1960s
Cultural Upheaval
Review
• What was the Supreme Court case that ended
segregation in schools?
• A = Brown v. Board of Education
• What law ended segregation in everything else?
• A = Civil Rights Act of 1964.
• Name 4 Civil Rights organizations.
• A = NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC
• CORE led what Civil Rights activity?
• A = Freedom Riders
• What was “Freedom Summer”?
• A = 1964-College students from the North went
to the South to register blacks to vote.
• Who was Stokely Carmichael?
• A = 2nd leader of SNCC. He coined the term
“Black Power.”
• Who was Malcolm X?
• A = He was a leading figure in the Nation of
Islam who said whites were the devil.
• How did Carmichael and Malcolm X differ from
Martin Luther King in their view on how to
achieve civil rights?
• A = Carmichael and King advocated violence.
• What militant black organization was founded in Oakland
in 1966?
• A = The Black Panthers.
• What Supreme Court case set the precedent of Judicial
Review?
• A = Marbury v. Madison
• What is Judicial Review?
• A = That the Supreme Court can decide on whether laws
passed by congress are acceptable according to the
constitution.
Issues
• War in Vietnam
• Civil Rights
• Counter culture
Counter Culture
• “Hippies” People that reject traditional values (“the
establishment”).
• Long hair/different clothes
• Drug use (pot and LSD)
• Rejection of mainstream ideals of sexuality
(availability of birth control).
• Eastern religion and communes.
• Change in music
Impact of Counterculture
• Health Food Stores
• Fashion
• Music
Summer of Love
If you're going to San Francisco,
be sure to wear some flowers in
your hair...
If you're going to San Francisco,
You're gonna meet some gentle
people there.
Lyrics by the Mamas and the Popas
• Hippies from all over the U.S.
go to San Francisco in 1967.
• Over 100,000.
• Most go to Haight-Ashbury
Reasons for Counterculture
• Disillusionment
– A. Civil rights
– B. Vietnam
– C. Materialism of mainstream culture.
Blame elders for creating these problems.
Creates a “Generation Gap” –-Difference in attitudes
between generations.
War in Vietnam
• Opposition starts slowly.
• 1st on College Campuses:
– A. Teach Ins
– B. Student Activism—Sit Ins
• As war goes on, opposition grows.
Student Activism
• College attendance was at an all-time high
(Baby Boomers coming of age and affluence of
society)
• Many students were politically active over Civil
Rights struggle.
• AS U.S. involvement in Vietnam escalated,
Students began to protest the war more.
Free Speech Movement
• Berkeley, 1964.
• Campus Officials ban on
campus recruiting for off
campus organizations.
• Students respond with
protests.
• Led by Mario Savio &
Called “The Berkeley
Free Speech Movement.”
Students for A Democratic Society
• SDS
• Radical Student group founded at
University of Michigan.
• Formed the Core of the “New Left”
(radicals who believed that
traditional liberals could not solve
the problems of racism, poverty,
and the war).
• Spread to other campuses.
Port Huron Statement
• Written by SDS leader
Tom Hayden.
• New Left manifesto that
called for the individuals
to regain control over a
society controlled by
massive government
and corporate
bureaucracies.
The Weatherman
• SDS eventually splits over the issue of violence.
• The most radical—those that are OK with
violence—are called the “weathermen.”
• Name come from Bob Dylan’s “Subterranean
Homesick Blues.”
• Carry out bombings that don’t kill anyone.
“Yippies”
• Youth International Party.
• Anarchist political group.
• Led by Abbie Hoffman.
• Tried for inciting riot at
1968 Democratic National
Convention.
Society Divides over the War
• Regular people begin to join the students
against the war.
• Causes divisions between “Hawks &
Doves.”
• Mostly a generational division (Generation
Gap).
The Draft
•
All 18-year-old males required to
register for draft.
•
Some get deferments.
•
Mostly poor and minorities are exempt
from deferments.
•
2.5 million men are drafted.
•
Escalation increases # drafted
(50,000/month by 1967)
•
Some go to Canada
•
Some protest by burning draft cards.
Civil Rights
• Civil Rights movement causes lots of
turmoil.
• Marches, demonstrations, white violence,
etc.
• Race riots in big cities 1965-1968.
• Riots are usually in the Summer (“Long,
Hot Summers”).
Kerner Commission
• Govt. Commission to find out cause of
race riots.
• Findings: Poverty and prejudice caused
anger and sense of hopelessness in
African Americans.
The Counter Culture
• Abbott Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12,
1989) was a self-identified anarchist,[1] social and political activist in
the United States, co-founder of the Youth International Party
("Yippies"), and later, a fugitive from the law, who lived under an
alias following a conviction for dealing cocaine.
• Hoffman was arrested and tried for conspiracy and inciting to riot as
a result of his role in protests that led to violent confrontations with
police during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, with other
individuals who became known, collectively, as the Chicago seven.
• Hoffman came to prominence in the 1960s, but practiced most of his
activism in the 1970s, and has remained a symbol of the youth
rebellion and radical activism of that decade.[2]
• Anarchist Political Group.