different just like children without Down Syndrome is different. Doctors have been able to tell you what to expect with children who do not have Down Syndrome because even though every child is different, most of them have developed a similar pattern of development which can be plotted on a graph into a similar line. This makes predicting what a child can do easier if a child does not have any healthcare needs and or problems. Children with Down Syndrome, however, do not have a set pattern for development so when each child’s skills are plotted onto a graph, the dots are so scattered all over that no line or pattern can be traced. One thing that has been found is that although doctors know that there will be some form of mental retardation, which is now more commonly referred to as developmentally delayed, most individuals with Down Syndrome have very mild to moderate levels of delay, or mental retardation, and can do most things that other children do. As you can see, because individuals with Down Syndrome develop so differently and 66 because there is no set pattern of development what a child can do is very difficult to predict. The second reason is in regards to the amount of health related risks a child with Down Syndrome may have and how the risks might have an effect on their experiences. For example, a child who has low muscle tone may struggle with learning how to jump. It will take a lot of therapy and experiences to strengthen the stomach muscles so that the child can be set up to jump. Not to say that the child will never jump, because most children with Down Syndrome will learn how to do many things that other children do, but it just takes a lot longer for them to learn it and a lot more hard work to do it. A third reason is that one child with Down Syndrome might have access to all the supports he or she needs to have the experiences that will enable him or her to do something whereas another child might not. Services and supports differ from county to county and from district to district. What one child receives may not be what another child receives because of where they live. Moreover, one child might have siblings to learn from where another child might be an only child. All of these things can impact how a child with Down Syndrome might develop. For the second part of answering this question, what can be said is that most children with Down Syndrome will eventually be able to do many of the things “normal” children can do, but they might need extra help to do it or more time to develop. Children with Down Syndrome will develop a favorite food, toy, movie, book, game, and friend, etc. Most children with Down Syndrome will be able to roll over, crawl, walk, run, jump, climb, catch, and throw. What can be said is that most children with Down Syndrome 67 will be able to feed themselves, dress themselves, go to the bathroom independently, clean up, and eventually take care of themselves. As children with Down Syndrome become adults, most are able to live on their own, have relationships, get married, have children, and hold jobs. Some adults with Down Syndrome have careers in computers, schools, stores, acting, etc. The possibilities for people with Down Syndrome get better every year because of the services and supports they are able to receive early on in life. 68 Now that I know what to expect, what do I do and where do I go? This question is best answered beginning with the history of people with Down Syndrome, which will be discussed in part two of this handbook. 69 PART TWO The Law that Protects You and Your Child Some Background Information There are over 3,000 disabilities that effect the development of human beings. US Census (2005) reports that there are 54 million people with disabilities in America today. Regardless of the disability, it is well known that individuals need more support to be successfully included in our community and schools. All throughout history individuals with disabilities have been ostracized from society globally. Since the beginning of time individuals have been neglected of proper nourishment, sent away, or murdered for being different. In medieval times individuals were thought to have been possessed by demons and very often were hung, beheaded, or burned at the stake. In other countries, it was legal for children and babies to be murdered by their parents. In some countries it is still legal to do this today, in the twenty-first century. In the United States and many other counties today, individuals who have disabilities very often suffer at the hands of parents and doctors who perform legal abortions. For those parents who have decided to care for their child with Down Syndrome, history has not made it very easy. In the early 1900s, individuals were sent away from their families to institutions where they have been the subjects of lab experiments. Globally, many individuals with disabilities have been injected with 70 experimental viruses and drugs to determine the effects on “normal” individuals to further advance chemical and biological warfare. While in institutions, many have been exposed to electrical currents in hopes to clear the brain of disease. During World War II in the 1940s, individuals with disabilities along with the Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, etc. have been held captive, murdered, and their bodies have been cremated by Hitler and his Nazis for not meeting up to his expectation of perfection. In the United States, the history for individuals with disabilities changed during the equality movement. The Supreme Court ruling in “The Brown vs. The Board of Education” that Black individuals may begin attending schools with White individuals opened the door for women, social minorities, and individuals with disabilities to fight for more equal treatment. At the same time, parents began fighting for the rights of individuals with disabilities to be raised at home and for the rights to equal opportunities in the community. Meanwhile research on individuals with disabilities in institutions allowed many people to know about the cruel treatment of individuals with disabilities, especially those who had Down Syndrome. As a result, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first piece of legislation that would protect the rights for individuals with disabilities, which ordered institutions to shut down while at the same time allowing individuals with disabilities to have more opportunities to receive an education and to receive supports in the community. 71 What exactly does the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 say and how does it apply to me today? According to Wright’s Law, an online resource for parents and professionals, the purpose of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was to “(…) maximize employment, economic self-sufficiency, independence, inclusion and integration into society”. When this law took effect, many states created special schools for people with disabilities who had mental retardation. These schools were often far away from their own neighborhood. As parents continued to fight for more rights for their children in the community, school programs became the focus for more opportunities for individuals with disabilities. This resulted in a new law called “The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975,” which was created so that individuals with disabilities could receive a free and appropriate education at their home schools as opposed to being sent to “special schools” for the “mentally retarded”. This law was for individuals with disabilities from 3 years old to 21 years old. In order for this law to be enforced, the federal government began providing funds to states who would adopt the law and enforce its regulations. For as long as states receive these funds from the federal government their obligation is to meet the terms of providing individuals with disabilities a proper education. Since 1975, every four years or so, the law gets revised to change or add more statutes and regulations that states have to follow. The law was renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, also known as P.L. 94-142 or IDEA. The law also changed to provide services to 72 individuals with disabilities from birth to 21 years old instead of at the beginning of age 3. Because of this, the term early intervention was defined as a new requirement under the law. This simply means that infants and toddlers could receive services and supports from the moment they are born instead of waiting until they are 3 years old. Research has found that the earlier children receive supports, the more they will be able to do later. This is why it has become important for parents to know about their rights and the rights of their child. What is early intervention? Early intervention is the idea that babies and young children with disabilities receive supports at home and in the community in hope that the later effects of the disability will be minimal. For example, research says that children who receive early intervention early in life do not seem to need as many supports and services as they become adults and many of them are able to lead independent self supporting lives with minimal assistance. Early intervention programs offer home visits, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, oral motor therapy, music therapy, home health nursing, family counseling, etc. These services are often coordinated by regional centers, which have been created as a result of the Lanterman Act in 1977. Regional centers ensure that families receive a service coordinator who will help them find services and supports in the community, such as an early intervention team of professionals. 73 Why do I need to know about early intervention? Early intervention is critical for children with Down Syndrome. Although the services have been around for nearly four decades, the effects of early intervention are still being researched and studied today. Research has found that because of early intervention children with Down Syndrome are able to meet many developmental milestones that “normal” children meet at earlier ages. Even more importantly, early intervention has also been found to have a huge impact on how individuals with Down Syndrome are able to live and care for themselves, such as by holding jobs and being able to live independently. Without these services research has found that individuals with Down Syndrome do not develop as many of the important skills they might need to lead a quality life. What do I do now? Now that you have a good background about the history of individuals with disabilities you can understand why there are laws to protect them. More importantly, these laws have been put in place so that families do not feel like they are alone in raising a child with special needs. Without knowing about the law many families do not receive some of the services and supports they wish they had. This is mostly true for non-English speaking families who do not have the access to the same information and materials, which is why this handbook has been translated in other languages. 74 More importantly, knowing that there are services and supports available to your child, you will be able to help start the processes sooner. The more you know, the more you can make sure that agencies provide what they are responsible for under the law. It is important that you learn about timelines when things are supposed to happen and about your right to be involved in each part of the process. You can find more information about the law at local libraries, through the Warmline Family Resource Center, which we will discuss later, and online at www.wrightslaw.org. What are you talking about in regards to timelines and why is it important that I’m involved if professionals know what they are doing? Timelines were set in place as a result of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. They were specifically put there so that professionals were forced to respond to referrals for services and supports as fast as possible. The faster a referral is made to agencies, the faster your child will be served. Once a family contacts an agency to let them know they have a child with Down Syndrome, this is called a referral. Information that is often personal will be collected so that the person receiving the information can understand what the needs of your child might be so that the referral gets sent to the right people. After a referral is made, the agency has 15 days to request your permission for testing, which they often call assessments or evaluations. This is important 75 because without this part of the process it will be difficult for professionals to tell you what your child needs and what services are available so that your child’s needs are met. Once you sign permission for the professionals to complete their testing, the agency has 60 days to test and meet with you about a plan for how your child and family will be supported. When this happens, you have the right to agree or disagree with any information that has been gathered and with any recommendation for services and supports. If you agree with the offer, you must sign the legal document so that services can begin. It is important to know that once you sign the document services must begin immediately, which is often within a few days but no more than one week. Because the law was created to protect the rights of families, no testing and services can be provided until you give permission. For non-English speaking families the law states that you have the right to demand materials in your own language and that your child be assessed and evaluated in your own language, that a translator/interpreter is provided to help during meetings, and that documents be written in your home language. This is important because in order for the needs of your child to be understood, accurate information from parents is important especially since parents will always know their child much more than any professional. More importantly, a child may not be able to complete tasks in a language they do not understand so testing results will not accurately reflect the child’s needs. So now you are probably thinking, “Now that I understand what early intervention is and why it is important to my child, where do I go to access these services and supports”? These questions will be answered in part three of this handbook. 76 PART THREE Services and Supports Dependent on the needs of your baby or child, you may need some of these services or all of these services. Regardless of your current socioeconomic situation, it is highly recommended that you contact each of the following programs and services and allow them to determine if and how you might qualify. Although there are exceptions to every rule, research indicates that the more services and supports families have the more children with special needs will be set up for meeting more developmental milestones and life opportunities. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a service available to families who have a baby or child with a disabling condition that is suspected to last more than one year. If your baby or child is found eligible for SSI you may receive financial support in the form of monthly SSI checks to supplement your current monthly earnings. The amount is dependent on how much income you receive weekly, biweekly, or monthly. Eligibility information can be found at http://www.ssa.gov/ssi/text-eligibility-ussi.htm or you can call 1-800-772-1213. Even if you do not think you will qualify, it is best to contact this program and begin a case. If for any reason life circumstances prevent you from continuing 77 employment or reducing your work hours and earnings, individuals who have a case with SSI will be able to report changes and begin receiving support. Individuals who qualify for SSI also receive Medi-Cal automatically. Medi-Cal Because your child was born with Down Syndrome he or she is automatically considered to have special health care needs. For having such needs your child will qualify for Medi-Cal, which is a state funded medical insurance program. There are three ways to qualify. If your income falls under a certain amount, your child will qualify. Individuals with disabilities qualify either based on income, automatically by having a case opened with SSI, or by using an income waiver provided by Alta California Regional Center, another critical program that will be discussed later. Medi-cal provides financial assistance for regular check-ups and special medical care. Medi-Cal also provides services to families who have outstanding medical costs for babies who require a lot of medical attention, are in the hospital for more than 30 days, and expected to have medical needs for more than one year. Because of your child’s special circumstances a medical worker will use different ways to help you qualify based on your income. NOTE: The county in which you receive Medi-Cal must be where you live and your doctor must be located in that county. For example, you cannot have Yolo County Medi-Cal and see a doctor in Sacramento County. The only way you may live in one 78 county and see a doctor from another is if your child receives California Children’s Services, also known as CCS, or if your child has private insurance where Medi-Cal can be used as a second insurance plan. If Medi-Cal is used as a second insurance plan, Medi-Cal will be able to pick up any co-pays or any type of balance left over from the first insurance company. For more information call Sacramento’s eligibility office at 916-552-9200. They will be able to further assist you if you need alternative numbers for your area. California Children’s Services California Children’s Services, or CCS, is a statewide program that organizes, guides, and pays for medical care, equipment, and rehabilitation when these services have been approved by the program. Services can be approved for children and young adults less than 21 years of age who have eligible medical conditions and whose families are unable to pay for all or part of their care. However, it is important for you to know that CCS is not a health insurance program. It will not meet all of your child’s health needs, only those related to the CCS eligible condition. The program is financed from state, county, and federal tax money, along with some fees paid by parents. Taken from their brochure, if your child qualifies for this service, CCS may pay for or provide the following services: 79 ο Treatment: such as doctor services, hospital and surgical care, physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT), laboratory tests, X-Rays, orthopedic appliances, and medical equipment. ο Medical case management to help get special doctors and care of your child when medically necessary, and referral to other agencies, including public health nursing and regional centers ο Medical Therapy Program (MTP), which can provide physical and or occupational therapy in some public schools for children who are medically eligible for these services. For more information about to see if you qualify or for more in-depth information about the medical conditions that are covered by CCS, see their brochure found at the California Department of Healthcare Services website at http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs or call Sacramento’s office at 916-875-9900 for information and phone numbers for other locations around the state. Information about other locations and numbers can also be found at the website. Alta California Regional Center This is perhaps one of the most important programs offered to individuals with Down Syndrome and other disabilities that you should contact. There are at least 21 regional centers across California. They provide several services such as, but not limited to, counseling, lifelong individualized planning and service coordination, providing 80 assistance in finding and using community resources, speaking to protect an individual’s legal, civil, and service rights, early intervention services, family support, planning/placement/monitoring of 24 hour out of home care, etc. To qualify, the disability must have begun before the person’s 18th birthday and it must be expected to continue for an unclear amount of time and your child must have one of the following conditions: 1. Mental Retardation 2. Cerebral Palsy 3. Epilepsy 4. Autism 5. Any disabling conditions that are related to mental retardation or require similar treatments 6. Infants and Toddlers (Birth to 36 months) who are at risk of becoming developmentally disabled or who have a developmental delay. Individuals with Down Syndrome typically qualify under the category of mental retardation because of the likelihood of having mild to moderate developmental needs. When a child becomes a member of Alta California Regional Center, he or she is a member for life. Alta Regional Center is responsible for providing the services and programs your child needs to live as normal as possible. Some of the services they offer are: ο Family training, counseling, home visits ο Parent to parent support 81 ο Special Instruction ο Psychological Services ο Respite Services- provides a certain amount of hours per quarter for a family to receive day care from any person the parents wish. They can be from an agency or just a trusted friend/family member. ο Coordination of family centered services ο Occupational, Physical, and Speech and Language Therapy ο Medical Services required that are not covered by insurance coverage ο Nursing Services ο Nutrition Services ο Specialized Health Services ο Audiology (hearing) ο Assisted Technology Devices or Services ο Transportation and related costs necessary for a child to receive early intervention services. Aside from receiving services through your local school district, this will be the most important service provider to have because it will support your child from birth to death. Today, the agency provides much support for individuals who want to live independently on their own. More information about Alta California Regional Center can be found at their website, http://www.altaregional.org/index.cfm , or by calling the Sacramento office at 916-978-6400. For individuals that reside in other counties other than Sacramento you can find a list of local regional centers in your area by accessing the 82 above website or by calling the Sacramento office for a listing of other centers and numbers. Warmline Family Resource Center The Warmline Family Resource Center provides information, education, and support for parents and professionals involved with young children who have special needs. Services include a resource library, parent to parent support, educational information, and a quarterly newsletter. Their website outlines upcoming Warmline events such as lectures, group meetings, and parent information nights. If you are having any type of problem or need advice Warmline Family Resource Center representatives welcome you and will assist you as best as possible. They will also educate you about the laws protecting your child and the rights each parent has. You may request to be placed on their quarterly newsletter and events list. This resource center is important because it provides families with updated information about services and supports in the community. Most importantly, the center will help you understand your rights and the rights of your child so that you can ensure your child is getting all that he or she needs. There are no qualifications. Their website can be found at http://warmlinefrc.org or you can call them at 1-800-660-7995. 83 Infant Development Programs Infant development programs are located throughout the state of California. They serve children with special needs from birth to three years old who fall under the following categories: 1. 50% delay in one area of development 2. 25% delays in two areas of development 3. Identified Syndromes 4. Solely low incidence: Visually, Hearing, or Orthopedically Impaired, Deafness, Blindness, or a combination of any of the previous disabilities. Some infant development programs extend their services to children who are at risk for developmental disabilities in one or more developmental areas. Children with no needs show development in several different areas. They are: 1. Psychomotor: Gross Motor (ability to walk, run, jump, etc.), Fine Motor (ability to use fingers and hands), and Sensory Motor (ability to use eyes, nose, mouth, fingers, and hear to learn) 2. Cognitive (the ability to think and reason) 3. Social or Emotional (ability to interact with others) 4. Speech and Language (communication) 5. Adaptive or Self Help (all those things we do be independent like dressing/undressing, feeding, teeth-brushing, etc.) 84 Children with special needs, even those who have Down Syndrome, can show signs of developing slower in any one or more of these areas. The infant development program helps to provide services to families and infants to help children with special needs develop in these areas faster than they normally would without any help. Some services they provide are regular home visits, infant/toddler teachers, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, physical therapy, oral motor therapy, nutrition therapy, etc. Therefore, it is very important to make contact with your local infant development program. Although there are infant development programs throughout the state of California, the contact information for Sacramento County is 916-228-3952. They will be able to direct you to a listing of numbers in your local area. Many of these services provide the same programs. Why is it important that I know about all of them if I can get the same services by calling only one or a couple of them? Each program has its own special way of determining how a child qualifies for services and which services are appropriate. What one agency thinks a child might qualify for is not necessarily what the other one will think. Some services may be provided by one agency while another agency will provide other services that the other one did not. By calling every agency you can make sure that your child is getting all the services he or she qualifies for. 85 PART FOUR RECOMMENDED LITERATURE FOR MORE INFORMATION This handbook is meant to serve as a quick reference to help families right away. There are many more resources out there that have more in-depth information about Down Syndrome. To help you in your search, you might want to check out the following resources at the library or see if they are available at the Warmline Resource Center. You can also purchase them at local bookstores by seeing if they are on the shelf or by requesting they order a copy for you. Unfortunately, most of the following resources are only written in English. Please note that there are many resources out there that are not listed, but this list will serve as a good beginning step in helping you to prepare for your child. Babies with Down Syndrome: A New Parent’s Guide Edited by Susan J. Skallerup Third Edition, 2008 Woodbine House This book is a complete reference for families who want more information about their child’s first five years. It provides detailed information about Down Syndrome: what it is, how to adjust, the types of medical concerns related, information on daily care, family life, and how individuals with Down Syndrome develop. It also provides much more 86 information about early intervention, legal rights, and possible hurdles one might face and how to overcome them. Expecting Adam: A True Story of Birth, Rebirth, and Everyday Magic By Martha Beck 2000 Berkley Trade This book is about a Harvard couple who find out that the baby they are going to have has Down Syndrome. Their story talks about the possible emotional responses by expecting parents and shares insight on one family’s struggle to make life decisions while they come to accept that their child will be born with a disability. Gifts: Mothers Reflect on How Children with Down Syndrome Enrich their Lives Edited by Kathryn Lynard Soper 2007 Woodbine House This book is a collection of 63 short stories by mothers who gave birth to children with Down Syndrome. The experiences range to share stories of children who were just born, to toddlers, pre-schoolers, school aged children, teenagers, and adults. Each story is unique and shares insight to a variety of emotions felt by parents who raise children with Down Syndrome. Some stories are sad and others are happy, funny, and exciting. Regardless of what you are feeling, this book will probably have stories that relate to your emotions. In 2009, additional stories were compiled by several other mothers to share even more experiences. 87 Down (Syndrome) But Not Out: A Journey from Grief to Joy By Joyce Sampson 2007 Pleasant Word: A Division of WinePress Publishing This book is about an individual named Craig, who has Down Syndrome. The book is about his experiences with his family as he faces many challenges. The book will take you through each step of his life from medical issues to education to post education challenges. A Special Kind of Hero: Chris Burke’s Own Story By Jo Beth McDaniel 2001 I-Universe This book is about Chris Burke, an individual who was diagnosed with Down Syndrome. Three chapters of the book were written in his own words. Chris Burke is an actor and played the character Corky in the series, “Life Goes On”. Through reading this book you can get a personal perspective of an individual with Down Syndrome. Counting Us In: Growing Up with Down Syndrome By Jason Kingsley and Mitchell Levitz 2007 Harvest Books This book is about two young men with Down Syndrome. They share their perspective on living with Down Syndrome and how they have been treated versus how they feel. They also talk about their experiences in becoming independent including getting married and having children. The book is written using their language patterns, but is gives an overall view of what it is like to live with Down Syndrome. 88 Early Communication Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Libby Kumin 2003 Woodbine House This book serves as an informational guide to the development of language in babies and young children with Down Syndrome. Early exposure to speech and language is critical for the development of other developmental skills such as the ability to think and reason. Gross Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Patricia C. Winders 1997 Woodbine House This book was written by an actual physical therapist to help families and professionals better meet the gross motor needs of children with Down Syndrome. The book provides many suggestions and activities to support further growth in children with Down Syndrome. Fine Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Maryanne Bruni 2nd Edition 2006 Woodbine House This book was written by an actual occupational therapist that also has a teenager with Down Syndrome. The book explains the developmental needs of children with Down Syndrome and breaks down the terminology used by most occupational therapists. The book also provides a variety of suggestions and activities to do at home. 89 The Down Syndrome Nutrition Handbook: A Guide to Promoting Healthy Lifestyles By Joan Guthrie Medlen 2nd Edition 2006 Phronesis Publishing This book provides detailed information on the various different nutritional and healthcare needs of children with Down Syndrome. It helps to support families in providing their children with a healthy lifestyle and information on how to address possible nutritional and health related needs. Teaching Children with Down Syndrome To Read: A Guide for Parents and Teachers By Patricia Logan Oelwein 1995 Woodbine House This book offers many resources and activities for parents to teach their child how to read at home as well as offers information to help ensure your child is being taught to read appropriately at school. Teaching Math to People with Down Syndrome and Other Hands On Learners: Basic Survival Skills By DeAnna Horstmeier 2004 Woodbine House This book offers many resources and activities for parents and professionals to teach children with Down Syndrome the major building blocks and foundations in math skills. There are two volumes to this book. The first book teaches basic math skills while the second book teaches more advanced math and skills required for independent living. 90 Important Informational Websites In an effort to help you get connected to the best and most accurate information about Down Syndrome, the following websites offer the best support to families. National Down Syndrome Society www.ndss.org This organization provides parents with updated research information on individuals with Down Syndrome. Parents are encouraged to visit this site and become familiar with its contents. National Down Syndrome Congress www.ndsccenter.org This website offers membership for families and individuals with Down Syndrome. By being a member families will have access to newsletters and upcoming events on Down Syndrome nation-wide. Down Syndrome Information Alliance www.downsyndromeinfo.org This is an organization created by parents who have children with Down Syndrome. The organization provides parents with information about events in the community and parent to parent support, as well as information about research and literature that can further benefit parents and individuals with Down Syndrome. 91 Downs Ed International http://www.downsed.org/en/gb/default.aspx Downs Ed International is an organization that heads today’s leading research on how children with Down Syndrome learn. At their website you can find information and resources to help your child continue to learn and grow. Downs Ed International has recently opened a store called Downs Ed USA so that parents and professionals may purchase the latest research and teaching materials to help foster the best education possible for children with Down Syndrome. Wright’s Law: Information about the Law and Rights http://wrightslaw.com At Wright’s Law parents find information about the law and their rights. Parents can also find information about current court cases so that they know if the ruling may further protect their child and his or her rights. 92 Children’s Books for Individuals with Down Syndrome The following list of children’s books that are good for reading to individuals with Down Syndrome, siblings, and friends. My Friend has Down Syndrome By Jennifer Moor-Mallinos Hi! I’m Ben and I’ve Got a Secret! By Julie A. Bouwkamp My Friend Isabelle By Eliza Wolosen We’ll Paint the Octopus Red By S.A. Boden I Can, Can You? By Marjorie W. Pitzer Don’t Call Me Special: A First Look at Disabilities By Pat Thomas My Up and Down and All Around Book By Marjorie W. Pitzer We Can Do It! By Lara Dwight Our Brother Has Down Syndrome By Shelly Cairo The Best Worst Brother By Stephanie Stuve-Boden 93 Down Syndrome: A Comprehensive Handbook for Parents and Families (Spanish Version) PROLOGO Rachelle Shockley Era el otoño de 1999, yo empezaba mi carrera universitaria en la Universidad de Sacramento California. Yo estaba en el programa de Estudios Liberales para ser maestra. Me acababa de graduar hacia unos meses del bachillerato St. Francis en Sacramento California y contaba con solo 18 años de edad. Soñaba con enseñarles a estudiantes, pero no tenía ni la menor idea de que quería enseñar. Mi deseo de tener días festivos y veranos libres había tenido una gran influencia en mi decisión de convertirme en maestra. A mediados del primer semestre descubrí que también me convertiría en mamá. ¿Cómo me iba imaginar en ese momento que llegaría a ser madre de un bebé con Síndrome de Down? Algo de lo que yo, no sabía nada. A pesar de que la educación que recibí en St. Francis me preparó para la universidad y abrir el camino hacia el éxito, no estaba preparada en lo más mínimo para la vida que iba a conducir y mucho menos para la posibilidad de tener un hijo con necesidades especiales. A decir verdad, muy poco se dijo acerca de niños con necesidades especiales, especialmente en clases de educación sexual donde supuestamente debíamos haber aprendido sobre la realidad de ser padres a una edad 94 demasiado temprana para estar listos. Lamentablemente, debido a esto, la percepción de la mayoría de las personas, incluyéndome a mí, es que los niños con necesidades especiales sólo nacen de madres de 35 años de edad o más, que también es lo que comúnmente se enseña, y para mi sorpresa, comprobé que están muy equivocados. A lo largo de todo mi embarazo me mantuve saludable, nunca me expuse a ningún tipo de alcohol o drogas, así también como cigarrillos o humo y cafeína. Tomé vitaminas prenatales todos los días y me mantuve en buena salud. Para ejercitar, caminaba cerca de 1.5 millas (o 2.4 kilómetros) para llegar al trabajo y de regreso a casa, 5 días por semana, me venían a recoger únicamente en días que salía muy tarde por la noche. Los ultrasonidos indicaron que mi bebé estaba perfectamente sano y no había de que preocuparse. Estaba joven y con buena salud. Además, no había un historial de discapacidades o problemas de salud en la familia; por lo tanto, no había razón para que los médicos se preocuparan. Trabajaba en el supermercado Raley’s, como asistente de cortesía en aquel tiempo. Recuerdo que como a los seis meses le ayude a una amiga de la familia hasta su auto. Ese día, le dije, “algo anda mal con mi bebé.” Ella me miro y me pregunto, ¿Qué le sucede? ¿Cómo puedes estar segura? ¿Estás bien? Yo solo la mire y le dije “estoy bien, pero algo anda mal. ¡Lo puedo sentir!” Ella me pregunto qué me habían dicho los médicos durante mis chequeos regulares. Yo le dije que siempre me aseguraban que mi bebé estaba muy bien y que estaba en perfecta salud. Ella me aseguro que mi bebé estaría bien y me dijo que descansara al llegar a casa. Cerca de tres semanas después me fui temprano del trabajo para el hospital por contracciones. Una semana después, mi doctor 95 me incapacito del trabajo para reducir mis niveles de estrés. Afortunadamente, logre llevar el embarazo a término. El 25 de julio de 2000, me desperté por la mañana con toda la seguridad que tendría mi bebé, aunque aun no tenía contracciones. El bebé tenía que haber nacido el día antes. Llegamos al hospital al mediodía. Fui admitida por tener una dilatación de 4 centímetros. Mis labores de parto no comenzaron hasta las 7:30pm y debido a buena fortuna el bebé nació poco después a las 8:30pm. Fue una niña bella y preciosa, la nombramos Carlianne. No recuerdo mucho de lo que paso después porque estaba temblando tanto y perdiendo mucha sangre. La habitación estaba abarrotada de enfermeras y doctores. Pensé que se debía a la atención de calidad y no tenía idea de que esto no era normal. Más tarde pude ver en fotos que Carlianne necesito recibir oxigeno poco después de que nació. Una vez yo estaba mejor, pude sostener a Carlianne por primera vez. Me asegure de contar todos sus dedos, un ritual de salud, común entre padres primerizos. Como me iba a imaginar que tenía más de que preocuparme que Carlianne no tuviera un dedo en las manos o los pies. En cuanto se determinó que ambas de nosotras íbamos a estar bien, fuimos trasladadas a otra habitación privada por la noche. Al mirar a Carlianne recuerdo que pensé que nunca había visto algo más hermoso en mi vida. Me enamore de ella desde el instante que la vi y me sentía orgullosa. Esa noche le hice la promesa de que sería la mejor mamá; siempre protegiéndola de lo malo de este mundo y no permitir que nada malo le pasara a ella. Irónicamente, esa noche mi esposo me pregunto, “¿Se te figura diferente? ¿No se mira como uno de esos niños? Tu sabes… esa gente Down. Yo le 96 respondí “¡claro que no!” ¡Ella es perfecta! Ella se parece a mi hermano cuando nació, con las orejitas torcidas y todo.” Su pregunta realmente me molesto, especialmente las palabras insensibles, “gente Down” como si ellos le pertenecen a alguien más que a sí mismos. Para mí, Carlianne era un bebé normal. Ella era mi bebita y era perfecta. Para todos los demás, Carlianne parecía diferente. La mañana siguiente nos visito el pediatra muy temprano. Era el médico de nuestra familia. El había sido mi médico cuando yo era una niña y había sido el médico de mi hermano también. Cuando mi hermano era un niño tenía un nudo en sus intestinos y por poco muere. Fue nuestro pediatra quien lo salvo, paso muchas horas tratando de descubrir por qué mi hermano estaba tan enfermo, sin poder retener alimento, vomitando y sin poder defecar. Pasaron algunos días y mi hermano corría el riesgo de que sus órganos colapsaran en horas. Esa noche nuestro pediatra se apresuro al hospital, corriendo por las puertas dobles, rogándole a mis padres que confiaran en él y que firmaran un permiso para una cirugía de emergencia, ellos no tuvieron tiempo de hablar y el no podía tomar el tiempo de explicar: mi hermano iba morir y ellos tenían que poner su confianza en el médico sin saber por qué o que se iba a suceder. Mis padres firmaron y se apresuraron a llevar a mi hermano a una cirugía de emergencia para corregir el problema. Mirando atrás, supongo que ellos pensaron que el moriría sin la cirugía, así que permitir que el médico actuara sin explicación les daba una esperanza. Tres semanas después, la niña de la película “Poltergeist” murió de lo mismo. Desde ese día, nuestro pediatra era el único profesional de la salud en quien llegamos a confiar y por eso, el también merecía ser el elegido para brindarle cuidado a Carlianne. Irónicamente, la 97 misma razón por la que lo escogí fue la misma razón por la que Carlianne lo necesitaba; ella era especial y necesitaba cuidado especial que sólo un médico talentoso podría proveer. En cualquier caso, esa mañana el entro en la habitación y pregunto cómo estaba. Conteste que bien. El menciono lo hermosa que Carlianne era y luego dijo, “¡Bueno que bien! De hecho creo que su hija tiene Síndrome de Down así que voy a ordenar un análisis de cromosomas mientras ella se encuentra en el hospital y la quiero ver nuevamente en una semana. ¿Tiene alguna pregunta?” Por dentro yo estaba paralizada sin emoción, como una piedra. Le dije que no, pero tan pronto como él se fue, tenía cientos de preguntas. Peor aún, no había nadie preparado en el hospital para decirme lo que esto significaba o que debía hacer después. Solo podía hacer una cosa, sostener a Carlianne muy fuerte con el temor que muriera y quererla todavía más. Tres semanas después el doctor confirmo que Carlianne tenía Trisomía 21, ó Síndrome de Down. Sin necesidad de mencionarlo, yo tenía una multitud de preguntas y tenía que encontrar las respuestas. Cerca de 6 meses después alguien toco a mi puerta. Una mujer vino a mi casa para tomar información sobre mi embarazo y la experiencia del nacimiento y para obtener información de Carlianne. Yo fui muy cuidadosa y muy dudosa de compartir información tan personal con una extraña. Mi respuesta inicial fue que no quería sus servicios. Yo no tenía idea de que ellos estaban ahí para ayudar a Carlianne. Yo pensaba que ellos estaban ahí para convencerme que Carlianne tenía que ser enviada lejos como los niños en instituciones de los que yo había leído en libros de la 98 escuela. Yo estaba determinada a criar a Carlianne en casa, sin nada más que amor, a pesar de todo, yo la iba criar como a cualquier otro niño. En otra visita dos señoras se aparecieron en mi casa. Alguien llamo a un maestro de infantes y la otra señora de una agencia llamada “Alta”. Yo no tenía la menor idea que había algo como maestro de infantes y no tenía idea de cuál era la función de la trabajadora de Alta. Ellas trataron de explicarme sobre sus servicios, pero yo no entendía la importancia de la provisión de visitas en el hogar y otros servicios. Para mí, eso era una pérdida de mi tiempo y una invasión de mi vida privada. Adicionalmente, yo no pensaba que algo en respecto a Carlianne les incumbía a los demás. Recuerdo haberles pedido un folleto para leer más acerca de los servicios que proveían. En ese momento la maestra de infantes me hizo una cara de desconcierto y me dijo que no tenían un folleto. Me dieron un libro acerca de mis derechos y un cartapacio con un montón de información que yo no entendía y no podía descifrar. Ellas trataron de explicar sus servicios nuevamente y eventualmente firme un montón de papeles, que vuelvo a reiterar, yo no comprendía. Lo único que sabía es que había accedido a unos servicios para que una gente viniera a mi casa a darle terapia a Carlianne; algo que yo no sabía que existía y mucho menos entendía para lo que servía. Paso algún tiempo, cada par de semanas estaban llenas de algún tipo de cita. Tenía una enfermera, una terapeuta del habla, un terapeuta ocupacional y una maestra de infantes viniendo a mi casa. La maestra de infantes me comento que ella misma tenía un hijo con necesidades especiales. A partir de ese momento me libre de mucha tensión. Empecé a hacerle preguntas y ella trataba de contestármelas lo mejor que podía, hasta 99 que le pregunte, “¿qué era lo que Carlianne podrá hacer?” Ella me miro y dijo, “no te podría decir porque no lo sé.” Inmediatamente me llene de enojo y pensé, “estas personas vienen a mi casa a decirme que necesito todas estas cosas cada semana y ni siquiera me pueden decir lo que Carlianne podrá hacer. Además, no hacen nada diferente de lo que yo hago. Yo juego con Carlianne, hablo con ella y le canto.” No tenía sentido. Estaba furiosa pero no lo mencione en ese momento. Mas importante aún, yo seguía pensando dentro de mí, “cada doctor y especialista con quien he hablado me dice la misma cosa. Yo no sé. ¿Por qué ellos no saben? ¡Ellos son los médicos! Ellos trabajan con gente como mi hija todos los días. ¿Quiénes son ellos para decirme que no saben?” Estas inquietudes me orillaron a tomar cursos “extras” en la Universidad. Tome casi todos los cursos sobre desarrollo infantil. Llegue a la conclusión de que si los doctores y especialistas no podían responder mis dudas, yo las aclararía por mi propia cuenta de alguna manera. Casi cada clase que tome se concentraba en el desarrollo típico, a lo que muchos se refieren como desarrollo infantil “normal.” Muy poco se mencionaba sobre niños con necesidades especiales. Para cuando tome mi última clase, estaba sumamente molesta. Le pregunte a la profesora cuando se suponía que aprenderíamos de niños como mi hija. Ella me dijo, “nosotros nos enfocamos en enseñarles a nuestros alumnos las étapas de desarrollo típicas de los niños. Tú estás en el departamento equivocado. Necesitas estar en educación especial.” Lo primero que se me vino a la mente fue rabia. De por si yo ya sentía la clara división en mi propia comunidad y en la sociedad. Seguía pensando, “¿Los niños con necesidades especiales no son humanos también? ¿No aprendemos de ellos cuando aprendemos en cursos del desarrollo 100 humano? ¿Siempre tenemos que ir a un lugar especial para ellos y ahora hasta en mi propia educación?” Fue aquí cuando comprendí las injusticias a las que me enfrentaría por el resto de la vida de Carlianne y estaba determinada que con el tiempo yo haría algo para cambiarlo, hasta si fuera en pequeña escala. Hoy Carlianne cuenta con casi 10 años. Ella es muy lista y me muestra aspectos de la vida para lo que yo nunca hubiera tomado el tiempo de ver sin ella. Ella me salvo de muchas formas de ser ciega, especialmente cuando se trata de reconocer a la gente. Ella está en el tercer grado de una clase de educación general y tiene muchos amigos con y sin discapacidades. Sus compañeros de clase la invitan a fiestas, se ríen con ella, y le ayudan a aprender. A Carlianne le encanta montar a caballo y participa en shows de caballos y competencias, a menudo gana medallas (vea su fotografía abajo.) A ella le encanta leer, aprendió a leer al cabo del primer grado. Disfruta de jugar en la computadora y en el Wii, especialmente boliche. A Carlianne también le gusta ver programas de televisión como American Idol, ICarly de Nickelodeon, y los videos caseros más graciosos de América. Le encanta reírse 101 y hacer bromas. Su actor favorito es Tom Hanks y su película favorita es Toy Story. Lleva a sus muñecos de Woody y Jessie a casi todos lados que va. Sus comidas favoritas son pizza, pollo, y papas fritas; también le gusta el bistec de la abuela, brócoli y ensalada. Para todos quienes conocen a Carlianne ella es muy normal. Mirando atrás, el camino para llegar donde estamos no ha sido fácil. En un principio, todo era muy angustioso. Sin embargo, mirando atrás, aprecio cada momento y desearía haber sabido todo lo que se hoy, para haberme tomado el tiempo de apreciarlo más. A pesar que todas esas citas hacían mi vida muy ajetreada, contribuyo en gran manera a quien Carlianne es el día de hoy y las amistades que he ganado a través de ese tiempo de prueba durarán para toda la vida. Si pudiera decirle algo a un padre nuevo sería esto: estoy muy honrada y me siento privilegiada que Carlianne sea mi hija. Si tuviera que hacerlo todo de nuevo, lo haría. Si tuviera la opción de escoger mis hijos, todos tendrían Síndrome de Down. Lo puedo decir honestamente porque Carlianne y las influencias del equipo que le ayudo a temprana edad, una expresión que definiré luego, ahora soy una especialista en educación especial dedicando mi vida a ayudar a otros. Aunque mi pasión y sueño es enseñarle a bebés e infantes para ayudar a las familias, en el presente soy una maestra de educación especial para preescolares. Sin Carlianne mi vida sería muy diferente y muy incompleta. En todo caso, el propósito general de este manual es proveerle a las familias información sobre el Síndrome de Down: lo que es y que esperar. También para ayudar a las familias a tener acceso a servicios en la comunidad y para explicar algunos de los procesos que yo no entendía. Igualmente, la meta más primordial es expandir la 102 concientización, porque con excesiva frecuencia los niños con Síndrome de Down han sido oprimidos, segregados y hasta acabados por falta del conocimiento adecuado y temor a lo desconocido. Espero que por medio de proveer información clara acerca del Síndrome de Down, los padres se sientan aliviados de algunos de sus miedos y puedan tomar decisiones bien informadas sin importar las elecciones de su vida personal. 103 AGRADECIMIENTOS La primera persona que me gustaría reconocer es a mi hija, Carlianne. Ella me ha enseñado mucho sobre la vida y sin ella no tendría una pasión por la diversidad. Dicen que los padres son los que supuestamente deben enseñar a sus hijos, pero me parece que en muchos aspectos, Carlianne me enseña a mí. Es por ella que me decidí a escribir este manual. La segunda persona que me gustaría reconocer es mi esposo, Gary Shockley. Él ha pasado muchas horas animándome a seguir mis sueños y apoyando mis éxitos, permitiéndome dedicar mucho tiempo en mi educación y a este proyecto. En tercer lugar, debo reconocer a mis padres, Robert y Paula Dutra. Aunque ha sido un camino difícil y duro para todos nosotros, ellos me han proporcionado también el mismo apoyo y aliento para que siga mis sueños y tener éxito en cumplir muchas de las metas de mi vida. Más importante aún, han hecho muchos sacrificios personales para apoyarnos en la crianza de Carlianne, proporcionando a menudo cuidado después de la escuela y participando en las citas de terapia y actividades extra-curriculares que promueven los intereses y que contribuyen al desarrollo de Carlianne. También me gustaría aprovechar esta oportunidad para reconocer a nuestro pediatra, Programa de Primeros Pasos de Infantiles en el condado de Yolo, y sobre todo a la maestra de desarrollo infantil de mi hija y coordinadora de cabecera, que me ha puesto debajo de sus alas para ayudarme y entrenarme como profesional: el tiempo más preciado en mi carrera hasta el momento. Por el motivo de respetar su vida privada no he utilizado sus nombres, pero ellos saben quiénes son: ¡Gracias! 104 Igualmente importante, me gustaría aprovechar el tiempo para reconocer a Olga Dutra, traductora de ruso y mi tía, y a Clarissa Laguardia, una traductora de español y hermana de mi congregación en el Salón del Reino, ambas quienes se tomaron el tiempo fuera de su vida para ayudarme a conseguir que este manual fuera traducido al ruso y español. Sin su arduo trabajo la información proporcionada en este manual no estaría disponible para familias que hablan español y ruso. Por último, pero no menos importante, debo reconocer a mi consejero de Maestría, el Dr. David Raske, que creyó en la importancia de mi proyecto y me ayudó apoyando mis esfuerzos en el desarrollo de este manual para servir a otras familias de niños que padecen el Síndrome de Down. Sin estas personas importantes, este proyecto no habría sido posible. ¡No les puedo agradecer lo suficiente! 105 DEDICACION Me gustaría dedicar este manual a mi hija, Carlianne. Que otros puedan tener la oportunidad de experimentar esas cosas en mi vida que tú me has enseñado. Este mundo sería un lugar mejor si todos tuviéramos Síndrome de Down. 106 PARTE UNO Respondiendo a interrogantes sobre el Síndrome de Down ¿Qué es el Síndrome de Down? El Síndrome de Down es una condición genética donde un niño nace con 47 cromosomas en lugar de 46 normales. Cuando un espermatozoide encuentra un óvulo, a lo que llamaremos células, se dividen. Durante esa división una persona "normal" recibe 23 cromosomas de su madre, que es naturalmente transportado por el óvulo, y 23 de su padre, que también son transportados por el espermatozoide. Con Síndrome de Down, una persona consigue 23 cromosomas de uno de los padres y 24 del otro. En otras palabras, el óvulo o el esperma, lleva 23 cuando se encuentra con el espermatozoide, o el óvulo, con 24. Se solía decir que este cromosoma extra provenía de la madre, pero los estudios han revelado que podría venir del padre también. Aun no hay manera de saber a ciencia cierta. De todos modos, cuando se piensa en personas "normales", ya que cada individuo tiene un cromosoma de un padre y tiene uno más del mismo cromosoma proveniente del otro padre, a eso le llamamos un par. Síndrome de Down ocurre cuando hay tres de los mismos cromosomas situados en el par 21. Esta es la razón de porque los médicos 107 también llaman al Síndrome de Down, "Trisomía 21", que simplemente significa 3 copias del 21. Nota: el término "normal" se utilizara en todo este manual para hablar de niños que se consideran libres de discapacidades. Se decidió usar este término ya que la mayoría de la gente se refiere a los niños con desarrollo típico como "normal". ¿Cuántos tipos de Síndrome de Down existen? Existen tres tipos de Síndrome de Down. Se les conoce como Trisomía 21, Translocación, y Trisomía Mosaica y son explicados más detalladamente a continuación. Trisomía 21: es el tipo que sucede con más frecuencia. Cuando el esperma y el óvulo se reúnen, se dividen las células. Es durante este periodo que el cromosoma adicional se adhiere a los genes del embrión. El cromosoma adicional se puede adherir a algunos o todos los genes. La manera como el cromosoma adicional se adhiere y afecta a otros genes determina la cantidad de necesidades que tendrá un niño con Síndrome de Down. Sin embargo, no hay manera de saber el alcance de estas necesidades hasta después que nazca el bebé. Translocación: sucede cuando parte del cromosoma 21 extra se rompe y se une a otra parte de un cromosoma. Esto significa que hay un par 21 y un cromosoma 21 roto que se conectará a otro cromosoma que no está en el par 21. En este tipo de Síndrome de Down, debido a que el cromosoma 21 extra se rompe durante la división celular y se adhiere a una parte de otro cromosoma, el bebé parecerá 108 tener solo 46 cromosomas, pero al observar más de cerca, uno de los cromosomas tendrá una pierna más larga, por el cromosoma 21 extra que se adhirió. Esto también causa Síndrome de Down, pero no sucede con tanta frecuencia como Trisomía 21. Trisomía Mosaica: es muy raro y solo es usualmente visto cuando se observa a los genes más de cerca. Cuando el esperma y el óvulo se reúnen y comienzan a dividirse algunos de los genes tienen 46 cromosomas y algunos tienen 47. Por esta, un niño tendrá algunos genes “normales” y algunos genes de una persona con Síndrome de Down. Una persona con Trisomía Mosaica generalmente se parece a sus padres y típicamente tiene menos necesidades, lo que resulta en una vida más “normal.” Solo un análisis de cromosomas le dirá que tipo de Síndrome de Down pudiera tener su bebé. Además, un análisis de cromosomas solo puede realizarse después que nazca el bebé. ¿Por qué se le llama Síndrome de Down a la Trisomía 21? En 1866 un hombre inglés llamado John Langdon Down escribió un ensayo sobre un grupo de individuos que se parecían entre sí. Todas estas personas tenían Trisomía 21. En su ensayo, John Langdon Down describió varias de las características del Síndrome de Down, que se explicará más adelante en esta sección del manual. Para 1866, las personas con Síndrome de Down eran llamados mongoloides porque mucha gente pensaba que se parecían a los individuos procedentes de Mongolia. En 1960, el término mongoloide se 109 cambio porque resultaba ofensivo a muchas personas, incluidos los de Mongolia, por lo que la Trisomía 21 recibió el nombre de Síndrome de Down. ¿Ocasioné yo que mi hijo tuviera Síndrome de Down? ¡Por supuesto que no! No existe manera de que alguien pueda causar el Síndrome de Down. Por alguna razón, cuando las células se dividen a veces no siempre se dividen de la misma manera. En realidad no existe una buena explicación de por qué sucede así. Cuando las células se dividen y dan lugar a un tercer cromosoma 21, se le llama Síndrome de Down. Cuando las células se dividen con cromosomas extra, en un par diferente, el niño nacerá con una condición médica diferente. Nadie puede evitar que suceda, ¡simplemente pasa! ¿Con cuanta frecuencia ocurre el Síndrome de Down? El Síndrome de Down, les acaece a personas de todas las edades, razas y niveles económicos. En otras palabras, les sucede tanto a la gente más rica como a la gente más pobre por igual. También ocurre en todas las razas y los diferentes grupos étnicos. Peculiarmente, el Síndrome de Down es más común que cualquier otro defecto de cromosomas. Investigación reciente indica que el Síndrome de Down ocurre en 1 de cada 733 bebés nacidos. Sin contar el número de bebés que han sido abortados intencionalmente o por aborto espontáneo. Investigadores destacados que estudian el Síndrome de Down dicen que si los bebés no fueran abortados intencionalmente o por aborto espontáneo, el Síndrome de Down se suscitaría probablemente en 1 de cada 600 110 bebés nacidos, si no es que con más frecuencia que eso. Hoy en día, en 2010, hay cerca de 400.000 personas con Síndrome de Down en los Estados Unidos solamente. Según la Sociedad Nacional de Síndrome de Down, cada año alrededor de 5.000 bebés nacen con Síndrome de Down en los Estados Unidos. Los investigadores también dicen que existen dos espacios de edades en que las mujeres embarazadas dan a luz a bebés con Síndrome de Down. El primer espacio es entre las edades de 19 a 21 años. El segundo espacio sucede usualmente a mujeres de 35 años o más. Aunque las mujeres de 35 años o más corren un mayor riesgo de tener un bebé con Síndrome de Down, en realidad nacen mas bebés de madres entre las edades de 19 a 21 años de edad. Por supuesto, bebés que nacen con Síndrome de Down no están limitados a mujeres embarazadas entre estas edades, le puede suceder a cualquiera a cualquier edad. ¿Cómo puedo saber si mi bebé tiene Síndrome de Down? El Síndrome de Down solo puede ser verificado por medio de un análisis de cromosomas una vez haya nacido el bebé. Un análisis cromosómico es cuando un médico toma una muestra de sangre del bebe para estudiar sus genes. Al observar los genes de cerca, el médico puede saber qué tipo de Síndrome de Down tiene el bebé. Hoy día, en 2010, la mayoría de médicos llevaran a cabo una prueba de proteína en mujeres embarazadas para saber si su bebé pudiera tener Síndrome de Down al nacer. Esto es para que el médico este preparado cuando sea el momento de que nazca el bebé. Los médicos estarán mejor preparados para determinar si existen potenciales condiciones 111 de salud para poder actuar con más rapidez cuando nace el bebé, de lo que se hablara con mayor detalle más adelante en este manual. Si la prueba de proteína resulta positiva el doctor podría ordenar más pruebas como amniocentesis, lo cual es una prueba en la que una aguja es inyectada en el saco amniótico para sacar una muestra del líquido del bebé. El liquido contiene la orina del bebé, lo que le dará a los médicos una buena muestra para examinar de cerca los genes. Esto también le permitirá al doctor averiguar si el bebé pudiera tener Síndrome de Down. ¿Por qué necesito saber si mi bebé pudiera tener Síndrome de Down si los médicos no estarán 100% seguros hasta después que nazca? Es importante saber si su bebé pudiera tener Síndrome de Down por diversas razones. La primera es porque los médicos necesitan saber para estar preparados para la posibilidad de cuidado adicional que el bebé pudiera necesitar al nacer. Dado que los bebés con Síndrome de Down tienen un riesgo mayor de padecer otras necesidades de salud, la posibilidad de sobrevivir del bebé mejora en gran medida cuando los médicos están listos a dar a un bebé, con Síndrome de Down, la atención adicional que él o ella pueda necesitar. A veces es necesaria una intervención quirúrgica inmediata para reparar las complicaciones. Por ejemplo, puede que algunos bebés necesiten una cirugía de corazón para ayudar a cerrar agujeros en el corazón que nunca se desarrollaron mientras 112 el bebé crecía dentro del estómago de la madre. Aunque esto es común entre los bebés con Síndrome de Down también es común entre los niños que no tienen Síndrome de Down. La única diferencia es que los bebés con Síndrome de Down tienen un índice de riesgo más alto. Otra razón de por qué es importante saber sobre el Síndrome de Down es para que los padres tengan la oportunidad de prepararse para su bebé. Hay una cantidad cada vez mayor de literatura disponible para ayudar a las familias a aprender sobre el Síndrome de Down. Esto ayudará a las familias a estar mejor preparadas y les ayudará a para conocer más sobre los servicios disponibles para apoyar a la familia. Es posible que le interese saber que muchos servicios han sido establecidos y estipulados por el gobierno de EE.UU. para proteger a las familias y los niños nacidos con Síndrome de Down. Muchos de los servicios disponibles para familias de niños con Síndrome de Down son gratuitos porque fondos estatales y federales ya han sido apartados de forma automática para ayudar a proporcionar a las familias el apoyo que necesitan para ayudar a criar a sus hijos con Síndrome de Down en el hogar. Por último, cuando los padres son informados que su bebé pudiera tener Síndrome de Down, también se les da la alternativa de tomar decisiones. Una familia puede optar por interrumpir el embarazo antes de que ya no cuenten con esa opción o una familia puede elegir continuar con el bebé hasta que llegue a su término y nazca para determinar si la prueba era exacta. Desafortunadamente, los estudios muestran que aunque los médicos intentan asistir a las familias a examinar para buscar discapacidades, también existe una posibilidad que los resultados sean inciertos. Por ejemplo, a muchos padres se 113 les dice que su bebé nacerá con Síndrome de Down y cuando nace el bebé se enteran que esto no era cierto. Por otro lado, a algunos padres se les dice que su bebé no salió positivo para Síndrome de Down, y cuando tienen su bebé este tiene Síndrome de Down. Desafortunadamente, esto sucede con mucha frecuencia. Se le otorga a los padres una difícil decisión, la de ¿correr o no correr el riesgo? Si el Síndrome de Down sólo puede ser confirmado a través de una prueba de sangre, ¿por qué los médicos pueden saber que el bebé tiene Síndrome de Down en cuanto nace? Si bien es cierto que el Síndrome de Down sólo se puede comprobar con una muestra de sangre, hay muchos signos visuales que una persona con Síndrome de Down tiene que da a los médicos una idea para hacer la prueba para Síndrome de Down, poco después del nacimiento. Algunos de los síntomas o las características del Síndrome de Down son los pies planos y espacios anchos entre dedos de los pies, el peso bajo al nacer y longitud, ojos rasgados, nariz plana lo que da un aspecto más plano al rostro, una espalda plana haciendo la cabeza y cuello conectarse sin una ranura redondeada, una boca más pequeña que hace que la lengua se vea más grande en proporción, un tono muscular bajo (no la fuerza, pero la tonificación de los músculos), línea recta a través del interior de la palma de la mano, manchas blancas en el iris del ojo, una forma anormal o dobles del oído, y pequeños pliegues de piel en las esquinas de cada ojo (Batshaw et al., 2007). 114 ¿Cuáles son otros riesgos de salud para mi hijo? Esta pregunta no es muy fácil de contestar, porque así como cada niño "normal" es diferente, todos los niños con Síndrome de Down son diferentes también. Los estudios han identificado muchos riesgos de salud para las personas con Síndrome de Down. Algunos nacen sin ninguno de ellos, algunos nacen con algunos de ellos, y otros nacen con muchos de ellos. Casi ningún niño con Síndrome de Down los tendrá todos. Aunque los niños con Síndrome de Down pueden tener estos riesgos, avances en la tecnología médica, servicios y terapias han sido capaces de minimizar o incluso curar algunas de las necesidades de salud. Algunos de los riesgos se encuentran en una tabla en la página siguiente. Figura 1: Riesgos de la salud relacionados a individuos con Síndrome de Down. Tomado de Niños Con Discapacidades. (6ª Edición.) Batshaw, M.L., Pellegrino, L., Roizen, N.J. (2007). Trastorno % afectado Defectos de corazón congénitos Tipos: Defecto del relieve endocárdico Defecto septal ventricular Defecto septal atrioventricular Otro Trastornos oftálmicos Tipos: Errores de refracción Estrabismos Nistagmos Blefaritis Obstrucción del conducto lagrimal Cataratas Ptosis Perdida de la audición Anormalidades endócrinas 44 20 15 4 5 60 35 27 20 9 6 5 5 66 50-90 115 Tipos: Hipotiroidismo sub-clínico Hipertiroidismo manifiesto Diabetes Problemas de crecimiento Tipo: Obesidad Baja estatura Anormalidades ortopédicas Tipo: Atlanto-axial subluxación sub-clínica Atlanto-axial subluxación sintomática Problemas dentales, enfermedad Periodontal, y mal oclusión Malformaciones gastrointestinales Enfermedad celíaca Epilepsia Leucemia Enfermedades de la piel Enfermedad de Alzheimer después de los 40 años 25-40 4-30 .5-1 50-90 60 50-90 16 15 1 60-100 5 1-7 6 .6-1 50 21 NOTE: Original Source: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Genetics (2001); Cohen, for the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (1999). Después de ver esta larga lista de riesgos, es fácil estar temeroso que todas estas cosas le puedan ocurrir a su hijo. Las estadísticas pueden dar mucho miedo si no se leen correctamente. No se atemorice a sí mismo al pensar que porque su hijo tiene Síndrome de Down que usted debe esperar alguno o todos estos riesgos. Es importante recalcar que algunos niños son más afortunados que otros y no tienen ninguno de ellos, algunos niños tienen algunos de ellos, y algunos niños tienen muchos de ellos, pero ningún niño los tiene todos. Lo más importante a considerar es que muchos de estos trastornos se pueden corregir o se puede minimizar los efectos, con nuestros avances en la tecnología médica y con la ayuda de terapeutas y otros proveedores de servicios. De hecho, según la Sociedad Nacional de Síndrome de Down, solía ser que los individuos con Síndrome de Down en 1910 no vivían más allá de 9 años de edad. Cuando se inventaron los antibióticos, las personas con Síndrome de Down comenzaron a vivir 116 hasta los 20 años de edad. Hoy día, con los avances en la tecnología médica y los servicios en 2010, la mayoría viven al menos 60 años de edad e incluso mucho más. Se ha registrado que algunas personas alcanzan a llegar a los 80 años. Ahora, usted se pudiera estar preguntando, "¿cómo puedo yo pagar por este cuidado para mi niño si él o ella tiene alguna de estas condiciones de salud?" Esta pregunta será respondida en la parte 3 de este manual. Por el momento, es importante discutir los riesgos de Subluxación Atlanto-axial y Leucemia porque, aunque no sucede muy a menudo, son los dos riesgos de salud por lo que más a menudo se somete a chequeo médico, de los que más se habla, y a menudo los más temidos. ¿Qué es la Subluxación Atlanto-axial? Subluxación Atlanto-axial es cuando una articulación de la médula espinal en la zona del cuello está dislocada o fuera de lugar. Los niños que tienen este problema están en riesgo de traumatismo de la médula espinal por lo que es importante que todos los niños con Síndrome de Down obtengan una radiografía para determinar si lo tienen o no. Si se encuentra que un niño tiene Subluxación Atlanto-axial, deben mantenerse alejados de las actividades que puedan causar daño a la parte posterior del cuello. Por ejemplo, un niño no podría ser capaz de montar a caballo, saltar en camas elásticas, o jugar fútbol americano. Es importante hablar con el médico acerca de las actividades que el niño debe evitar. Por favor, eche un vistazo al cuadro de la figura del cuello de un niño "normal" a comparación de un niño con Síndrome de Down. 117 Nota especial: En la foto de la página siguiente, el cuello típico de un niño se muestra a la izquierda. En el lado derecho de la flecha apunta a la articulación dislocada en la columna vertebral. La imagen del niño le muestra exactamente donde en el cuerpo se encuentra la luxación o dislocación. Como puede ver, un niño que tiene esta dislocación se encuentra en un gran riesgo, por lo que es importante corroborar sobre esto antes de que su hijo participe en alguna actividad física o deportiva. Figura 2: Una foto describiendo la Subluxación Atlanto-axial. Tomada de Niños con Discapacidades. (6a Ed.) Batshaw, M.L., Pellegrino, L., Roizen, N.J. (2007). NOTA: Fuente original: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness 1995) ¿Por qué escucho acerca del riesgo de Leucemia? Todos los niños, independientemente de si tienen o no el Síndrome de Down, están en riesgo de desarrollar Leucemia infantil. Por alguna razón, a pesar de que esto 118 ocurre en una escala extremadamente pequeña en los niños con Síndrome de Down, el riesgo es un poco más alto para ellos que para los niños que no tienen el Síndrome de Down. La Leucemia sólo ocurre a cerca del 0.6-1% de la población. Hay más probabilidad que una mujer llegue a tener cáncer de mama en su vida, que un niño con Síndrome de Down llegue a tener Leucemia. Sin embargo, ocurre entre algunos individuos y es algo que se debe tener en cuenta. Ahora que sé qué es el Síndrome de Down y los riesgos de salud involucrados que esperar, ¿por qué me dicen los médicos que no saben lo que mi hijo será capaz de hacer? Hay dos partes a esta pregunta. Para responder a la primera parte: por desgracia, esta es la pregunta hecha con más frecuencia, pero la más difícil de responder. La mayoría de los médicos y especialistas le dicen que no saben porque realmente no pueden predecir lo que su hijo va a ser capaz de hacer por varias razones. La primera razón se remonta al hecho de que todos los niños con Síndrome de Down son diferentes al igual que los niños sin Síndrome de Down son diferentes. Los médicos han sido capaces de decirle lo que debe esperar con niños que no tienen Síndrome de Down, porque a pesar de que cada niño es diferente, la mayoría de ellos han desarrollado un patrón similar de desarrollo, que se representa en una gráfica en una línea similar. Esto hace que la predicción de lo que un niño puede hacer sea más fácil si el niño no tiene ningún tipo de necesidad de atención médica y/o problemas. Los niños con Síndrome de Down, sin 119 embargo, no tienen un patrón establecido para el desarrollo de modo que cuando las habilidades de cada niño se trazan en un gráfico, los puntos son tan dispersos por todos lados, que no hay línea o patrón que se pueda exponer. Una cosa que se ha descubierto es que, aunque los médicos saben que habrá algún tipo de retraso mental, que ahora es más comúnmente conocido como retraso del desarrollo, la mayoría de las personas con Síndrome de Down tienen retraso desde un nivel muy leve a niveles moderados, o retraso mental, y pueden hacer la mayoría de cosas que otros niños hacen. Como puede ver, ya que los individuos con Síndrome de Down se desarrollan de manera diferente y porque no existe un modelo de desarrollo establecido, lo que un niño puede hacer es muy difícil de predecir. La segunda razón es en lo que respecta a la cantidad de riesgos relacionados con la salud de un niño con Síndrome de Down puede tener y cómo los riesgos podrían tener un efecto sobre sus experiencias. Por ejemplo, un niño que tiene un tono muscular bajo puede tener dificultad para aprender a saltar. Se necesitará mucha terapia y experiencias para fortalecer los músculos del estómago para que el niño pueda estar listo para saltar. No quiere decir que el niño nunca va a saltar, porque la mayoría de los niños con Síndrome de Down aprenderán a hacer muchas cosas que otros niños hacen, sólo que se necesita mucho más tiempo para que éstos puedan aprender y mucho más trabajo arduo para hacerlo. Una tercera razón es que un niño con Síndrome de Down pudiera tener acceso a todas las ayudas que necesita para tener las experiencias que le permitan hacer algo, mientras que otro niño no. Los servicios y apoyos difieren de condado a condado y de 120 distrito a distrito. Lo que un niño recibe puede que no sea lo que otro niño recibe, en base al lugar donde viven. Por otra parte, un niño puede tener hermanos de quien aprender, mientras que otro niño puede ser hijo único. Todas estas cosas pueden influir cómo se pueda desarrollar un niño con Síndrome de Down. Para la segunda parte de responder a esta pregunta, lo que se puede decir es que la mayoría de los niños con Síndrome de Down finalmente serán capaces de hacer muchas de las cosas que los niños “normales” pueden hacer, pero que podrían necesitar ayuda adicional para hacerlo o más tiempo para desarrollarse. Los niños con Síndrome de Down tendrán una comida favorita, juguete, película, libro, juego, y un amigo, etc. La mayoría de los niños con Síndrome de Down podrán rodar, gatear, caminar, correr, saltar, trepar, capturar, y tirar. Lo que se puede decir es que la mayoría de los niños con Síndrome de Down serán capaces de alimentarse, vestirse, ir al baño de manera independiente, limpiarse, y con el tiempo cuidar de sí mismos. A medida que los niños con Síndrome de Down se convierten en adultos, la mayoría son capaces de vivir por su cuenta, entablar relaciones, casarse, tener hijos, y mantener puestos de trabajo. Algunos adultos con Síndrome de Down tienen carreras en computación, escuelas, tiendas, teatro, etc. Las posibilidades para las personas con Síndrome de Down mejoran cada año a causa de los servicios y apoyos que pueden recibir desde temprana edad. A continuación se muestra una tabla de logros y habilidades comunes entre los niños que tienen Síndrome de Down en comparación con los niños "normales". Esta lista no es exhaustiva, pero le dará una idea de algunas cosas que puede esperar. Como puede ver, tener la capacidad de comunicarse usando palabras, por ejemplo, se esperaría que un 121 niño normal logre hacer esto alrededor de los 14 meses de edad. Un niño con Síndrome de Down, sin embargo, pudiera empezar a hablar desde tan sólo 9 meses y tan tarde como a los 30 meses. Este lapso de tiempo se basa en el nivel de necesidad de un niño y los servicios y apoyos que se hayan implementado para satisfacer esa necesidad. Lo que se puede decir con certeza es que la mayoría de las personas con Síndrome de Down aprenderán a hablar y expresar sus ideas muy bien. Solo que ocurre a un ritmo más lento que la mayoría. Ahora que sé qué se puede esperar, ¿qué debo hacer y dónde puedo ir? Esta pregunta se contesta mejor a partir de la historia de las personas con Síndrome de Down, que se debatirá en la segunda parte de este manual. 122 PARTE DOS La ley que lo protege a usted y a su niño Algunos antecedentes Hay más de 3.000 discapacidades que afectan al desarrollo de los seres humanos. El censo de los EE.UU. (2005) informa que en la actualidad hay 54 millones de personas con discapacidades en América. Independientemente de la discapacidad, es bien sabido que las personas necesitan más apoyo para incluirse con éxito en nuestra comunidad y escuelas. A lo largo de la historia los individuos con discapacidades han sido marginados de la sociedad a nivel mundial. Desde el principio estas personas han sido privadas de la alimentación adecuada, siendo enviadas al olvido, o asesinadas por ser diferentes. En la época medieval se creía que estos individuos habían sido poseídos por los demonios y muy a menudo eran colgados, decapitados o quemados en la hoguera. En otros países, era legal que los padres asesinaran a sus niños y bebés. En algunos países sigue siendo legal hacer esto aun hoy en el siglo XXI. En la actualidad en los Estados Unidos y muchos otros países, las personas que tienen discapacidades sufren muy a menudo a manos de sus padres y médicos que realizan abortos legales. Para aquellos padres que han decidido cuidar de su hijo con Síndrome de Down, la historia no lo ha hecho nada fácil. A principios de 1900, los individuos eran enviados lejos de sus familias a las instituciones donde han sido objeto de experimentos de laboratorio. A nivel mundial, muchas personas con discapacidades han 123 sido inyectadas con medicamentos y virus experimentales para determinar los posibles efectos de productos químicos en personas "normales" para el avance de la lucha química y biológica. Mientras que en las instituciones, muchos han estado expuestos a descargas de corrientes eléctricas para "librar" el cerebro de la enfermedad. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en la década de 1940, las personas con discapacidades, junto con los judíos, gitanos, testigos de Jehová, y muchos otros fueron mantenidos en cautiverio, asesinados y sus cuerpos fueron incinerados por Hitler y sus nazis, ya que no cumplían con su expectativa de perfección. En los Estados Unidos, la historia de las personas con discapacidad cambio durante el movimiento de la igualdad. El fallo de la Suprema Corte en "The Brown vs. Board of Education" de que las personas negras podían comenzar a asistir a escuelas con la raza blanca, abrió las puertas para que muchos otros grupos de personas buscaran un trato más igualitario. Entre este grupo de personas estaban padres y personas con discapacidades. Su principal preocupación era luchar para que los niños con discapacidades se criaran en casa y tuvieran mayor igualdad de oportunidades en la comunidad. Mientras tanto la investigación sobre personas con discapacidades en las instituciones, permitió a muchas personas darse cuenta sobre el maltrato hacia las personas con discapacidades, especialmente los que tenían Síndrome de Down. Como resultado, la Ley de Rehabilitación de 1973, fue la primera parte de legislación que protegería los derechos de las personas con discapacidades, la cual decretó cerrar las instituciones y, al mismo tiempo permitir que las personas con discapacidades tuvieran más oportunidades de recibir una educación y recibir ayudas en la comunidad. 124 ¿Qué dice exactamente la Ley de Rehabilitación (Rehabilitation Act) de 1973 y cómo me aplica a mí hoy? Según la Ley de Wright, un recurso en línea para padres y profesionales, el fin de la Ley de Rehabilitación de 1973 era "(...) maximizar el potencial de empleo, la autosuficiencia económica, la independencia, la inclusión y la integración a la sociedad". Cuando esta ley entró en vigor, muchos estados crearon escuelas especiales para personas con discapacidades que tenían retraso mental. A menudo, estas escuelas estaban muy lejos de su propio vecindario. Como los padres siguieron luchando por más derechos para sus hijos en la comunidad, los programas de las escuelas se convirtieron en el foco central de más oportunidades para personas con discapacidades. Esto dio pie a una nueva ley llamada "La Ley de Educación para Todos los Niños Discapacitados de 1975", que fue creada para que las personas con discapacidades pudieran recibir una educación apropiada y gratuita en las escuelas de su vecindario en lugar de ser enviados a "escuelas especiales" para la "retrasados mentales". Esta ley era para personas con discapacidades de 3 años a 21 años de edad. Con el fin de que esta ley fuera ejecutada, el gobierno federal comenzó a brindar fondos sólo a aquellos estados que adoptaran la ley y cumplieran sus reglamentos. Durante el tiempo que los estados reciban estos fondos del gobierno federal, su obligación es cumplir con los requisitos para ofrecer a las personas con discapacidades 125 una educación adecuada. Desde 1975, cada unos cuatro años, la ley es revisada para cambiar o agregar más estatutos y reglamentos que los estados tienen que seguir. La ley recibió otro nombre: Ley de Educación para Individuos con Discapacidades de 1990, también conocida como PL 94-142 ó IDEA (por sus siglas en inglés.) Con el tiempo, esta ley (IDEA) cambió para incluir la prestación de servicios a las personas con discapacidades desde el nacimiento hasta los 21 años de edad, en lugar de al principio de los 3 años. Debido a esto, la intervención temprana se definió como un nuevo requisito de la ley. Esto simplemente significa que los bebés y niños pequeños pueden recibir servicios y ayudas desde el momento en que nacen en lugar de esperar hasta los 3 años de edad. Los estudios han hallado que mientras más temprano empiecen a recibir programas y ayudas los niños, más podrán hacer en el futuro. Esta es la razón por la que es importante que los padres conozcan sus derechos y los derechos de su hijo. ¿Qué es intervención temprana? La intervención temprana es el concepto de que bebés y niños pequeños con discapacidades reciban ayuda en el hogar y en la comunidad con la esperanza que los efectos posteriores de la discapacidad serán mínimos. Por ejemplo, los estudios dicen que los niños que reciben intervención temprana a temprana edad, parecen no necesitar de tantas ayudas y servicios cuando son adultos y muchos de ellos son capaces de llevar vidas independientes autosuficientes con una asistencia mínima. Programas de intervención temprana ofrecen visitas a domicilio, terapia del habla y lenguaje, terapia ocupacional, terapia física, terapia motora oral, terapia musical, enfermería de salud a 126 domicilio, asesoramiento familiar, etc. Estos servicios suelen ser coordinados por centros regionales, que se han creado como resultado de la Ley de Lanterman en 1977. Los centros regionales se aseguran que las familias reciban un coordinador de servicios que les ayudará a encontrar los servicios y apoyos en la comunidad, tales como un equipo de profesionales de intervención temprana. ¿Por qué necesito saber acerca de la intervención temprana? La intervención temprana es crítica para los niños con Síndrome de Down. Aunque los servicios han existido desde hace casi cuatro décadas, los efectos de la intervención temprana siguen siendo investigados y estudiados en la actualidad. Los estudios han encontrado que debido a la intervención temprana, los niños con Síndrome de Down son capaces de cumplir muchos logros del desarrollo que los niños "normales" alcanzan a edades más tempranas. Más importante aún, se ha encontrado que la intervención temprana también puede tener un gran impacto en la manera cómo los individuos con Síndrome de Down son capaces de vivir y cuidar de sí mismos, como tener puestos de trabajo y poder vivir de forma independiente. Sin estos servicios, la investigación ha comprobado, que los individuos con Síndrome de Down no desarrollan tantas de las muchas habilidades importantes que pudieran necesitar para llevar una vida de calidad. 127 ¿Qué hago ahora? Ahora que tiene una buena idea sobre la historia de las personas con discapacidades, puede entender por qué hay leyes para protegerlos. Más importantemente, estas leyes se han puesto en vigor para que las familias no se sientan como si estuvieran solos en la crianza de un niño con necesidades especiales. Sin saber acerca de las leyes, muchas familias no reciben algunos de los servicios y el apoyo que desearían tener. Esto es sobre todo cierto para las familias que no hablan inglés, quienes no tienen el acceso a la misma información y materiales, por lo cual, este manual ha sido traducido a otros idiomas. Más importante aún, sabiendo que hay servicios y apoyos disponibles para su hijo, usted podrá ayudar a iniciar el proceso en cuanto antes. Cuanto más sepa, más podrá asegurarse de que las agencias ofrezcan, por lo que son responsables ante la ley. Es importante que aprendan acerca de los plazos, cuando se supone que las cosas tienen que suceder y sobre su derecho a participar en cada parte del proceso. Puede encontrar más información acerca de la ley en las bibliotecas locales, a través de nuestra línea de asistencia del Centro de Recursos Familiares, de lo que hablaremos más adelante, y en línea en www.wrightslaw.org. 128 ¿A qué te refieres en cuanto a plazos y por qué es importante que yo esté involucrado si los profesionales saben lo que están haciendo? Los plazos de tiempo fueron establecidos como resultado de la Ley de Educación para Individuos con Discapacidades. Fueron específicamente creados para que los profesionales se vieran obligados a responder a las referencias para servicios y apoyos lo más rápido posible. Cuanto más rápido se hace una recomendación a las agencias, más rápido su hijo será atendido. Una vez que una familia contacta una agencia para informarles que tiene un hijo con Síndrome de Down, a esto se le llama una referencia. La información que en ocasiones es de índole personal será recopilada, para que la persona que recibe la información pueda comprender cuales son las necesidades de su hijo, de modo que la referencia sea enviada a las personas correspondientes. Después que se hace una recomendación, la agencia tiene 15 días para solicitar su permiso para realizar pruebas, que a menudo se les llama evaluaciones. Esto es importante porque sin esta parte del proceso, será difícil que profesionales le digan lo que necesita su hijo y qué servicios están disponibles para satisfacer las necesidades de su niño. Una vez que firme el permiso para que los profesionales completen su análisis, la agencia tiene 60 días para realizar las pruebas y reunirse con usted para hablar acerca de un plan de como su hijo y familia contarán con el apoyo. Cuando esto sucede, usted tiene el derecho a estar de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con cualquier información que haya sido recopilada y con cualquier recomendación para servicios y ayudas. Si usted está de 129 acuerdo con la oferta, usted debe firmar el documento legal para que los servicios puedan comenzar. Es importante saber que una vez que firme el documento los servicios deben comenzar inmediatamente, que es a menudo dentro de unos días, pero no más de una semana. Porque la ley fue creada para proteger los derechos de las familias, no se puede prestar ninguna prueba y servicio hasta que usted de su permiso. Para las familias que no hablan inglés la ley dice que usted tiene el derecho a pedir los materiales en su propio idioma y que su niño sea examinado y evaluado en su propio idioma, que se le brinde un traductor o intérprete para ayudarle durante las reuniones, y que los documentos sean escritos en su lengua materna. Esto es importante porque a fin de que las necesidades de su niño se comprendan, una información exacta de parte de los padres es importante sobre todo porque los padres siempre conocen a sus hijos mucho más que cualquier profesional. Más importante aún, un niño no puede ser capaz de completar tareas en un idioma que no entienda, porque los resultados de la prueba no reflejarían las necesidades del niño con la precisión debida. Ahora usted estará pensando probablemente, "Ahora que entiendo lo que es la intervención temprana y por qué es importante para mi hijo, ¿dónde puedo ir para tener acceso a estos servicios y apoyos?" Estas preguntas serán contestadas en la tercera parte de este manual. 130 PARTE TRES Servicios y apoyos Dependiendo de las necesidades de su bebé o niño, puede que usted tenga necesidad de algunos de estos servicios o su totalidad. Sin importar su situación socioeconómica actual, es altamente recomendable que se comunique con cada uno de los siguientes programas y servicios y que les permita determinar si podría calificar y cómo. Aunque hay excepciones a la regla, los estudios indican que mientras más servicios y apoyo reciban las familias, más niños con necesidades especiales se equiparán para alcanzar más logros del desarrollo y oportunidades de vida. Seguro de Ingreso Suplementario (SSI) Seguro de Ingreso Suplementario (SSI, por sus siglas en inglés) es un servicio disponible a las familias que tienen un bebé o un niño con una condición que lo incapacita, que se anticipa puede durar más de un año. Si su bebé o niño es elegible para SSI, usted puede recibir ayuda financiera en forma de cheques mensuales por SSI, para complementar sus ingresos mensuales actuales. La cantidad depende de la cantidad de ingresos que usted recibe semanal, quincenal o mensualmente. Información de elegibilidad se puede encontrar en la página http://www.ssa.gov/ssi/text-eligibilityussi.htm o puede llamar al 1-800-772-1213. 131 Incluso si usted no piensa que va a calificar, lo mejor es ponerse en contacto con este programa y comenzar un caso. Si por alguna razón la vida o las circunstancias le impiden de continuar con el empleo o reducir sus horas de trabajo y sus ingresos, las personas que tienen un caso con SSI podrán informar de los cambios y comenzar a recibir ayuda. Las personas que califican para el SSI también reciben Medi-Cal automáticamente. El Medi-Cal Debido a que su hijo nació con Síndrome de Down, automáticamente se considera que, él o ella, tiene necesidades especiales de salud. Por tener tales necesidades su niño califica para Medi-Cal, que es un programa de seguro medico financiado por el estado. Hay tres maneras de calificar. Si su ingreso se encuentra por debajo de una cierta cantidad, su hijo reúne los requisitos. Las personas con discapacidades califican bien en función a sus ingresos, de forma automática por tener un caso abierto con SSI, o mediante una exención de ingresos proporcionado por el Centro Regional de Alta California, otro programa importante que se explicará más adelante. Medi-Cal proporciona asistencia financiera para chequeos periódicos y atención médica especial. Medi-Cal también presta servicios a las familias que tienen gastos médicos pendientes, de bebés que requieren mucha atención médica, están en el hospital por más de 30 días, y que tendrán necesidades médicas por más de un año. Debido a las circunstancias especiales de su hijo, un trabajador utilizara distintos medios para ayudarle a calificar en base a sus ingresos. 132 NOTA: El condado en que usted recibe Medi-Cal tiene que estar donde usted vive y su médico debe estar ubicado en ese condado. Por ejemplo, no se puede tener MediCal del Condado de Yolo y ver a un médico en el Condado de Sacramento. La única forma en que pueden vivir en un condado y ver a un médico de otro, es si su hijo recibe Servicios para los Niños de California, también conocida como CCS por sus siglas en inglés, o si su hijo tiene un seguro privado, donde Medi-Cal puede ser utilizado como un segundo plan de seguro. Si Medi-Cal se utiliza como un segundo plan de seguro, Medi-Cal será capaz de encargarse de cualquier copago o cualquier tipo de balance sobrante de la primera compañía de seguros. Para más información sobre elegibilidad llame a la oficina de Sacramento al 916-5529200. Ellos podrán ayudarle aún más, en caso de que usted necesite un número alterno para su área. Servicios para los Niños de California (CCS) Servicios para los Niños de California, o CCS por sus siglas en inglés, es un programa estatal que organiza, guías, y paga por atención médica, equipamiento y rehabilitación, cuando estos servicios han sido aprobados por el programa. Los servicios pueden ser aprobados para niños y adultos jóvenes menores de 21 años de edad que tienen condiciones médicas elegibles y cuyas familias no pueden pagar la totalidad o parte de su atención. Sin embargo, es importante que usted sepa que la CCS no es un 133 programa de seguro médico. No va a satisfacer todas las necesidades de salud del niño, sólo las relacionadas con la condición de elegible de CCS. El programa es financiado por el estado, condado y dinero de los impuestos federales, junto con algunas cuotas pagadas por los padres. Extraído de su folleto, si su hijo califica para este servicio, CCS puede pagar o proveer los siguientes servicios: ο Tratamientos: tales como consultas médicas, hospitalización y atención quirúrgica, terapia física (PT) y terapia ocupacional (OT), pruebas de laboratorio, radiografías, aparatos ortopédicos y equipo médico. ο Manejo de Caso Clínico para ayudar a médicos especialistas y cuidar de su hijo cuando sea médicamente necesario, y referirlo a otras agencias, incluyendo enfermería de salud pública y centros regionales. ο Programa de Terapia Médica (MTP, por sus siglas en inglés), que puede proporcionar terapia física y/o terapia ocupacional en algunas escuelas públicas para niños que califican médicamente para estos servicios. Para obtener más información para ver si usted califica o para información más a fondo acerca de las condiciones médicas que están cubiertas por CCS, consulte su folleto que se puede encontrar en el Departamento de Servicios a la Salud en http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs o llame a la oficina de Sacramento en el 916-8759900 para obtener información y números de teléfono de otros lugares del estado. La información sobre otros lugares y números también se pueden encontrar en la página web. 134 Centro Regional de Alta California Este quizás sea uno de los programas más importantes ofrecido a las personas con Síndrome de Down y otras discapacidades, con cual usted debe ponerse en contacto. Hay por lo menos 21 centros regionales en todo California. Ofrecen varios servicios tales como, pero no limitado a, consejería, la planificación individualizada para toda la vida y coordinación de servicios, la prestación de asistencia para encontrar y usar recursos de la comunidad, hablar para proteger los derechos legales, civiles, y a servicios de intervención temprana, apoyo familiar, planificación, colocación y seguimiento de las 24 horas de atención domiciliaria, etc. Para calificar, la discapacidad debe haber comenzado antes del cumpleaños 18 de la persona y debe esperarse que continúe por un monto no claro de tiempo y su hijo debe tener una de las siguientes condiciones: 7. Retraso Mental 8. Parálisis Cerebral 9. Epilepsia 10. Autismo 11. Cualquier condición de discapacidad que esté relacionada con retraso mental o que requiera tratamientos similares 12. Bebés y niños pequeños (de nacimiento a 36 meses) que están en riesgo de convertirse en discapacitados en su desarrollo o que tienen un retraso en el desarrollo. 135 Los individuos con Síndrome de Down suelen calificar en la categoría de retraso mental debido a la probabilidad de tener necesidades de desarrollo de leves a moderadas. Cuando un niño se convierte en miembro del Centro Regional de Alta California, él o ella será un miembro de por vida. El Centro Regional de Alta, es responsable de proporcionar los servicios y programas que su hijo necesita para vivir lo más normal posible. Algunos de los servicios que ofrecen son: ο Entrenamiento para la familia, consejería, y visitas a domicilio ο Apoyo de padres a padres ο Instrucción especial ο Servicios Psicológicos ο Servicios de guardería proporciona una cierta cantidad de horas por trimestre, para que una familia pueda recibir servicios de guardería de cualquier persona que los padres deseen. Puede ser de una agencia o simplemente un amigo de confianza o un familiar. ο La coordinación de servicios centrados en la familia ο Terapia ocupacional, física y del habla y lenguaje ο Servicios médicos necesarios que no están cubiertos por la cobertura del seguro ο Servicios de Enfermería ο Servicios de Nutrición ο Servicios de salud especializados ο Audiología (audición) 136 ο Dispositivos de asistencia tecnología o servicios ο Transporte y gastos conexos necesarios para que un niño reciba servicios de intervención temprana. Aparte de recibir servicios a través de su distrito escolar local, éste será el proveedor de servicios más importante que tener, porque le va a ayudar a su hijo desde el nacimiento hasta la muerte. Hoy día, la agencia ofrece un gran apoyo para las personas que quieren vivir de forma independiente por su cuenta. Más información acerca del Centro Regional de Alta California se encuentra en su página web, http://www.altaregional.org/index.cfm, o llamando a la oficina de Sacramento en el 916978-6400. Para las personas que residen en otros condados distintos de Sacramento se puede encontrar una lista de centros regionales en su área mediante el acceso a el sitio web mencionado o llamando a la oficina de Sacramento para obtener una lista de otros centros y números. Centro de Recursos Familiares Warmline El Centro de Recursos Familiares Warmline proporciona información, educación y apoyo para padres y profesionales que intervienen con niños pequeños que tienen necesidades especiales. Los servicios incluyen una biblioteca de recursos, padres apoyando a padres, información de educación, y un boletín trimestral. Su sitio web describe los próximos eventos Warmline tales como conferencias, reuniones de grupo, y noches de información para padres. Si usted tiene algún tipo de problema o necesita asesoramiento, los representantes del Centro de Recursos Familiares Warmline le dan la 137 bienvenida y le ayudarán de la mejor manera posible. También se le indicara cuáles son las leyes que protegen a su hijo y los derechos de cada padre tiene. Usted puede solicitar que lo coloquen en la lista de eventos y para recibir el boletín trimestral. Este centro de recursos es importante porque proporciona a las familias con información actualizada sobre los servicios y apoyos en la comunidad. Lo más importante, el centro le ayudará a entender sus derechos y los derechos de su hijo, para que pueda asegurarse de que su hijo está recibiendo todo lo que él o ella necesita. No hay requisitos para calificar. El sitio web se puede encontrar en http://warmlinefrc.org o puede llamar al 1-800-660-7995. Programas de desarrollo infantil Los programas de desarrollo infantil están ubicados en todo el estado de California. Ellos atienden a niños con necesidades especiales desde el nacimiento hasta los tres años que corresponden a las categorías siguientes: 1. 50% de retraso en un área de desarrollo 2. retrasos del 25% en dos áreas de desarrollo 3. Síndromes identificados 4. Únicamente baja incidencia: visual, la audición o impedimento ortopédico, sordera, ceguera, o una combinación de cualquiera de las discapacidades anteriormente mencionadas. 138 Algunos programas de desarrollo infantil extienden sus servicios a los niños que están en riesgo de discapacidades del desarrollo en una o más áreas de desarrollo. Los niños que no tienen necesidades muestran desarrollo en diferentes áreas. Ellas son: 1. Psicomotricidad: Motricidad gruesa (capacidad para caminar, correr, saltar, etc.), Motricidad fina (capacidad de usar los dedos y las manos), y Motricidad sensorial (capacidad de usar los ojos, nariz, boca, dedos, y escuchar para aprender) 2. Cognitivo (la capacidad de pensar y razonar) 3. Social o emocional (la capacidad para interactuar con otros) 4. Habla y el lenguaje (comunicación) 5. Adaptativa o de autoayuda (todas esas cosas que hacemos independiente, como vestirse/desvestirse, alimentarse, cepillarse los dientes, etc.) Los niños con necesidades especiales, incluso los que tienen Síndrome de Down, pueden mostrar signos de desarrollo más lento en una o más de estas áreas. El programa de desarrollo infantil ayuda a proporcionar servicios a las familias y los niños para ayudar a niños con necesidades especiales a desarrollarse en esas áreas más rápido de lo que lo harían sin ninguna ayuda. Algunos servicios que prestan son visitas periódicas a domicilio, maestros para bebés y niños pequeños, terapia ocupacional, terapia del habla y lenguaje, terapia física, terapia motora oral, terapia de nutrición, etc. Por lo tanto, es muy importante ponerse en contacto con el programa de desarrollo infantil de su localidad. 139 Aunque hay programas de desarrollo infantil por todo el estado de California, la información de contacto para el Condado de Sacramento es 916-228-3952. Ellos podrán dirigirle a la lista de números del área de su localidad. Muchos de estos servicios ofrecen los mismos programas. ¿Por qué es importante que sepa acerca de todos ellos, si puedo conseguir los mismos servicios llamando a sólo uno o un par de ellos? Cada programa tiene una manera particular para determinar cómo un niño califica para servicios y cuales servicios son apropiados. Lo que una agencia piensa sobre a que tiene derecho su hijo, no es necesariamente lo que otra agencia va a pensar. Algunos servicios pueden ser proporcionados por una agencia, mientras que otra agencia proporcionará otros servicios que la otra no. Al llamar a todas las agencias, usted puede asegurarse de que su hijo está recibiendo todos los servicios para los que califica. 140 PARTE CUATRO LITERATURA RECOMENDADA PARA MÁS INFORMACIÓN Este manual está destinado a servir como una referencia rápida para ayudar a las familias de inmediato. Hay muchos más recursos allá afuera que tienen información más profunda sobre el Síndrome de Down. Para ayudarle en su búsqueda, es posible que desee echa un vistazo a los siguientes recursos en la biblioteca o ver si están disponibles en el Centro de Recursos Warmline. También puede adquirirlos en las librerías locales si están en los estantes o solicitando que ordenen una copia para usted. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de los recursos a continuación sólo están escritos en inglés. Tenga en cuenta que hay muchos recursos que no están en mi lista, pero que esta lista servirá como un buen comienzo para ayudarle a prepararse para su hijo. Babies with Down Syndrome: A New Parent’s Guide Editado por Susan J. Skallerup Tercera edición, 2008 Woodbine House Este libro es una referencia completa para las familias que desean obtener más información acerca de los primeros cinco años de su hijo. Proporciona información detallada sobre el Síndrome de Down: lo que es, los tipos de problemas médicos relacionados, información sobre la atención diaria, vida familiar, y cómo se desarrollan los individuos con Síndrome de Down. También proporciona mucha más información 141 sobre la intervención temprana y los derechos legales, así como posibles obstáculos que puede enfrentar y cómo puede superarlos. Expecting Adam: A True Story of Birth, Rebirth, and Everyday Magic Por Martha Beck 2000 Berkley Trade Este libro trata sobre una pareja de Harvard que descubre que el bebé que van a tener tiene Síndrome de Down. Su historia habla de las posibles respuestas emocionales para padres esperando bebe y comparte un vistazo a la lucha de una familia para tomar decisiones de vida, mientras que llegan a aceptar que su hijo nacerá con una discapacidad. Gifts: Mothers Reflect on How Children with Down Syndrome Enrich their Lives Editado por Kathryn Lynard Soper 2007 Woodbine House Este libro es una colección de 63 cuentos cortos, de madres que dieron a luz a niños con Síndrome de Down. Las experiencias varían para compartir historias de niños recién nacidos, niños pequeños, niños en edad preescolar, los niños en edad escolar, adolescentes y adultos. Cada historia es única y comparte visión a una variedad de emociones que sienten los padres que crían a los niños con Síndrome de Down. Algunas historias son tristes y otros felices, divertidas y emocionantes. Independientemente de lo que esté sintiendo, este libro probablemente tienen historias que se relacionan con sus emociones. En 2009 otras historias fueron recopiladas por varias otras madres para compartir aún más experiencias. 142 Down (Syndrome) But Not Out: A Journey from Grief to Joy Por Joyce Sampson 2007 Pleasant Word: A division of WinePress Publishing Este libro trata sobre un individuo llamado Craig, que tiene Síndrome de Down. El libro es acerca de sus experiencias con la familia mientras se enfrenta a muchos desafíos. El libro le guiará por cada paso de su vida, desde problemas médicos hasta la educación y retos post educativos. A Special Kind of Hero: Chris Burke’s Own Story Por Jo Beth McDaniel 2001 IUniverse Este libro trata de Chris Burke, un individuo que fue diagnosticado con Síndrome Down. Tres capítulos del libro fueron escritos en sus propias palabras. Chris Burke es un actor y jugó el papel de Corky en la serie, "Life Goes On." A través de la lectura de este libro, usted puede dar un vistazo de la vida de una persona con Síndrome de Down desde la propia perspectiva de éste. Counting Us In: Growing Up with Down Syndrome Por Jason Kingsley and Mitchell Levitz 2007 Harvest Books Este libro trata de dos jóvenes con Síndrome de Down. Ellos comparten su perspectiva sobre la vida con Síndrome de Down y cómo han sido tratados a comparación de cómo se sienten. También hablan sobre sus experiencias en ser independientes, incluyendo a 143 casarse y tener hijos. El libro está escrito con sus patrones de lenguaje, pero se da una visión global de lo que es vivir con el Síndrome de Down. Early Communication Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals Por Libby Kumin 2003 Woodbine House Este libro sirve como una guía de información para el desarrollo del lenguaje en los bebés y niños pequeños con Síndrome de Down. La exposición temprana a la palabra y el lenguaje es crítico para el desarrollo de otras habilidades de desarrollo tales como la capacidad de pensar y razonar. Gross Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals Por Patricia C. Winders 1997 Woodbine House Este libro fue escrito por un terapeuta físico real para ayudar a las familias y los profesionales de responder mejor a las necesidades motrices de los niños con Síndrome de Down. El libro ofrece numerosas sugerencias y actividades para apoyar un mayor crecimiento en los niños con Síndrome de Down. Fine Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals Por Maryanne Bruni Segunda edición 2006 Woodbine House Este libro fue escrito por una terapeuta ocupacional real, que también tiene un adolescente con Síndrome de Down. El libro explica las necesidades de desarrollo de los niños con Síndrome de Down y se desglosa la terminología utilizada por la mayoría de 144 los terapeutas ocupacionales. El libro también ofrece una variedad de sugerencias y actividades para hacer en casa. The Down Syndrome Nutrition Handbook: A Guide to Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Por Joan Guthrie Medlen Segunda edición 2006 Phronesis Publishing Este libro ofrece información detallada sobre las varias diferentes necesidades nutricionales y de salud de los niños con Síndrome de Down. Ayuda a apoyar a las familias a darles a sus hijos un estilo de vida saludable y la información sobre la manera de abordar potenciales insuficiencias relacionadas con la nutrición y la salud. Teaching Children with Down Syndrome To Read: A Guide for Parents and Teachers Por Patricia Logan Oelwein 1995 Woodbine House Este libro ofrece muchos recursos y actividades para que los padres enseñen a su hijo a leer en casa, así como también ofrece información para ayudarle a asegurarse que le estén enseñando a leer correctamente en la escuela a su niño. Teaching Math to People with Down Syndrome and Other Hands On Learners: Basic Survival Skills Por DeAnna Horstmeier 2004 Woodbine House Este libro ofrece muchos recursos y actividades para padres y profesionales y puedan enseñarles a niños con Síndrome de Down los bloques más importantes y fundamentos en las habilidades matemáticas. Hay dos volúmenes de este libro. El primer libro enseña las 145 habilidades básicas de matemáticas, mientras que el segundo libro enseña matemáticas más avanzadas y las habilidades necesarias para una vida independiente. Sitios Web Informativos Elementales En un esfuerzo de ayudarle a estar conectado a la mejor información y la más precisa acerca del Síndrome de Down, los siguientes sitios web ofrecen el mejor apoyo a las familias. National Down Syndrome Society www.ndss.org Esta organización ofrece a los padres con información actualizada sobre la investigación individuos con Síndrome de Down. Los padres son animados a visitar este sitio y familiarizarse con su contenido. National Down Syndrome Congress www.ndsccenter.org Este sitio web ofrece membrecía a las familias y los individuos con Síndrome de Down. Al ser miembros, las familias tendrán acceso a boletines de noticias y próximos eventos relacionados con Síndrome de Down en todo el país. Down Syndrome Information Alliance www.downsyndromeinfo.org Esta es una organización creada por padres que tienen niños con Síndrome de Down. La organización provee a los padres con información sobre eventos en la comunidad y apoyo de padres a padres, así como información sobre la investigación y la literatura que más puede beneficiar a los padres y las personas con Síndrome de Down. 146 Downs Ed International http://www.downsed.org/en/gb/default.aspx Ed Downs Internacional es una organización líder en investigación que encabeza las investigaciones actuales sobre cómo aprenden los niños con Síndrome de Down. En su web podrá encontrar información y recursos para ayudar a su hijo a continuar aprendiendo y creciendo. Ed Downs Internacional ha abierto recientemente una tienda llamada Ed Downs EE.UU. para que los padres y los profesionales puedan adquirir las últimas investigaciones y material didáctico para ayudar a fomentar la mejor educación posible para niños con Síndrome de Down. Wright’s Law: Información acerca de leyes y derechos http://wrightslaw.com En “Wright’s Law” los padres encuentran información acerca de la ley y sus derechos. Los padres también pueden encontrar información sobre casos judiciales en curso para que sepan si el veredicto puede proteger más a sus hijos y sus derechos. 147 Libros infantiles para Personas con Síndrome de Down La siguiente lista de libros infantiles, son buenos para la lectura a personas con Síndrome de Down, hermanos y amigos. My Friend has Down Syndrome Por Jennifer Moor-Mallinos Hi! I’m Ben and I’ve Got a Secret! Por Julie A. Bouwkamp My Friend Isabelle Por Eliza Wolosen We’ll Paint the Octopus Red Por S.A. Boden I Can, Can You? Por Marjorie W. Pitzer Don’t Call Me Special: A First Look at Disabilities Por Pat Thomas My Up and Down and All Around Book Por Marjorie W. Pitzer We Can Do It! Por Lara Dwight Our Brother Has Down Syndrome Por Shelly Cairo The Best Worst Brother Por Stephanie Stuve-Boden 148 Down Syndrome: A Comprehensive Handbook for Parents and Families (Russian Version) ΠΠ‘Π’Π£ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π» Π¨ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ 1999 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ. Π― Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ; ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ 18 Π»Π΅Ρ. Π― ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Π, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Ρ, Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π½ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 149 ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 35 Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΈ, ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°. Π― ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π― Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ 1.5 ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΎ. Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π― Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ. Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π΅Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ; ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅. Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Raley’s ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π³Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ “ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ”. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°: “Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ? ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°? Π‘ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅?” Π― ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°: “ CΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ. Π― ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΡΡ!”. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅. Π― Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Ρ 150 ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π΅-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ. 25 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ 24 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π½Ρ. Π£ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 7:30 Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΊ 8:30 Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°; ΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. Π― Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π― Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅, Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ , ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·. Π― ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π― Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π― ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π΅Ρ 151 Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°, ΠΈ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ: Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ Π·Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°ΠΌ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Ρ, Π² ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ» Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ:” Π’Π΅Π±Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ? ΠΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ? Π’Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΡ...Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²?”. Π― ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°: “ ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ! ΠΠ½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°! ΠΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ!” ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° “ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ”, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ-ΡΠΎ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π΅Π» Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ: ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π΄Ρ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π» ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π²Π·ΡΠ» Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ; ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ 152 Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π·ΡΠ½ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΌΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ. Π’ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ “ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉΡΡ”, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ. Π Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π² ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ» ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. Π― ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ. ΠΠ½ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»: “ ΠΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ! ΠΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ - ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Ρ Π²ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ?” ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°, Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎ. Π― ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΡΠ», Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π₯ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ. Π― ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ: Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Ρ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅. Π’ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·, Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ – TΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. 153 Π― Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π» Π² Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. Π― Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π― ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Π£ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. Π― Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡ . Π― ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ°. Π― Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. Π― Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ. Π― ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ . Π ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ-ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ 154 ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Π°. Π‘ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ Π²Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π― Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ Π½Π΅Π΅:”Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ,?” ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°:” Π― Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ.” Π― ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ·Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ: ” Π²Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½? Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ Ρ. Π― ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΉ”. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π°. Π― Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ·Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ: “ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅:” Π― Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ. “ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ? ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°! ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ?” ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅. Π― Π²Π·ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π― ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π²Π·ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊ 155 ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ” ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π»Π°. Π― ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ½Π΅: “ΠΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π΅Π±Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ!” Π‘Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ·Π»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ. Π― ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ:” ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ? ΠΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°? ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ?” Π ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π·Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Ρ Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ( ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Ρ) . 156 ΠΠ½Π° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΉ Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ Wii Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ΅Π³Π΅Π»ΡΠ±Π°Π½. ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ», ΠΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΠΉΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠ½Π° Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π’ΠΎΠΌ Π₯ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°. ΠΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΅Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΈ; ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π±ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, Π±ΡΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. Π’Π΅ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Ρ Π±Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°: “ΠΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ 157 ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. Π Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, Ρ Π±Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Ρ Π±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ. Π― ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ.” Π Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½Π°: ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π° Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π±Π²Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π― Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. 158 ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π±Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ cΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ. ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ , Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ°, ΠΡΡΠΈ Π¨ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ , Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ: Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΡΠ»Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°Ρ . ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ “ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ” Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ 159 Π΄ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΡΠ½, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π²Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ! ΠΡΡ Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ»ΡΠ³Ρ ΠΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡ- ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π² Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π±Ρ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½. Π― Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½Π°. 160 ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ―Π©ΠΠΠ’Π‘Π― Π― Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π½. ΠΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π±Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. 161 Π§ΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ― ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ’Π« ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π« Π ΠΠΠ£Π Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ? ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½ Ρ 47 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ 46. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ” ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 23 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈ 23 - ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅. Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 23 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ 24 – ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ 23 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ 24. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ” Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ , ΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ – ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° 21 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ “Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21”, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 3 ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° 21 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ” Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 162 ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ”Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ”, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ,Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. CΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ? CΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ: Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21, Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅. Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21 - ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. TΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 21 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ 21 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ 21 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Ρ Π² 21 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 21 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ 46 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ 163 Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 21 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ TΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21. ΠΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ 46 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ – 47. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅” Π³Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ” ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21 Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ? Π 1866 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π΄ΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°. Π£ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ°Π½Π³Π΄ΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ. Π 1866, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ. Π 1960 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ 164 ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ 21 ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. EΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ? ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ! ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΉ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 21 Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ: ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ! ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ? ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ/ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² 1 ΠΈΠ· 733 ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ( ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π², ΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π±Ρ Π² 1ΠΈΠ· 165 600 ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π² 2010, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 400 ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 5 ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 19 ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 21. Π Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ – ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ 35 ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ 35 ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 19 Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ? ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ 166 Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ,ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ³Π»Π° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π²Π»Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°.ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° 100 % Π΄ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ? ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. 167 ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ 168 ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ? ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, cΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ( Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡ), ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 169 ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π·, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ² Π³Π»Π°Π· ( Batshaw et al., 2007). Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°? ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ “Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ” ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· Π½ΠΈΡ , Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π°, Π° Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° # 1: Π ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· “ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. / Health Related Risks among Individuals with Down Syndrome. Taken from Children with Disabilities. (6 th Ed.) Batshaw, M.L., Pellegrino, L., Roisen, N.J. (2007). ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ: ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ: ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ % ΠΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ 44 20 15 4 5 60 35 170 Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌ ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΡΠΎΠ· ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ: ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ: ΠΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ· CΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Alzheimer 's ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 40 Π»Π΅Ρ 27 20 9 6 5 5 66 50-90 25-40 4-30 .5-1 50-90 60 50-90 16 60-100 5 1-7 6 .6-1 50 21 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·/ Note: Original Source: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Genetics (2001); Cohen, for the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (1999). ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. CΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ³Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Π²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π»ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠΎ 171 Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°, Π² 1910 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 9 Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 20 Π»Π΅Ρ. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ, c ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² 2010, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 60 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 80 Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ, Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ:” ΠΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ?”. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π²Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π² 3 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ cΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²? Π‘Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, 172 Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ c ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΡΠΉΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ” ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π²Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ. 173 Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ #1. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ “ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. / A photo describing Atlantoaxial Subluxation. Taken from Children with Disabilities. (6th Ed.) Batshaw, M.L., Pellegrino, L., Roizen, N.J. (2007). ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·/ Note: Original Source: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness 1995) ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ? ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ .6-1% Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ. 174 Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ΅-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ? Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ: ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ “Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅” Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, oΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π²Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ 175 ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ. Π£ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Ρ, ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½a ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Ρ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ – Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅” Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π£ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ 176 Π΅Π΄Π°, ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°, Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π°ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ , Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ , ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ , Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ” Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ “ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ 14 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, cΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ 9 ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 30 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π². ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π΅. 177 ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠ±Π°ΡΡΡΡ 2 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ 6 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ 9 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΠΈ 11 CΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ 13 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ 10 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ 20 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ 14 Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 24 ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ 1 ½ Π΄ΠΎ 3 2 Π΄ΠΎ 12 6 Π΄ΠΎ 18 7 Π΄ΠΎ 21 8 Π΄ΠΎ 25 10 Π΄ΠΎ 32 12 Π΄ΠΎ 45 9 Π΄ΠΎ 30 18 Π΄ΠΎ 46 Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ 1.ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 2.ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ / Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΡ 1.ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡ 2.ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ 1.ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2.ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Bo ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΡ 12 20 Π₯ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ 48 42 ΠΠ΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ 40 58 8 Π΄ΠΎ 28 12 Π΄ΠΎ 40 20 Π΄ΠΎ 95 28 Π΄ΠΎ 90 29 Π΄ΠΎ 72 38 Π΄ΠΎ 98 Whaley & Wong, Donna L. Nursing Care of Infants and Children. (5 th Ed.) St. Luis: Mosby (Unit VIII: Family Centered Care of the Child with Special Needs). Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ? ΠΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π²Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ. 178 ΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠ― Π§ΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ CΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 3,000 ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ. US Census (2005) ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ 54 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ – ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ cΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ». Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π½Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. C cΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ “Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅”. Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ . Π Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π². Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π² Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ , Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1900 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ 179 ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° “ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ” Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ “ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ” Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, Π² 1940 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ, Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ. Π Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. BΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΡΠ΄, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ “ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ” ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, nΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΠΊΡ Π Π΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. 180 Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΊΡΠ΅ Π Π΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅? Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎ ΠΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ , Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΊΡΠ° Π Π΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 1973 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ “(…) ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅.” ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ . ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ “ ΠΠΊΡ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ c ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°”, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² “ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ” Π΄Π»Ρ ”ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ .” ΠΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ- ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ 3 Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π² ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ 181 Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³Π΄Π΅-ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° “ ΠΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ” 1990 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ “P.L. 94-142” ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ “ΠΠΠΠ―”. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ (ΠΠΠΠ―) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π° Π½Π΅ Ρ 3 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° 3 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ? Π Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π² Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ 182 ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π² 1977 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ± ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅? Π Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ “Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ” Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. 183 Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ? Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π· Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ cΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° www.wrightslaw.org. Π ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²? Π‘ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ 184 Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅. Π§Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ,ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ» Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ 15 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 60 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ, Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. 185 ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ: Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Ρ, Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ? ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ. 186 Π’Π ΠΠ’Π¬Π― Π§ΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ Π£ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ (SSI) ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ (SSI) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° SSI, Π²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ SSI ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° cΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ http://www.ssa.gov/ssi/text-eligibilityussi.htm ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 1-800-772-1213. 187 ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ°, Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Ρ SSI cΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ SSI Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Medi-Cal. Medi-Cal ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° MediCal, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Ρ SSI ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° (income waiver) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅. Medi-Cal ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄. Medi-Cal ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ 30 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 188 ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ²Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΠΊΡΡΠ³, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Medi-Cal Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Medi-Cal ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ CCS, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Medi-Cal ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Medi-Cal ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Medi-Cal ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ co-pay ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 916-552-9200. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ½Π°Π±Π΄ΠΈΠ² Π²Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ CCS, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ 189 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ CCS Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ CCS ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ cΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ CCS, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, Π‘Π‘S ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ cΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ: ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (PT) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (OT), Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½, ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (MTP), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ CCS, Π·Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° 190 http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 916-875-9900 Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ 21 ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π², ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ/ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ/ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ 24 ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 18 Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ: 1. Π£ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΡ 2. Π¦Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ 3. ΠΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ 4. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ 191 5. ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 6. ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ( ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 36 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³: CΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ – ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π‘Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ 192 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ( cΠ»ΡΡ ) ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ· ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅: http:// www.altaregional.org/index.cfm, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 916-978-6400. ΠΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ , Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅, Π²ΡΠΉΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ. 193 Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Ρ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ 4 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅. Π ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅: http://warmlinefrc.crg ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 1-800-660-7995. 194 ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ: 1. 50% ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ 2. 25% ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ 3. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ 4. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π°, ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ: 1. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ : ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ; ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ; ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ. 2. ΠΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ : ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡ. 3. CΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ: cΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. 4. Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ: ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. 195 5. Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ: Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ: ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π‘Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 916-228-3952. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅. 196 ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ? Π£ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ –Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²Ρ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ. 197 Π§ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ Π’ΠΠ― Π§ΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠ’Π£Π Π ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ£Π§ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ¬Π¨ΠΠ ΠΠΠ€ΠΠ ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ , ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π² ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ . Π ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³/ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΡΠΉΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ: ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ/ Babies with Down Syndrome: A New Parent’s Guide Edited by Susan J. Skallerup Third Edition, 2008 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅: ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ 198 ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠ°: ΠΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ bΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ²Π°./ Expecting Adam: A True Story of Birth, Rebirth, and Everyday Magic By Martha Beck 2000 Berkley Trade ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π₯Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ: ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ./ Gifts: Mothers Reflect on How Children with Down Syndrom Enrich their Lives Edited by Kathryn Lynard Soper 2007 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· 63 ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ 199 Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ, Π²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ ( Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ), Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅: ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡ./ Down (Syndrom) But Not Out: A Journey from Grief to Joy By Joyce Sampson 2007 Pleasant Word: A division of WinePress Publishing ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΉΠ³Π΅, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΉ: ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅./ A Special Kind of Hero: Chris Burke’s Own Story By Jo Beth McDaniel 2001 Iuniverse ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ.Π’ΡΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ – Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ “ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ”. Π§ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ Π²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. 200 ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ: Π Π°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Counting Us In: Groving Up with Down Syndrome By Jason Kingsley and Mitchel Levitz 2007 Harvest Books ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ: ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²./ Early Communication Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Libby Kumin 2003 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡ. 201 Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ: ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²./ Gross Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Patricia C. Winders 1997 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ: ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²./ Fine Motor Skills in Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals By Maryanne Bruni 2nd Edition 2006 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°. 202 ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ./ The Down Syndrome Nutrition Handbook: A Guide to Promoting Healthy Lifestyles. By Joan Guthrie Medlen 2nd Edition 2006 Phronesis Publishing ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ: ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ./ Teaching Children with Down Syndrome to Read: A Guide for Parents and Teachers By Patricia Logan Oelwein 1995 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅. 203 ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²: ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ./ Teaching Math to People with Down Syndrome and Other Hands on Learners: Basic Survival Skills By DeAnna Horstmeier 2004 Woodbine House ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. 204 ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡ Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° National Down Syndrome Society www.ndss.org ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° National Down Syndrome Congress www.ndsccenter.org ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ Down Syndrome Information Alliance www.downsyndromeinfo.org ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. 205 MΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Downs Ed International http://www.downsed.org/en/gb/default.aspx ΠΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Downs Ed USA Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½: ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Wright’s Law: Information about the Law and Rights http://wrightslaw.com ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ . Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°. 206 ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡΠΌ. Π£ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. / My Friend has Down Syndrom By Jennifer Moor-Mallinos ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ! ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΡΠ½ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ! / Hi! I’m Ben and I’ve Got a Secret! By Julie A. Bouwkamp ΠΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΠ·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π»Π°. / My Friend Isabelle By Eliza Wolosen Π₯ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ, ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ. /We’ll Paint the Octopus Red By S.A. Boden Π― ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ? / I Can, Can You? By Marjorie W. Pitzer He Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ: ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. /Don’t Call Me Special: A First Look at Disabilities By Pat Thomas ΠΠΎΡ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°./ My Up and Down and All Around Book By Marjorie W. Pitzer ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ!/We Can Do It! By Lara Dwight Π£ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ. /Our Brother Has Down Syndrome By Shelly CairΠΎ Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ. / The Best Worst Brother By Stephanie-Boden 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alta California Regional Center [ACRC]. (2008). Who we serve. Retrieved January 5, 2010, from http://www.altaregional.org. Batshaw, M. L., Pellegrino, L. & Roizen, N. J. (2007) Children with disabilities (6th Ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Brault, M. W. (2008). Americans with disabilities 2005: Current population report. Washington DC: US Census Bureau. California Department of Developmental Services. [DDS]. (2008). California children’s services. Retrieved January 10, 2010, from http://www.dds.ca.gov. California Department of Education [CDE]. (2009). A composite of laws: Covering laws enacted during 2006. (31st Ed.). Sacramento, CA: CDE Publishing Press. California Department of Education [CDE]. (2008). 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