Study guide for test 3- Anth1000c- Fall 2003
NB! Please note that the guide is more textbook oriented and does not contain
questions based on topics and issues which are dealt with exclusively in the class.
The answer sheet is available at the end of the guide.
1.
Australian's juvenile justice system is an example of a legal system that has
managed to avoid discrimination against Aboriginal peoples.
a. True
b. False
2.
The cross-cultural distribution of polygyny is associated with
a. the value of women's labor.
b. warfare and the scarcity of men.
c. economic expansion in certain environments.
d. the presence of strong male bonding especially between brothers.
e. all of the above.
3.
In unilineal descent systems:
a. some very close "blood" relatives are excluded from your kin group.
b. all close biological relatives are included in your kin group.
c. no close relatives are included in your kin group.
d. the family line will soon die out.
e. both males and females can inherit equally.
4.
Bilineal descent systems are:
a. always found in pastoralist societies.
b. the most common system known.
c. less common than unilineal descent systems.
d. associated most clearly linked with tropical horticulture.
e. found to exist only in people's myths, never reality.
5.
According to the textbook, kinship is mainly based on which three factors?
a. genetics, language, and learning.
b. love, respect, and caring.
c. sharing, adoption and marriage.
d. descent, sharing and marriage.
e. descent, divorce and fate.
6.
The incest taboo:
a. leads to exogamy.
b. forbids marriage or sexual intercourse with the same set of relatives in all
cultures.
c. is the rule that universally prevents cousin marriage.
d. applies only to sexual intercourse, not marriage.
e. has no apparent useful function in society.
7.
Same-sex marriages
a. are not anywhere recognized as official.
b. occur only in industrial societies.
c. are an uncommon but legitimate form of marriage in some societies.
d. occur only where women's role in production is not important.
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e. occur mainly in patrilineal societies.
8.
Marriage:
a. is a cultural universal.
b. must involve at least one male and one female.
c. involves minimally a woman and her children.
d. is universal and identical in form among all humans.
e. all of the above.
9.
The marital residence pattern typical in North America is:
a. the extended family.
b. patrilocality.
c. matrilocality.
d. neolocality.
e. the nuclear family.
10.
Social exchange theory, as related to kinship studies, focuses on
a. the differences between restricted and generalized exchange systems.
b. how the exchange of people through marriage as important in establishing
social networks.
c. why all cultures have some form of marriage.
d. the role of incest taboos in prompting people to establish spousal exchange
systems.
e. all of the above.
11.
Marriage between cousins, including "first cousins"
a. is taboo in all cultures due to genetic problems for children born in such
marriages.
b. was common among the Mormons of the United States until it was outlawed.
c. is the standard practice in small island populations of Europe, such as Tory
Island.
d. was probably the prominent form of marriage among early foragers.
e. is the preferred form of marriage among many Muslim populations.
12.
The system of descent in which property is passed down through the female line is
called
a. bilineal.
b. matriarchal.
c. matrilineal.
d. fostering.
e. feminism.
13.
An example of kinship established through sharing is
a. descent.
b. marriage.
c. brideprice.
d. double descent.
e. godparenthood.
14.
The totality of a person's ideas about and behavior toward people considered to be
kin is referred to as that person's
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
religion.
emics and etics combined.
kinship diagram.
kinship system.
genealogy.
15.
Bilineal kinship systems
a. trace descent more or less equally from both father and mother.
b. are found mainly in economies that are tied to spatially fixed resources such as
land.
c. are the most common form of kinship system cross-culturally.
d. tend to be associated most clearly with male dominance in society.
e. are on the decline compared to unilineal systems.
16.
In a patrilineal kinship system, a married couple is most likely to reside
a. with or near the parents of the bride.
b. with or near the parents of the groom.
c. with or near the bride's mother's brother.
d. alternating between the bride's family and the groom's family.
e. with the bride's family for the first year and then with the groom's family.
17.
Neolocal residence for married couples is most associated with
a. Western industrialized society.
b. bilineal kinship systems.
c. a mode of production that benefits from a flexible labor force.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
18.
When property or money is transferred from the groom and/or members of his
family to the parents of the bride, this is called
a. dowry.
b. child marriage.
c. brideprice or bridewealth.
d. marriage by capture.
e. "side marriage."
19.
Most cultural anthropologists would accept as the minimal accepted definition of
marriage a "union between two or more people."
a. True
b. False
20.
A rule that says a person must find a marriage partner from outside their village is
called exogamy.
a. True
b. False
21.
Adopting a child forms kinship bonds that the textbook categorizes as sharingbased.
a. True
b. False
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22.
High rates of divorce in North America have produced a tendency for matrifocality
within a general system of bilineal descent.
a. True
b. False
23.
No culture recognizes homosexual marriages as legal.
a. True
b. False
24.
In South India, cousin marriage is a preferred form of marriage.
a. True
b. False
25.
The three bases of kinship described in the textbook are _____________, sharing
and marriage.
26.
In ancient _______________, brother-sister marriage was considered especially
appropriate for royal families.
27.
Define the incest taboo and some important variations cross-culturally in it.
28.
What kind of marital residence system characterizes industrial society and what is
a possible reason for this pattern?
29.
How does the mode of production affect kinship systems? Give concrete
examples.
30.
A person's class position in North America is
a. almost completely ascribed.
b. determined solely by education.
c. usually measured in terms of income level.
d. closely correlated with his/her religion.
e. determined mainly by ethnicity.
31.
Clubs and fraternities often define membership on some sense of shared identity.
For example, the United Empire Loyalists in Canada
a. is a women's groups mostly focus on issues related to the domestic domain.
b. are organizations with political motives and dominated by male leaders in Latin
America.
c. comprise of people sharing the same ethnic heritage.
d. part of organizations with undefined memberships.
e. closely related with religion.
32.
The Chinese takeover of Tibetan medicine is an example of
a. cultural imperialism.
b. racism.
c. modernization.
d. mechanical solidarity.
e. Sanskritization.
33.
Social ranking on the basis of caste is
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
an ascribed system.
a cross-cultural universal.
no longer an operational social system in India.
an example of a primary social group.
of great ritual importance in India but has no economic or political importance.
34.
Which of the following is an ascribed status?
a. anthropology professor
b. Queen of England
c. president of the United States
d. prime minister of England
e. winning team of the World Series
35.
Bonds based on friendship are
a. probably found in all cultures.
b. most common in foraging cultures where all relationships are "face-to-face."
c. one of the most over-studied topics of cultural anthropology.
d. more common among youth than among adults.
e. more common among women than among men.
36.
According to a study of male prisoners described in the textbook, an important
factor in the development of friendship among them is
a. age of the inmates.
b. the particular crimes that the prisoners were convicted of committing.
c. whether or not the prisoner has supportive kin "on the outside."
d. the amount of "free time" the prisoners are given.
e. the duration of the inmates' sentences.
37.
As foragers of the Kalahari desert have settled into permanent locations
a. social ties based on friendship have emerged as often more important than
those based on kinship.
b. conflict about sharing has increased.
c. divorce rates have risen.
d. health problems have increased.
e. all of the above.
38.
Saying that membership in a club provides a sense of psychological identity and
support to a person is an example of what kind of interpretation?
a. Marxist.
b. cultural materialist.
c. functionalist.
d. biological determinist (or sociobiological).
e. none of the above: this is simply common sense.
39.
The jajmani system of India
a. has been viewed as a system that links different groups together in mutual
support.
b. is declining in importance.
c. involves exchange of services between various caste groups.
d. has been viewed as benefitting the better-off at the expense of the poor.
e. all of the above.
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40.
In much of Africa, youths who go through circumcision rituals together are said to
constitute
a. cooperatives.
b. age sets.
c. secondary groups.
d. non-mainstream groups.
e. separate ethnic groups.
41.
As opposed to mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity is based on
a. differences in abilities and resources among people or groups.
b. exploitation and repression of the less powerful by the more powerful.
c. civil society.
d. racial classification.
e. solidarity gained through members undergoing painful body-marking rituals of
some sort.
42.
An example of a diaspora ethnic group whose members are discriminated against
by "mainstream" society is
a. Han Chinese.
b. irrigation groups of Chiangmai, Thailand.
c. body modifiers of California.
d. CO-MADRES.
e. the Rom (gypsies).
43.
The cultural materialist interpretation of youth gang membership in contemporary
Western societies emphasizes
a. psychological need for group solidarity.
b. the problems for young boys who grow up without a father living at home.
c. unemployment rates of industrial societies.
d. the symbolic value to the youths of "colours," tattoos and other markings.
e. young people's innate aggressive drives and urges.
44.
Egyptian feminist Nawal el Saadawi was able to bring about solidarity among men
and women in prison by uniting them through the teachings of the Islamic religion.
a. True
b. False
45.
Research on college campuses in North America reveals that fraternities and
sororities construct a sense of belonging through similar rituals.
a. True
b. False
46.
The weaving activities of women provide a major source of income for Ifugao
families and function without cooperatives.
a. True
b. False
47.
Cooperatives are characteristic forms of non-kin groups in all modes of production.
a. True
b. False
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48.
No successful cases of women's cooperatives have been documented crossculturally.
a. True
b. False
49.
The concept of class was especially important to the theories of Karl Marx.
a. True
b. False
50.
China has dealt with its many ethnic groups by working to blend them all into one
homogeneous whole.
a. True
b. False
51.
A functionalist interpretation of the jajmani system would see it as providing "safety
nets" or "social security" for the service providers.
a. True
b. False
52.
Due to recent legislation of the Indian government, discrimination on the basis of
class has been outlawed.
a. True
b. False
53.
Groups formed to help protect the ecology in contemporary nations fit in the
category of civil society.
a. True
b. False
54.
Solidarity based on sameness is referred to as _______________ solidarity.
55.
An example of an ascribed status position is _______________.
56.
India's system of social ranking is referred to as the _______________ system.
57.
The _______________ system of legalized racial stratification and segregation
has recently been brought to an end in South Africa.
58.
The term used to refer to groups of people who are displaced or dispersed from
their original homeland is _______________ population.
59.
Define the concepts of status, ascribed status, and achieved status.
60.
What is meant by the concept of "social race"?
61.
Describe how aspects of social inequality are reinforced through two examples of
social groups or social stratification (for example, race, gender, class, caste).
62.
Describe two examples of how social groups function to perform important roles in
the wider society.
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63.
In tribal societies, leadership tends to be based on
a. ascribed status.
b. achievement.
c. heredity.
d. luck.
e. physical strength.
64.
Which of the following is not generally thought to be a factor contributing to the rise
of the state?
a. intensive agriculture.
b. high population density.
c. gender equality.
d. increasing surpluses.
e. complex division of labor.
65.
Compared to other forms of political organization, state leaders are most likely to
be able to use
a. coercive force.
b. persuasion.
c. social pressure.
d. moral authority.
e. kinship networks.
66.
The functionalist view of politics emphasizes
a. that all primates, human and nonhuman, exhibit political behavior.
b. how change in politics is related to change in people's values and symbols.
c. how political systems maintain social cohesion.
d. that politics is the basis for social conflict.
e. how male and female roles in politics are complementary.
67.
Democracy movements have grown in resistance to authoritarian regimes in
several countries. For instance, Aung San Suu Kyi, head of a political party
overwhelmingly won the 1990 free elections in
a. Indonesia.
b. China.
c. Hong Kong.
d. Singapore.
e. Myanmar (Burma).
68.
Formal taxation most characterizes which form of political organization?
a. band.
b. tribe.
c. chiefdom.
d. state.
e. all of the above: all forms of political organization must be able to raise
resources from their people.
69.
The form of political organization called the state is characterized by
a. a way of maintaining demographic records about its citizens.
b. a standing army.
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c. control of information (propaganda).
d. its ability to define citizenship.
e. all of the above.
70.
Influence refers to a way of gaining a desired end without the use of force.
a. True
b. False
71.
The form of political organization that is typically found among horticulturalists is
the band.
a. True
b. False
72.
The Kurds are one example of an ethnic group that seeks to form a separate
nation.
a. True
b. False
73.
Most scholars now agree that one factor--population growth--is the single cause of
the origin of the state.
a. True
b. False
74.
In Kuwait, a major difference exists in the status and rights of citizens versus
immigrant non-citizens.
a. True
b. False
75.
An example of an architectural symbol of state power is ________________.
76.
________________ is the term for the ability to use force in order to bring about
results.
77.
Aung San Suu Kyi is a leader of the ________________ movement in Burma.
78.
The maintenance of a full-time, standing army is a characteristic of the form of
political organization known as the ________________.
79.
A contemporary nation that has, or has recently had, a woman as head of state is
________________.
80.
Contrast power with authority.
81.
Explore the differences and similarities in gender roles in political leadership in
bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states. Discuss two cultural examples.
82.
Describe the several powers of the state. How do these powers relate to the
responsibilities of the state and state leaders in comparison to either bands or
tribes? Provide specific examples.
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Answer sheet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
False
e
a
c
d
a
c
a
d
e
e
c
e
d
a
b
d
c
True
True
True
True
False
True
descent
Egypt
E
E
E
c
c
a
a
b
a
e
e
c
e
b
a
e
c
False
False
True
False
False
True
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50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
False
True
False
True
mechanical
race/gender/age/caste/Queen of England/etc.
caste
apartheid
diaspora
E
E
E
E
b
c
a
c
e
d
e
True
False
True
False
True
Egyptian pyramids/the mall in DC/China's Great Wall/Taj Mahal of India/etc.
power
democratization
state
Israel/India/Sri Lanka/Turkey/Bangladesh/Norway/Pakistan/Nicaragua
E
E
E
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