• Map Test 2: March 1
– Middle America
– South America
• Review
• Finish Urban Brazil
• Subsaharan Africa
– Major qualities, physiography & climate
– Development: indigenous & colonial
– Medical geography & disease

Average = 64.8% C
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
F D D+ CC C+ BB B+ AA A+
Letter Grade

BRASILIA
President Juscelino Kubitscheck Bridge
 Forward capital
 1957-60
 What is the contested territory?
 Plano piloto – modernist utopia

• Promote growth in the hinterland
• Concentrated investment
• Urban “ pole de croissance ”
• Industrial focus

Create jobs in depressed areas

Reduce uneven concentrations of wealth

Decentralize industry
• “Ripples” of development
– Spread effects
– Backwash


Inland

Industrial centre

Business capital

25 million


Fazendas

Immigration
 Skilled labor

Relative location
 Minas Gerais
 Power
 Santos

Itaipu Dam
Southern Cone

TRANSITION ZONES
• An area of spatial change where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join
• Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms

• Plateaus & basins, arid steppe, savannah & rain forest, great lakes, generally low fertility soils
• Dozens of countries and hundreds of ethnic groups, linguistically and culturally fragmented
• Subsistence cultivation & mineral extraction
• Political boundaries, a colonial ‘legacy’
• Dislocated peoples and refugees
• Underdevelopment, poverty, corruption, unstable governments, environmental & health problems

AFRICA’S
PHYSIOGRAPHY

VEGETATION

EARLY KINGDOMS

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

• European colonial objectives
– A port along the West African coast
– A water route to Asia
– 1500’s- human resources: slaves
– Limited penetration
– 1850- European industrialization
• Increased demand for mineral resources
• Need to expand agricultural production

BERLIN CONFERENCE
1884
• 14 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures
• Superimposed boundaries
-- Unified regions were ripped apart
-- Hostile societies combined
-- Migration routes were closed off.
• By 1950: political fragmentation.

• Great Britain : “ Indirect Rule ” (Ghana, Nigeria,
Kenya, Zimbabwe)
– Indigenous power structures left intact
– Local rulers made representatives of the crown.
• France : “ Assimilationist ” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory
Coast, etc.)
– Enforced a direct rule: Promotion of French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)

• Portugal : “ Exploitation ” (Guinea-
Bissau, Angola, Mozambique)
– First to enslave and colonize
– Last to grant independence
– Rigid control: raw resource oriented
• Belgium : “ Paternalism ” (Rwanda,
Congo (Zaire), Burundi)
– Exploitation of resources
– Ruthless treatment of indigenous African labourers

• Hundreds of languages
• Intertribal antagonism (e.g., Rwanda)
• Low level of development is linked to colonization
– Transportation facilities
• Interior to coastal ports
• Terrain is difficult