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A Course Recapping
Where we’ve been and where you’re
going…
Monism vs. Dualism
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• We started by considering two different
theories in philosophy regarding the nature
of the mind:
– Monism – Dualism -
Monism vs. Dualism
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• Sensory Systems and
Perception
– We took a “reductionist”
approach to perception
• perception is a result of the
actions of neurons within
various sensory systems
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Reductionist Approach
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Neurons
Networks of Neurons
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Perceptions
Some Themes in Sensation and
Perception
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• Sensory systems extract information about
the world from the energy around you
– acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical,
chemical
– sensory receptors transduce this information
Some Themes in Sensation and
Perception
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• Sensory systems have precise underlying
organization:
– visual system is organized retinotopically
– auditory system is organized tonotopically
– somatosensory system is organized
somatotopically
Some Themes in Sensation and
Perception
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• Perception is a constructive process
– Your brain applies rules to synthesize “best
guess” perceptions: e.g. size constancy, color
constancy
Some Themes in Sensation and
Perception
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• Perception seems to require “top-down”
processes
TOP-DOWN
BOTTOM-UP
Pattern on
Retina
brightness
and line
orientation
Surfaces and
background
COMPARE
identity
possible
identities
Perception is Closely Tied to
Attention (a cognitive function)
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Some Themes in Attention
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• Psychologists use an “information theory”
approach to studying perception
– how much information gets processed
simultaneously?
– Is it processed in parallel? Serial?
Some Themes in Attention
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• Attention is the interface between the
operations of the sensory systems and the
conscious mind
• You tend to be
unaware of what your
not attending to
From Attention to Memory
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• Attention is the gateway to “further
processing”, namely encoding sensory
memory into longer lasting short-term and
long-term storage
Some Themes in Memory
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• There are, in some respects, different
“kinds” of memory
– memory can be differentiated on the basis of
timecourse
– memory can be differentiated on the basis of
the kind of information encoded
Some Themes in Memory
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• Sensory memory is a very brief “snapshot”
of the what’s in the sensory systems
– decays in under 1 second
– isn’t processed for meaning
– doesn’t require attention
Some Themes in Memory
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• Short-term or “Working” memory has a
finite capacity
– holds a few items (7 +/- 2 ?) “in mind”
– requires attentive rehearsal
– spatial information and verbal/subvocal
information are maintained in somewhat
independent systems
Some Themes in Memory
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• Long-term memory holds vast amounts of
information for periods of years
– requires no attentive rehearsal
Some Themes in Memory
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• Long-term memory is really a collection of
different systems that store different kinds
of information:
– Semantic Memory - factual knowledge
– Episodic Memory - autobiographical memories
– Procedural Memory - how to do things
Some Themes in Memory
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• Memory is Fallible Because it is
Reconstructed
– memories are assembled from bits of
information rather than simply “played back”
– false-memories can be “inserted” and previous
memories can be distorted
Some Themes in Memory
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• Not all memory is entered into awareness
– Virtually all the contents of LTM at any one
time
– Repressed memories
– Explicit vs. Implicit Memory
Consciousness
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• Consciousness
– Perhaps the most mysterious phenomenon
we’ve discussed
– Information can be identified, remembered, and
acted upon without awareness
• although not all “subliminal” information does alter
cognition or behavior
Consciousness
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• And so we end with Philosophy:
– The Hard Problem: what makes networks of
neurons aware?
The Final Exam
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The Final Exam
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• Very similar to mid-term
– yes/no, true/false, multiple choice (answer every part of
every question !)
The Final Exam
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• Very similar to mid-term
– yes/no, true/false, multiple choice (answer every part of
every question !)
• Cumulative in that understanding of sensation and
perception is assumed
The Final Exam
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• Very similar to mid-term
– yes/no, true/false, multiple choice (answer every part of
every question !)
• Cumulative in that understanding of sensation and
perception is assumed
• Like mid-term, it is a “thinky” test - requires
careful reasoning to draw conclusions that follow
from experimental results, make predictions based
on hypothesis, etc.