Ch. 17: Physical & Cognitive
Chapter 18: Emotional & Social
Development in Late Adulthood
review
Terminology
• What is the difference between functional age
and chronological age?
• What is meant by average life expectance?
Maximum lifespan? Why are some people
more concerned about average active
lifespan?
• What are Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?
Physical Systems
• What types of changes are typically experienced in the various
physical systems? How do these impact one’s life?
– Nervous system
– Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
– Immune system
• Declines in (some/all) of the sensory systems are evident in
later life.
• What are the impacts of changes in the senses?
vision
hearing
taste and smell
touch
Sleep
• True or False: Older adults require about as
much total sleep as younger adults.
• What are some common sleep problems that
older adults experience? What are some of
the potential causes of these? What are some
solutions?
Physical Appearance and Domains
• What are some typical changes that one might
expect in terms of physical appearance in late
adulthood?
• True or False: Both height and weight tend to
decline in late adulthood.
• Explain how physical and mental health are
intimately related in late life.
Dementia and Alzheimer’s
• T/F Alzheimer’s is the only form of dementia.
• T/F Alzheimer’s is the most common form of
dementia.
• T/F Alzheimer’s can be cured.
Cognitive Development
• (Recall / Recognition) memory shows fewer declines in late
adulthood.
• Age differences are greater for (implicit / deliberate)
memory. Explain your answer.
• What is the difference between remote memory and
prospective memory?
• True or False: Language comprehension shows little change
in later life, as long as conversational partners do not speak
too quickly and older adults are given enough time to
process accurately.
Cognitive Development
• True or False: As long as they perceive problems
as under their control and as important, older
people are active and effective in solving
problems of everyday life.
• What is wisdom?
• True or False: A wide range of chronic conditions,
including vision and hearing impairments and
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis
and arthritis are strongly associated with
cognitive declines.
Psychosocial Development
True or False: Ego integrity is associated with favorable
psychological well-being.
Match Peck’s three tasks towards attaining ego integrity
with their descriptions.
___ Surmounting physical limitations by emphasizing
other rewarding capacities
___ Finding ways to affirm self-worth beyond one’s
career
___ Facing the reality of death constructively through
efforts to improve life for younger generations
A. Ego differentiation B. Body transcendence C. Ego transcendence
Psychosocial Development
• What are some of the community, neighborhood
and housing options available to older adults?
• Although the size of social networks
(increase/decrease) with age, older adults are
(regularly/rarely) left without people in their
inner circle who contribute to their well-being.
• Describe trends in important relationships in later
adulthood: spouse, siblings, friends, adult
children.
ANSWERS
Terminology
• Functional age is based on actual competency and performance.
Chronological age is based on the calendar.
•
• Average life expectance is the number of years a person born in a certain
year can expect to, starting at any given age. Maximum lifespan is the the
species-specific biological limit of life. Average active lifespan is the
number of years a person born in a certain year can expect to live in full
health, free from disease and illness. Being able to actively participate in
life is valued by many individuals.
• Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are basic self-care tasks required to live on
one’s own, such as bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed or a chair,
or eating. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are the tasks
necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some
cognitive competence, such as telephoning, shopping, food preparation,
housekeeping and paying the bills.
Physical Systems
• What types of changes are typically experienced in the various
physical systems? How do these impact one’s life?
– Nervous system
– Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
– Immune system
All systems decline throughout
late adulthood. Assistance may
be needed as systems decline.
• Declines in (some/all) of the sensory systems are evident in
later life.
• What are the impacts of changes in the senses?
vision
Leisure; daily activities
hearing
Social; safety and enjoyment
taste and smell
Nutrition and safety
touch
Leisure and safety
Sleep
• True or False: Older adults require about as
much total sleep as younger adults.
• What are some common sleep problems that
older adults experience? What are some of the
potential causes of these? What are some
solutions?
– Trouble falling asleep, insomnia, and difficulties
staying asleep. Changing circadian rhythms, illness,
medication side effects. Consistent sleep-wake
pattern, exercise, only using the bedroom for sleep.
Physical Appearance and Domains
• What are some typical changes that one might expect
in terms of physical appearance in late adulthood?
– Changes in the skin, including sagging and wrinkles, age
spots, and a transparency. Broadening of the nose and
ears. Thinning and greying of the hair. Discoloration and
damage to the teeth and gums.
• True or False: Both height and weight tend to decline
in late adulthood.
• Explain how physical and mental health are intimately
related in late life.
– All domain are interconnected. Those in poor health often
become depressed, and vice-versa.
Dementia and Alzheimer’s
• T/F Alzheimer’s is the only form of dementia.
– Dementia is a set of disorders in which disruptions in
thoughts and behaviors disrupt daily activity. Abut a
dozen forms of dementia have been identified.
• T/F Alzheimer’s is the most common form of
dementia.
– About 60% of dementia is one of the two forms of
Alzheimer’s.
• T/F Alzheimer’s can be cured.
– Some symptoms can be managed or controlled, but
there is no cure.
Cognitive Development
• (Recall / Recognition) memory shows fewer declines in late adulthood.
• Age differences are greater for (implicit / deliberate) memory. Explain your
answer.
– Age differences in implicit memory are much smaller than than in deliberate,
or explicit, memory. Memory that depends on familiarity rather than on
conscious use of strategies is largely spared with old age.
• What is the difference between remote memory and prospective memory?
– Remote memory is very long-term remote memory. Prospective memory
refers to remembering to engage in planned actions in the future.
• True or False: Language comprehension shows little change in later life, as
long as conversational partners do not speak too quickly and older adults
are given enough time to process accurately.
Cognitive Development
• True or False: As long as they perceive problems as under
their control and as important, older people are active and
effective in solving problems of everyday life.
• What is wisdom?
– “Expertise in the conduct and meaning of life.”
• True or False: A wide range of chronic conditions, including
vision and hearing impairments and cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, osteoporosis and arthritis are strongly associated
with cognitive declines.
Psychosocial Development
True or False: Ego integrity is associated with favorable
psychological well-being.
Match Peck’s three tasks towards attaining ego integrity
with their descriptions.
_B__ Surmounting physical limitations by emphasizing
other rewarding capacities
_A__ Finding ways to affirm self-worth beyond one’s
career
_C__ Facing the reality of death constructively through
efforts to improve life for younger generations
A. Ego differentiation B. Body transcendence C. Ego transcendence
Psychosocial Development
•
What are some of the community, neighborhood and housing
options available to older adults?
– Ordinary residential homes, senior communities, congregate housing,
life-care communities, nursing homes
• Although the size of social networks (increase/decrease) with age,
older adults are (regularly/rarely) left without people in their inner
circle who contribute to their well-being.
• Describe trends in important relationships in later adulthood:
spouse, siblings, friends, adult children.
– Marriages are typically positive, though one spouse typically passes
before the other; siblings bonds are often close; friends continue to be
important social supports; caretaking roles between parents and
children often reverse as parents age, the quality rather than quantity
of interaction with adult children affect older adults’ life satisfaction