Distribution of Body Weights in
American Adults

How Does Canada Do??
47.9% of Canadian Adults were overweight in 1998

Provinces

Fattest Cities in Canada ??

What about kids ??
Girls
Overweight
Obese
Boys
Overweight
Obese
1981
13
2
11
2
1996
27
9
33
10

Fat Cell Development
During periods of growth in late childhood/earl y puberty, # on fat cells increase
During periods of excess intake, fats cell size increases
When fat cells have reached their maximum size, the cell number increases
Even with fat loss, the cells may shrink but not the number

LPL Levels and Set Point Theory
LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase)
-- located on adipose cell membranes and promote fat storage
-- higher the activity level of LPL, the more efficient storage of fat is
-- after weight lose, LPL increases, increasing fat deposition

The Weight-Cycling Effect of Repeated Dieting
Each period of dieting results in a resetting of your
“homeostatic set point”.
Therefore, each loss is followed by a gain even larger than the loss

The ob Protein: Leptin

Leptin’s Action in the Body:
Negative Energy Balance

Leptin’s Action in the Body:
Positive Energy Balance

The Psychology Weight Cycling
Where does this “I’m not happy with my appearance” come from?

Height
Weight
Dress size
Bust
Waist
Hips
BMI
Comparison of Average Women, Barbie and Store Mannequins
“Average”
Women
5 ’ 4”
145 lbs.
11 -14
36 - 37 ”
29 - 31 ”
40 - 42 ”
24.97
Store
Barbie
Mannequins
6 ’ 0”
101 lbs
4
39 ”
19 ”
33 ”
6 ’ 0”
Not available
6
34”
23”
34”
13.7

BMI of Miss America Winners

Interview on
Dateline following her Cover Story in More Magazine

Aggressive Methods of Weight Control
Drugs:
Sibutramine - suppresses appetite by inhibiting uptake of serotonin
Orlistat - inhibits pancreatic lipase activity lowering the efficiency of fat digestion and absorption
Over the counter:
Benzocaine, Acutrim, Dex-A-Diet,
Phenyldrine, Phenoxine,

Aggressive Methods of Weight Control
Herbal:
St. John’s Wort
Ma Huang - Ephedrine
(Nature’s Own Fat Burner!!)
CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid)

Aggressive Methods of Weight Control
Surgery:
Suction lipectomy - Liposuction
Stomach restriction
- Gastric Bypass Surgery

Surgical
Methods of
Weight Control
Gastric Bypass

More Reasonable Methods for Weight Loss
Weight Loss Eating Plans:
- emphasize Adequacy
- smaller portions (e.g. grazing)
- emphasize Complex Carbs
- select Fats wisely
- emphasize Nutitional Density
- drink lots of water
- increase Physical Activity

More Reasonable Methods for Weight Gain
Weight Gain Eating Plans:
- Energy Dense Foods
- Regular Meals
- Add Extra Snacks
- Juice & Milk
- Physical Activity builds Muscle

Athlete Eating Disorders -
Female Athlete Triad
Eating Disorder
(Restrictive dieting, Over-exercising,
Weight loss and Lack of body fat)
Osteoporosis
(Loss of Calcium from Bones)
Amenorrhea
(Hormone production diminished)

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa
- refusal to maintain healthy body weight
( Usually < 85% of healthy body weight )
- intense fear of gaining body weight
- see themselves in unrealistic way
- restrictive and binge-and-purge types

Bulimia Nervosa
- relatively normal body weight
- see themselves in unrealistic way
- purge and non-purging types

Binge Eating Disorder
- normal and obese body weight
- see themselves in unrealistic way
- rarely purge
- behavioral disorder