Read more than 4,000 books online FREE! More than 1900 PDFs now available for sale Results prepared November 27, 2012 Records included: 171 For more information on TRB hazards and security research activities please contact: Stephan A. Parker, Senior Program Officer Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street NW Washington, DC 20001 202-334-2554 saparker@nas.edu Sept. 9 -- In a statement, the presidents of the NAS, NAE, and IOM reflect on the losses of Sept. 11 and our commitment to find ways to better protect the nation. (U.S. Navy photo by Michael W. Pendergrass) Sept. 9, 2011 A Statement by the Presidents of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine in Commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of 9/11 We join our fellow citizens in remembering the victims of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and their families on the 10th anniversary of that tragic day. We are grateful to the nation’s first responders, and recall the heroism of emergency workers at Ground Zero in New York City and here at the Pentagon. And we are thankful to all those who have served to defend and protect our nation over the past decade. In the aftermath of Sept. 11, our scientific, engineering, and medical communities took on a heightened responsibility to pursue research aimed at strengthening the security of the United States. Within a year of the attacks, the National Research Council issued the report Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Other reports and workshops since then have helped to better protect the country from terrorism and prepare for future emergencies. We will never forget the tragic losses of Sept. 11. Ralph J. Cicerone President, National Academy of Sciences Charles M. Vest President, National Academy of Engineering Harvey V. Fineberg President, Institute of Medicine Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) www.TRB.org/SecurityPubs A slideshow summary of the Transportation Research Board’s pre- and post-September 11, 2001, transportation hazards and security activities is one of the 100+ publications available for download or ordering at www.TRB.org/SecurityPubs. The list of publications is updated weekly. The National Academies > Earth & Life Studies > Disasters Roundtable Disasters Roundtable Workshop Summaries (2001- present) 34: Integrating Disaster Recovery: What Should Long-Term Disaster Recovery Look Like? (March 21,2012) 33: Coexisting with Risk from Natural Disasters 32 : Using Lessons from Haiti and Chile to Reduce Global Risk 30: Designing for Disaster Resilience 29: Remote Sensing and Disasters 25: Children, Youth and Disasters 24: Cascading Disasters: How Disasters Unfold 23: Making the World Safer from Disasters: The U.S. Role 22:Disaster Risk Management in an Age of Climate Change 21: Disaster Recovery 20: Creating and Using Multi-Hazards Knowledge and Strategies 19: Protecting Lives and Property at our Coastlines 18: Citizen Engagement in Emergency Planning for a Flu Pandemic 17: Rebuilding for Health, Sustainability, and Disaster Preparedness in the Gulf Coast Region 16: Community Disaster Resilience 15: Law, Science, and Disaster 14: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Implications for U.S. and Global Disaster Reduction and Preparedness 13: Lessons Learned Between Hurricanes: From Hugo to Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jean 12: Creating a Disaster Resilient America: Grand Challenges in Science and Technology 11: Public Health Risks of Disasters: Building Capacity to Respond 10: Reducing Future Flood Losses: The Role of Human Actions 9: Hazards Watch: Reducing Disaster Losses Through Improved Earth Observations 8: The Emergency Manager of the Future 7: The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program at Twenty-Five Years: Accomplishments and Challenges 6: Alerting America: Effective Risk Communication 5: From Climate to Weather: Impacts on Society and Economy 4: Countering Terrorism: Lessons Learned from Natural and Technological Disasters 3: Sea Level Rise and Coastal Disasters 2: Natural Disasters and Energy Policy 1: Urban/Wildland Fire Interface (January 2001) 2 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System (2012) The U.S. power delivery system is remarkably complex. Its network of substations, transmission lines, and distribution lines are not designed to withstand or quickly recover from damage inflicted simultaneously on multiple components. In addition, investment to strengthen and upgrade the grid has lagged, resulting in a high-voltage system with many heavily stressed parts. Overall, the nation’s power grid is in need of expansion and upgrading. Since all parts of the economy—as well as human health and welfare—depend on electricity, the results of a wellplanned and coordinated attack on the power delivery system could be particularly devastating. This report1 examines technologies and strategies that could make the power delivery system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the power is out. The approaches explored in the report can greatly reduce the grid’s vulnerability to cascading failures, whether initiated by terrorists, nature, or malfunctions. Report | Report in Brief (PDF) The National Academies > Earth & Life Studies > Disaster Management and Homeland Security > Reports: Academies Findings The division produces 60-70 reports per year. These reports are unique, authoritative expert evaluations. Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review. The experts who volunteer their time participating on study committees are vetted to make sure that the committee has the range of expertise needed to address the task, that they have a balance of perspectives, and to identify and eliminate members with conflicts of interest. All reports undergo a rigorous, independent peer review to assure that the statement of task has been addressed, that conclusions are adequately supported, and that all important issues raised by the reviewers are addressed. Thus, while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy. Twenty-first Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels: Parts A and B (2012) AEGLs (acute exposure guideline levels) are guidelines developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for exposure to hazardous chemicals. The guidelines are used by federal, state, and local governments and by the private sector for prevention and emergency-response planning for potential releases of chemicals, either from accidents or as a result of terrorist activities. Part A includes an assessment of EPA’s draft AEGLs documents for the following chemicals: acrylonitrile, allyl alcohol, epichlorohydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylphosphorodichloridate, hexane, ketene, lewisite, mercaptans, methanesulfonyl chloride, methyl isothiocyanate, monoisocyanates, nitric acid, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, tear gas, titanium tetrachloride, trimehtylacetyl chloride, and vinyl acetate monomer. Part B covers aliphatic nitriles, benzonitrile, and methacrylonitrile. 3 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative (2012) Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation toward greater resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause. Enhanced resilience -- the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events -- involves proactive investment in resilience-building measures, including the development of a national "culture of resilience" to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities. This report addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters by presenting a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030, as well as several approaches that individuals, communities, organizations, the private sector, and governments can take to achieve that vision. Dam and Levee Safety and Community Resilience: A Vision for Future Practice (2012) Although advances in engineering can reduce the risk of dam and levee failure, some failures will still occur. Such events cause impacts on social and physical infrastructure that extend far beyond the flood zone. Broadening dam and levee safety programs to consider community- and regional-level priorities in decision making can help reduce the risk of, and increase community resilience to, potential dam and levee failures. Collaboration between dam and levee safety professionals at all levels, persons and property owners at direct risk, members of the wider economy, and the social and environmental networks in a community would allow all stakeholders to understand risks, shared needs, and opportunities, and make more informed decisions related to dam and levee infrastructure and community resilience. Fundamental shifts in safety culture will be necessary to integrate the concepts of resilience into dam and levee safety programs. Evaluation of the Updated Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas (2012) The updated site-specific risk assessment for the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility is a substantial improvement over the original 2010 site-specific risk assessment, but is still inadequate in fully characterizing the risks associated with operating a high biocontainment facility in Manhattan, Kansas. Many of the shortcomings identified in a 2010 National Research Council report have been addressed in this updated assessment and more conventional risk analysis methods were used. However, many risk analysis methods were misinterpreted and misapplied when executed, and questionable and inappropriate assumptions were used throughout the updated site-specific risk assessment which led to artificially low estimates of the probabilities and amounts of pathogen that might be released. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: (2012) At the request of the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for several chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies, such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in community, workplace, transportation, and military settings, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts. This volume in the series includes AEGLs for butane, chloroacetealdehyde, chlorobenzene, chloroform, methyl bromide, methyl chloride, and propane. 4 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Interim Report (2011) The unprecedented magnitude of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill presents significant challenges for oil spill responders and those tasked with assessing the impacts of the spill. Evaluating changes to ecosystem services—the benefits people receive from natural resources and processes—caused by the oil spill could expand the potential to capture and value the full breadth of impacts to the ecosystem and the public. This report assesses the methods and metrics that could help scientists effectively evaluate ecosystem services. Review of Risk Assessment Work Plan for the Medical Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Facility at Fort Detrick: A Letter Report (2011) The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command plans to construct and operate a new Medical Countermeasures Test and Evaluation (MCMT&E) facility at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The facility is intended to handle infectious agents that require safety precautions to the extent of animal biosafety level-3 and -4 and biosafety level-3 and -4. These biosafety levels describe laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and facilities needed to protect against exposure to such agents. An Army contractor is currently developing a site-specific risk assessment as part of the process to support construction of the facility. This letter report evaluates the work plan for conducting that risk assessment. Global Change and Extreme Hydrology: Testing Conventional Wisdom (2011) As climate change warms the atmosphere, Earth's hydrology is shifting—with the potential to make floods and droughts more extreme. There is now a pressing need for decision-makers to better understand the ongoing changes in hydrologic extremes in order to make preparations for changing conditions. This report assesses changes in the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, abilities of communities to understand and forecast these changes, and strategies for better communicating the science to water resources practitioners. National Earthquake Resilience: Research, Implementation, and Outreach (2011) The United States will be subject to damaging earthquakes in the future, and some earthquakes will occur in highly populated and vulnerable areas with major effects on the nation as a whole. Efforts to reduce such effects are needed to limit the loss of life, damage to buildings, and economic cost of a major earthquake. This report presents a 20-year roadmap for earthquake hazard and risk reduction, assessing the activities, and their costs, that would be required for the nation to achieve earthquake resilience. The report identifies 18 specific task elements required to improve national earthquake resilience, and estimates the annual cost of implementing the roadmap to earthquake resilience at $306.5 million per year for the first five years. 5 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the Anthrax Letters (2011) It is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion about the origins of the Bacillus anthracis in the mailings based on the available scientific evidence alone, this National Research Council report finds. Scientific analysis played a central role in the FBI’s investigation of the anthrax mail attacks. To help investigators narrow their search for the source of the attack anthrax, researchers used standard laboratory tests and developed new ones to characterize the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the anthrax. This report reviews the scientific approaches used during the investigation, and evaluates whether the FBI reached appropriate scientific conclusions from the use of these techniques. Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals: Final Report (Abbreviated Version) (2011) Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals; National Research Council This letter is the abbreviated version of an update of the interim report on testing, evaluation, costs, and benefits of advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs), issued by the National Academies' Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals in June 2009 (NRC 2009). This letter incorporates findings of the committee since that report was written, and it sharpens and clarifies the messages of the interim report based on subsequent committee investigations of more recent work by the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). The key messages in this letter, which is the final report from the committee, are stated briefly in the synopsis on the next page and described more fully in the sections that follow. The committee provides the context for this letter, and then gives advice on: testing, evaluation, assessing costs and benefits, and deployment of advanced spectroscopic portals. The letter closes with a reiteration of the key points. The letter is abbreviated in that a small amount of information that may not be released publicly for security or lawenforcement reasons has been redacted from the version delivered to you in October 2010, but the findings and recommendations remain intact. Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Summary of a Workshop on Current Knowledge and Research Gaps (2011) Committee on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps; National Research Council This book presents a summary of the Workshop on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps, held April 13 and 14, 2010, in Washington, D.C., under the auspices of the National Research Council's Committee on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Needs. The workshop was structured to gather inputs and insights from social science researchers, technologists, emergency management professionals, and other experts knowledgeable about how the public responds to alerts and warnings, focusing specifically on how the public responds to mobile alerting. Evaluation of a Site-Specific Risk Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security's Planned National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas (2010) A new report from the National Research Council finds that the Department of Homeland Security's site-specific assessment of risks associated with locating the National Bio- and AgroDefense Facility in Manhattan, Kansas, is incomplete. 6 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The new biocontainment laboratory would serve as the linchpin in protecting U.S. agriculture from foreign animal disease threats such as foot-and-mouth disease. However, concerns about the methods and analysis used to select the facility's location prompted Congress to request that the Department of Homeland Security complete a site-specific biosecurity and biosafety mitigation risk assessment before construction funds could be obligated. This report evaluates the risk assessment's methods, the facility design plans, and disease outbreak mitigation strategies. Although the risk assessment drew many legitimate conclusions, the committee found it did not adequately identify the unique risks associated with locating the facility next to Kansas State University, nor did it properly account for risks associated with work in the highest possible level of bio-containment. Building Community Disaster Resilience through Private-Public Collaboration (2010) Collaboration between local private and public sector organizations is the key to building resilient communities that can withstand disasters, a new National Research Council report finds. Cooperation could help reduce the impact of a disaster by helping communities anticipate threats, adapt to adversity, and recover after a crisis by engaging community stakeholders to identify risk and leverage available resources. This report suggests a framework for resiliencefocused private-public sector collaboration, and provides guidelines for successful private-public sector engagement. Challenges to successful collaboration are discussed, as are gaps in knowledge that could be targeted for research investment. Monitoring Climate Change Impacts: Metrics at the Intersection of the Human and Earth Systems (2010) This report from the National Research Council identifies seventy-one metrics that when taken together may give advance warning of climate-related changes and their impacts across a range of both local and global scales. Currently, many observing systems capture elements of how climate is changing, such as direct measurements of atmospheric and ocean temperature. However, these measurements do not provide information about the impacts of climate change on humans that are especially relevant for political and economic planning and decision making. The report lays out an illustrative suite of indicators, metrics, and measurements -- and the locations around the globe where the measurements can be applied -- that are important for understanding global climate change and providing insight into environmental sustainability. For instance, several of the metrics are sea level rise, seasonal snow cover, and air quality. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance: Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version (2010) Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the anthrax letters, the ability to detect biological threats as quickly as possible became a top priority. In 2003 the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) introduced the BioWatch program--a federal monitoring system intended to speed detection of specific biological agents that could be released in aerosolized form during a biological attack. The present volume evaluates the costs and merits of both the current BioWatch program and the plans for a new generation of BioWatch devices. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance also examines infectious disease surveillance through hospitals and public health agencies in the United States, and considers whether BioWatch and traditional infectious disease surveillance are redundant or complementary. 7 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Tsunami Warning and Preparedness: An Assessment of the U.S. Tsunami Program and the Nation's Preparedness Efforts (2010) The nation's ability to detect and forecast tsunamis has improved since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, but current efforts are still not sufficient to meet challenges posed by tsunamis generated near land, which leave little time for warning. This National Research Council report reviews progress made to strengthen the nation's tsunami warning and preparation systems, and identifies ways to further improve tsunami preparation efforts. Minimizing future losses of lives and property caused by tsunamis will require persistent progress across the broad spectrum of efforts reviewed in this report: risk assessment, public education, government coordination, detection and forecasting, and warning-center operations. A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies (2010) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Vol. 16: A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Transportation Agencies is designed to help executive management and emergency response planners at state transportation agencies as they and their local and regional counterparts assess their respective emergency response plans and identify areas needing improvement. NCHRP replaces a 2002 document, A Guide to Updating Highway Emergency Response Plans for Terrorist Incidents. NCHRP Report 525, Vol. 16 is supported by the following online appendixes: Appendix K--Annotated Bibliography Appendix L--White Paper on Emergency Response Functions and Spreadsheet Tool for Emergency Response Functions Appendix M--2010 Guide Presentation Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis (2010) Committee to Review the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis; National Research Council The events of September 11, 2001 changed perceptions, rearranged national priorities, and produced significant new government entities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created in 2003. While the principal mission of DHS is to lead efforts to secure the nation against those forces that wish to do harm, the department also has responsibilities in regard to preparation for and response to other hazards and disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and other "natural" disasters. Whether in the context of preparedness, response or recovery from terrorism, illegal entry to the country, or natural disasters, DHS is committed to processes and methods that feature risk assessment as a critical component for making betterinformed decisions. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis explores how DHS is building its capabilities in risk analysis to inform decision making. The department uses risk analysis to inform decisions ranging from high-level policy choices to fine-scale protocols that guide the minute-by-minute actions of DHS employees. Although DHS is responsible for mitigating a range of threats, natural disasters, and pandemics, its risk analysis efforts are weighted heavily toward terrorism. In addition to assessing the capability of DHS risk analysis methods to support decision-making, the book evaluates the quality of the current approach to estimating risk and discusses how to improve current risk analysis procedures. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis recommends that DHS continue to build its integrated risk management framework. It also suggests that the department improve the way models are developed and used and follow time-tested scientific practices, among other recommendations. 8 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Research on the Transmission of Disease in Airports and on Aircraft (2010) TRB Conference Proceedings 47: Research on the Transmission of Disease in Airports and on Aircraft is the summary of a September 2009 symposium. The symposium examined the status of research on or related to the transmission of disease on aircraft and in airports, and the potential application of research results to the development of protocols and standards for managing communicable disease incidents in an aviation setting. The symposium also explored areas where additional research may be needed. National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces: Letter Report (2010) Committee on National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces The leaders of the U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps have recognized the potential impact of climate change on naval forces' missions and have positioned their organizations to make adaptive changes. This report is the first component of a study to assess the implications of climate change for the U.S. Naval Services. Specifically, this report highlights issues that could have potential near-term impacts, impose a need for near-term awareness, or require near-term planning to ensure that longer-term naval capabilities are protected. The final report of this study will address all of the elements in the study's terms of reference and explore many potential implications of climate change not covered in this letter report. Field Evaluation in the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Context: Workshop Summary (2010) Robert Pool, Rapporteur; Planning Committee on Field Evaluation of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences-Based Methods and Tools for Intelligence and Counterintelligence; National Research Council On September 22-23, 2009, the National Research Council held a workshop on the field evaluation of behavioral and cognitive sciences--based methods and tools for use in the areas of intelligence and counterintelligence. Broadly speaking, the purpose of the workshop was to discuss the best ways to take methods and tools from behavioral science and apply them to work in intelligence operations. More specifically, the workshop focused on the issue of field evaluation--the testing of these methods and tools in the context in which they will be used in order to determine if they are effective in real-world settings. This book is a summary and synthesis of the two days of presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The workshop participants included invited speakers and experts from a number of areas related to the behavioral sciences and the intelligence community. The discussions covered such ground as the obstacles to field evaluation of behavioral science tools and methods, the importance of field evaluation, and various lessons learned from experience with field evaluation in other areas. Nuclear Forensics: A Capability at Risk (Abbreviated Version) (2010) Committee on Nuclear Forensics; National Research Council Nuclear forensics is important to our national security. Actions, including provision of appropriate funding, are needed now to sustain and improve the nation's nuclear forensics capabilities. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), working with cooperating agencies and national laboratories, should plan and implement a sustainable, effective nuclear forensics program. Nuclear forensics is the examination and evaluation of discovered or seized nuclear materials and devices or, in cases of nuclear explosions or radiological dispersals, of detonation signals and post-detonation debris. Nuclear forensic evidence helps law enforcement and intelligence agencies work toward preventing, mitigating, and attributing a nuclear or radiological incident. This report, requested by DHS, the National Nuclear Security Administration, and the Department of Defense, makes recommendations on how to sustain and improve U.S. 9 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) nuclear forensics capabilities. The United States has developed a nuclear forensics capability that has been demonstrated in real-world incidents of interdicted materials and in exercises of actions required after a nuclear detonation. The committee, however, has concerns about the program and finds that without strong leadership, careful planning, and additional funds, these capabilities will decline. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise: Innovative Strategies to Enhance Products from Discovery Through Approval: Workshop Summary (2010) Theresa Wizemann, Clare Stroud, and Bruce M. Altevogt, Rapporteurs; Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events; Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation; Institute of Medicine During public health emergencies such as pandemic influenza outbreaks or terrorist attacks, effective vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, and other medical countermeasures are essential to protecting national security and the public's well-being. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE)--a partnership among federal, state, and local governments; industry; and academia--is at the forefront of the effort to develop and manufacture these countermeasures. However, despite the PHEMCE's many successes, there are still serious challenges to overcome. Government-funded medical research is not always focused on countermeasures for the most serious potential threats, and it is difficult to engage pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to develop and manufacture medical countermeasures that have a limited commercial market. At the request of the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the IOM held a workshop February 22-24, 2010, to address challenges facing the PHEMCE. Workshop participants discussed federal policies and procedures affecting the research, development, and approval of medical countermeasures and explored opportunities to improve the process and protect Americans' safety and health. Medical Surge Capacity: Workshop Summary (2010) Bruce M. Altevogt, Clare Stroud, Lori Nadig, Matthew Hougan, Rapporteurs; Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events; Institute of Medicine During natural disasters, disease pandemics, terrorist attacks, and other public health emergencies, the health system must be prepared to accommodate a surge in the number of individuals seeking medical help. For the health community, a primary concern is how to provide care to individuals during such high demand, when the health system's resources are exhausted and there are more patients than the system can accommodate. The IOM's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events held a workshop June 1011, 2009, to assess the capability of and tools available to federal, state, and local governments to respond to a medical surge. In addition, participants discussed strategies for the public and private sectors to improve preparedness for such a surge. The workshop brought together leaders in the medical and public health preparedness fields, including policy makers from federal agencies and state and local public health departments; providers from the health care community; and health care and hospital administrators. This document summarizes the workshop. Blast-Resistant Highway Bridges: Design and Detailing Guidelines (2010) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 645, Blast-Resistant Highway Bridges: Design and Detailing Guidelines explores code-ready language containing general design guidance and a simplified design procedure for blast-resistant reinforced concrete bridge columns. The report also examines the results of experimental blast tests and analytical research on reinforced concrete bridge columns designed to investigate the effectiveness of a variety of different 10 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) design techniques. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions: Workshop Summary (2010) David A. Relman, Eileen R. Choffnes, and Alison Mack, Rapporteurs; Forum on Microbial Threats; Institute of Medicine The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions aimed to examine the evolutionary origins of the H1N1 virus and evaluate its potential public health and socioeconomic consequences, while monitoring and mitigating the impact of a fast-moving pandemic. The rapporteurs for this workshop reported on the need for increased and geographically robust global influenza vaccine production capacities; enhanced and sustained interpandemic demand for seasonal influenza vaccines; clear "triggers" for pandemic alert levels; and accelerated research collaboration on new vaccine manufacturing techniques. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators. Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience (2010) Committee on Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience; Geographical Science Committee; National Research Council The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) on the United States prompted a rethinking of how the United States prepares for disasters. Federal policy documents written since 9/11 have stressed that the private and public sectors share equal responsibility for the security of the nation's critical infrastructure and key assets. Private sector entities have a role in the safety, security, and resilience of the communities in which they operate. Incentivizing the private sector to expend resources on community efforts remains challenging. Disasters in the United States since 9/11 (e.g., Hurricane Katrina in 2005) indicate that the nation has not yet been successful in making its communities resilient to disaster. In this book, the National Research Council assesses the current states of the art and practice in private-public sector collaboration dedicated to strengthening community disaster resilience. Security 101: A Physical Security Primer for Transportation Agencies (2009) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Vol. 14, Security 101: A Physical Security Primer for Transportation Agencies is designed to provide transportation managers and employees with an introductory-level reference document to enhance their working knowledge of security concepts, guidelines, definitions, and standards. Helping Airport and Air Carrier Employees Cope with Traumatic Events (2009) TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 22: Helping Airport and Air Carrier Employees Cope with Traumatic Events provides insight and practical guidance to address the difficult emotional and psychological implications in response and exposure to traumatic events. These traumatic events can be the result of human-made accidents, acts of terrorism, or natural disasters that have occurred at, in the vicinity of, or resulting from the operation of an air carrier at an airport. A Guide to Planning Resources on Transportation and Hazards (2009) TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) have jointly released A Guide to Planning Resources on Transportation and Hazards. The report was published as NCHRP Research Results Digest (RRD) 333 and as TCRP RRD 90. The report highlights a framework for thinking about the stages of a disaster, and 11 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) identifies some of the most current and innovative hazard-related research. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance: Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version: Summary (2009) Committee on Effectiveness of National Biosurveillance Systems: BioWatch and the Public Health System, National Research Council Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the anthrax letters, the ability to detect biological threats as quickly as possible became a top priority. In 2003 the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) introduced the BioWatch program--a federal monitoring system intended to speed detection of specific biological agents that could be released in aerosolized form during a biological attack. The present volume evaluates the costs and merits of both the current BioWatch program and the plans for a new generation of BioWatch devices. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance also examines infectious disease surveillance through hospitals and public health agencies in the United States, and considers whether BioWatch and traditional infectious disease surveillance are redundant or complementary. Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals for Screening Cargo at Ports of Entry: Interim Report (Abbreviated Version) (2009) Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals; National Research Council To improve screening of containerized cargo for nuclear and radiological material that might be entering the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is seeking to deploy new radiation detectors, called advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs). The ASPs are intended to replace some or all of the current system of radiation portal monitors (called PVT RPMs) used in conjunction with handheld radioisotope identifiers (RIIDs) to detect and identify radioactive material in cargo. The U.S. Congress required the Secretary of Homeland Security to certify that ASPs will provide a 'significant increase in operational effectiveness' over continued use of the existing screening devices before DHS can proceed with fullscale procurement of ASPs for deployment. Congress also directed DHS to request this National Research Council study to advise the Secretary of Homeland Security about testing, analysis, costs, and benefits of the ASPs prior to the certification decision. This interim report is based on testing done before 2008; on plans for, observations of, and preliminary results from tests done in 2008; and on the agency's draft cost-benefit analysis as of October 2008. The book provides advice on how DHS' Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) can complete and make more rigorous its ASP evaluation for the Secretary and the nation. Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities (2009) William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council The United States is increasingly dependent on information and information technology for both civilian and military purposes, as are many other nations. Although there is a substantial literature on the potential impact of a cyberattack on the societal infrastructure of the United States, little has been written about the use of cyberattack as an instrument of U.S. policy. Cyberattacks--actions intended to damage adversary computer systems or networks--can be used for a variety of military purposes. But they also have application to certain missions of the intelligence community, such as covert action. They may be useful for certain domestic law enforcement purposes, and some analysts believe that they might be useful for certain private sector entities who are themselves under cyberattack. This report considers all of these applications from an integrated perspective that ties together technology, policy, legal, and ethical issues. Focusing on the use of cyberattack as an instrument of U.S. national policy, Technology, Policy, Law and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities explores important characteristics of cyberattack. It describes the current international and domestic legal structure as it might apply to cyberattack, and considers analogies to other domains of conflict to develop relevant insights. Of special interest to the military, intelligence, 12 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) law enforcement, and homeland security communities, this report is also an essential point of departure for nongovernmental researchers interested in this rarely discussed topic. A Survey of Attitudes and Actions on Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: A Collaborative Effort of the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2009) Committee on Assessing Fundamental Attitudes of Life Scientists as a Basis for Biosecurity Education, National Research Council The same technologies that fuel scientific advances also pose potential risks--that the knowledge, tools, and techniques gained through legitimate biotechnology research could be misused to create biological weapons or for bioterrorism. This is often called the dual use dilemma of the life sciences. Yet even research with the greatest potential for misuse may offer significant benefits. Determining how to constrain the danger without harming essential scientific research is critical for national security as well as prosperity and wellbeing. This book discusses a 2007 survey of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) members in the life sciences about their knowledge of dual use issues and attitudes about their responsibilities to help mitigate the risks of misuse of their research. Overall, the results suggest that there may be considerable support for approaches to oversight that rely on measures that are developed and implemented by the scientific community itself. The responses also suggest that there is a need to clarify the scope of research activities of concern and to provide guidance about what actions scientists can take to reduce the risk that their research will be misused by those with malicious intent. Applications of Social Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience: Workshop Summary (2009) Sammantha L. Magsino, Rapporteur; National Research Council Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the identification of the relationships and attributes of members, key actors, and groups that social networks comprise. The National Research Council, at the request of the Department of Homeland Security, held a two-day workshop on the use of SNA for the purpose of building community disaster resilience. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to provide guidance to the DHS on a potential research agenda that would increase the effectiveness of SNA for improving community disaster resilience. The workshop explored the state of the art in SNA and its applications in the identification, construction, and strengthening of networks within U.S. communities. Workshop participants discussed current work in SNA focused on characterizing networks; the theories, principles and research applicable to the design or strengthening of networks; the gaps in knowledge that prevent the application of SNA to the construction of networks; and research areas that could fill those gaps. Elements of a research agenda to support the design, development, and implementation of social networks for the specific purpose of strengthening community resilience against natural and human-made disasters were discussed. Assessing Medical Preparedness to Respond to a Terrorist Nuclear Event: Workshop Report (2009) Georges C. Benjamin, Michael McGeary, and Susan R. McCutchen, Editors; Committee on Medical Preparedness for a Terrorist Nuclear Event; Institute of Medicine A nuclear attack on a large U.S. city by terrorists--even with a low-yield improvised nuclear device (IND) of 10 kilotons or less--would cause a large number of deaths and severe injuries. The large number of injured from the detonation and radioactive fallout that would follow would be overwhelming for local emergency response and health care systems to rescue and treat, even assuming that these systems and their personnel were not themselves incapacitated by the event. 13 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The United States has been struggling for some time to address and plan for the threat of nuclear terrorism and other weapons of mass destruction that terrorists might obtain and use. The Department of Homeland Security recently contracted with the Institute of Medicine to hold a workshop, summarized in this volume, to assess medical preparedness for a nuclear detonation of up to 10 kilotons. This book provides a candid and sobering look at our current state of preparedness for an IND, and identifies several key areas in which we might begin to focus our national efforts in a way that will improve the overall level of preparedness. Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter: A Symposium Report (2009) Committee for the Symposium on Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter; National Research Council On April 29, 2009 the National Research Council held a 1-day symposium titled, "Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter." This volume, a report of the symposium, highlights key challenges confronting the scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) community and explores potential solutions that might enable the S&TI community to overcome those challenges. The symposium captured comments and observations from representatives from combatant commands and supporting governmental organizations, together with those of symposium participants, in order to elucidate concepts and trends, knowledge of which could be used to improve the Department of Defense's technology warning capability. Topics addressed included issues stemming from globalization of science and technology, challenges to U.S. warfighters that could result from technology surprise, examples of past technological surprise, and the strengths and weaknesses of current S&TI analysis. Beyond 'Fortress America': National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized World (2009) Committee on Science, Security, and Prosperity; Committee on Scientific Communication and National Security; National Research Council The national security controls that regulate access to and export of science and technology are broken. As currently structured, many of these controls undermine our national and homeland security and stifle American engagement in the global economy, and in science and technology. These unintended consequences arise from policies that were crafted for an earlier era. In the name of maintaining superiority, the U.S. now runs the risk of becoming less secure, less competitive and less prosperous. Beyond "Fortress America" provides an account of the costs associated with building walls that hamper our access to global science and technology that dampen our economic potential. The book also makes recommendations to reform the export control process, ensure scientific and technological competitiveness, and improve the nonimmigrant visa system that regulates entry into the United States of foreign science and engineering students, scholars, and professionals. Beyond "Fortress America" contains vital information and action items for the President and policy makers that will affect the United States' ability to compete globally. Interested parties--including military personnel, engineers, scientists, professionals, industrialists, and scholars--will find this book a valuable tool for stemming a serious decline affecting broad areas of the nation's security and economy. Countering Biological Threats: Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union (2009) Committee on Prevention of Proliferation of Biological Weapons in States Beyond the Former Soviet Union; Office for Central Europe and Asia; National Research Council In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, this book examines how the unique experience and extensive capabilities of the Department of Defense (DOD) can be extended to reduce the threat of 14 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) bioterrorism within developing countries outside the former Soviet Union (FSU). During the past 12 years, DOD has invested $800 million in reducing the risk from bioterrorism with roots in the states of the FSU. The program's accomplishments are many fold. The risk of bioterrorism in other countries is too great for DOD not to be among the leaders in addressing threats beyond the FSU. Taking into account possible sensitivities about a U.S. military presence, DOD should engage interested governments in about ten developing countries outside the FSU in biological threat reduction programs during the next five years. Whenever possible, DOD should partner with other organizations that have well established humanitarian reputations in the countries of interest. For example, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization should be considered as potential partners. Countering Terrorism: Biological Agents, Transportation Networks, and Energy Systems. Summary of a U.S.-Russian Workshop (2009) Glenn E. Schweitzer, Rapporteur; Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States; Office for Central Europe and Eurasia; National Academy of Sciences; In cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences This book presents the proceedings of the fourth U.S.-Russian interacademy workshop on the general theme of countering terrorism, which was held in Moscow in March 2007. The fourth in a series, this volume continues to explore topics related to urban terrorism, but with a new emphasis on potential attacks involving biological agents, transportation networks, and energy systems. Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals for Screening Cargo at Ports of Entry: Interim Report (Abbreviated Version) (2009) Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals; National Research Council To improve screening of containerized cargo for nuclear and radiological material that might be entering the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is seeking to deploy new radiation detectors, called advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs). The ASPs are intended to replace some or all of the current system of radiation portal monitors (called PVT RPMs) used in conjunction with handheld radioisotope identifiers (RIIDs) to detect and identify radioactive material in cargo. The U.S. Congress required the Secretary of Homeland Security to certify that ASPs will provide a 'significant increase in operational effectiveness' over continued use of the existing screening devices before DHS can proceed with full-scale procurement of ASPs for deployment. Congress also directed DHS to request this National Research Council study to advise the Secretary of Homeland Security about testing, analysis, costs, and benefits of the ASPs prior to the certification decision. This interim report is based on testing done before 2008; on plans for, observations of, and preliminary results from tests done in 2008; and on the agency's draft cost-benefit analysis as of October 2008. The book provides advice on how DHS' Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) can complete and make more rigorous its ASP evaluation for the Secretary and the nation. Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop (2009) Ashot A. Sarkisov and Rose Gottemoeller, Editors; Joint Committees on the Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015; in cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences; National Research Council The U.S. National Academies (NAS) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), building on a foundation of years of interacademy cooperation, conducted a joint project to identify U.S. and Russian views on what the international nuclear security environment will be in 2015, what challenges may arise from that environment, and what options the U.S. and Russia have in partnering to address those challenges. 15 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The project's discussions were developed and expanded upon during a two-day public workshop held at the International Atomic Energy Agency in November 2007. A key aspect of that partnership may be cooperation in third countries where both the U.S. and Russia can draw on their experiences over the last decade of nonproliferation cooperation. More broadly, the following issues analyzed over the course of this RAS-NAS project included: safety and security culture, materials protection, control and accounting (MPC&A) best practices, sustainability, nuclear forensics, public-private partnerships, and the expansion of nuclear energy. Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) Attack (2009) A fact sheet from the National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security offers clear, objective information on improvised explosive devices (IED) attacks and their impact and dangers. Created for journalists participating in the Academies' workshops on "News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis," the fact sheet may be helpful to transportation agencies’ employees who could be among the first to respond to such an attack. This fact sheet is part of a series on weapons of mass destruction. Transportation's Role in Emergency Evacuation and Reentry (2009) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 392: Transportation’s Role in Emergency Evacuation and Reentry explores information on transportation’s role in emergency evacuation and reentry by summarizing aspects of its planning, control, and research as well as highlighting effective and innovative practices. Transit Security Update (2009) TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 80: Transit Security Update explores transit-related counterterrorism and anti-crime security measures and practices; examines crime and security incident trends; and highlights other related topics, including major issues and obstacles to security and policing management. U.S. Marine Salvage Assets and Capabilities in a Maritime Disaster (2009) TRB Conference Proceedings 45: U.S. Marine Salvage Assets and Capabilities in a Maritime Disaster is the proceedings of a September 2008 workshop that focused on a scenario involving an incident that shuts down the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The proceedings examine the threat and explore key issues relating to an efficient, effective, and coordinated U.S. salvage industry response to a worst-case marine casualty scenario. An Airport Guide for Regional Emergency Planning for CBRNE Events (2009) TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 12: An Airport Guide for Regional Emergency Planning for CBRNE Events explores details airports should cover in their hazard and threat assessments and in their Airport Emergency Plans (AEPs) and Annexes. The report also examines issues involving terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive (CBRNE) materials targeted to airports. 16 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction (2009) Committee on Strengthening and Expanding the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Program The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort. Costing Asset Protection: An All-Hazards Guide for Transportation Agencies (CAPTA) (2009) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Vol. 15: Costing Asset Protection: An All-Hazards Guide for Transportation Agencies (CAPTA) is designed as a planning tool for top-down estimation of both capital and operating budget implications of measures intended to reduce risks to locally acceptable levels. CAPTA supports mainstreaming an integrated, high-level, all-hazards, national incident management system-responsive, multimodal, consequence-driven risk management process into transportation agency programs and activities. The guide is supplemented online with a downloadable Microsoft® PowerPoint slide show and CAPTool, a spreadsheet tool for implementing the CAPTA methodology. A help file is also available online. Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment (2009) Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA, National Research Council Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in he Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields. 17 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity: Summary of an International Meeting, Budapest, Hungary, March 30 to April 2, 2008 (2008) Committee on International Outreach Activities on Biosecurity; Development, Security, and Cooperation, National Research Council The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity, held in Budapest, Hungary on March 30 - April 2, 2008, represents the efforts of a number of individuals and organizations, over the last five years, to engage the international community of life scientists in addressing how to reduce the risk that the results of their work could be used for hostile purposes by terrorists and states. The participants who gathered in Budapest were already engaged in this challenging task, and, therefore, the focus of the meeting was on what had been accomplished and what challenges remained. There was no attempt to achieve consensus, since there exist real and important differences among those involved concerning the appropriate policies and actions to be undertaken. But there was a serious effort to identify a range of potential next steps, and also an effort to identify opportunities where international scientific organizations could make substantive contributions and offer their advice and expertise to policy discussions. The Forum's presentations, discussions, and results are summarized in this book. Information and Communication Technology and Peacebuilding: Summary of a Workshop (2008) Carol Arenberg and Greg Pearson, Editors Those who would use information and communication technology (ICT) in the cause of peace need to be cognizant of the risks as well as the benefits. ICT can facilitate positive dialogue but also hate speech. It can be used to fight corruption but also facilitate it. Simply giving people more information does not necessarily lead to predictable or positive results. As people become more informed, they may become more motivated to change their circumstances and to do so violently. On December 14, 2007, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) convened a group of experts in diverse fields to consider the role of ICT in promoting peace and conflict resolution. The one-day workshop was designed to consider current and emerging technologies and strategies for employing them in conflict management and diplomacy. It also aimed to explore how organizations with a role in promoting peace, like the U.S. Institute of Peace, can most effectively leverage technology in carrying out their missions. Information and Communication Technology and Peacebuilding: Summary of a Workshop reviews the group's discussions on number of key issues, illuminates certain practitioner needs, and suggests possible next steps. Maritime Security Partnerships (2008) Committee on the "1,000-Ship Navy" - A Distributed and Global Maritime Network, National Research Council To offer security in the maritime domain, governments around the world need the capabilities to directly confront common threats like piracy, drug-trafficking, and illegal immigration. No single navy or nation can do this alone. Recognizing this new international security landscape, the former Chief of Naval Operations called for a collaborative international approach to maritime security, initially branded the "1,000-ship Navy." This concept envisions U.S. naval forces partnering with multinational, federal, state, local and private sector entities to ensure freedom of navigation, the flow of commerce, and the protection of ocean resources. This new book from the National Research Council examines the technical and operational implications of the "1,000-ship Navy," as they apply to four levels of cooperative efforts:  U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, and merchant shipping only;  U.S. naval and maritime assets with others in treaty alliances or analogous arrangements;  U.S. naval and maritime assets with ad hoc coalitions; and  U.S. naval and maritime assets with others than above who may now be friendly but could potentially be 18 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) hostile, for special purposes such as deterrence of piracy or other criminal activity. Review of Directed Energy Technology for Countering Rockets, Artillery, and Mortars (RAM): Abbreviated Version (2008) Committee on Directed Energy Technology for Countering Indirect Weapons, National Research Council The United States Army is looking for ways to defend against missile and mortar attacks. In this book, the National Research Council assesses a plan to create a 100 kW mobile, solid-state, laser weapon that could defend an area several kilometers in diameter.       The NRC provides several recommendations: A 100 kW Laser is of limited value, so the program's goal should be a 400 kW weapon. The Army should proceed with the program in stages, focusing first on a rugged transportable platform for the weapon using existing 25 kW laser technology, then directing resources toward 100kW and 400 kW weapons. The Army should perform a detailed, quantitative study of the effectiveness of a high energy, solid-state laser weapon against future threats. The Army should continue to participate in U.S.-based and international research on high-energy lasers and related equipment. The committee found substantial benefits for the Army's solid-state laser program from other programs outside the Army. The Army should conduct risk-assessments that investigate the effects that a high energy laser may have on other airborne platforms in the vicinity of the target. The Army should study eye safety for both the operators of the laser and for civilians. The results of these studies should be integrated into the development of the weapon. Disrupting Improvised Explosive Device Terror Campaigns: Basic Research Opportunities: A Workshop Report (2008) Committee on Defeating Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research to Interrupt the IED Delivery Chain, National Research Council Countering the threat of improvised explosive devices (IED)s is a challenging, multilayered problem. The IED itself is just the most publicly visible part of an underlying campaign of violence, the IED threat chain. Improving the technical ability to detect the device is a primary objective, but understanding of the goals of the adversary; its sources of materiel, personnel, and money; the sociopolitical environment in which it operates; and other factors, such as the cultural mores that it must observe or override for support, may also be critical for impeding or halting the effective use of IEDs. Disrupting Improvised Explosive Device Terror Campaigns focuses on the human dimension of terror campaigns and also on improving the ability to predict these activities using collected and interpreted data from a variety of sources. A follow-up to the 2007 book, Countering the Threat of Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research Opportunities, this book summarizes two workshops held in 2008. Test and Evaluation of Biological Standoff Detection Systems: Abbreviated Version (2008) Committee on Test and Evaluation of Biological Standoff Detection Systems, National Research Council A biological warfare agent (BWA) is a microorganism, or a toxin derived from a living organism, that causes disease in humans, plants, or animals or that causes the deterioration of material. The effectiveness of a BWA is greatly reduced if the attack is detected in time for the target population to take appropriate defensive measures. Therefore, the ability to detect a BWA, in particular to detect it before the target population is exposed, will be a valuable asset to defense against biological attacks. The ideal detection system will have quick response and be able to detect a threat plume at a distance from the target population. The development of reliable biological standoff detection systems, therefore, is a key goal. 19 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) However, testing biological standoff detection systems is difficult because open-air field tests with BWAs are not permitted under international conventions and because the wide variety of environments in which detectors might be used may affect their performance. This book explores the question of how to determine whether or not a biological standoff detection system fulfills its mission reliably if we cannot conduct open-air field tests with live BWAs. Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report (2008) Committee on Understanding Crime Trends Changes over time in the levels and patterns of crime have significant consequences that affect not only the criminal justice system but also other critical policy sectors. Yet compared with such areas as health status, housing, and employment, the nation lacks timely information and comprehensive research on crime trends. Descriptive information and explanatory research on crime trends across the nation that are not only accurate, but also timely, are pressing needs in the nation's crime-control efforts. In April 2007, the National Research Council held a two-day workshop to address key substantive and methodological issues underlying the study of crime trends and to lay the groundwork for a proposed multiyear NRC panel study of these issues. Six papers were commissioned from leading researchers and discussed at the workshop by experts in sociology, criminology, law, economics, and statistics. The authors revised their papers based on the discussants' comments, and the papers were then reviewed again externally. The six final workshop papers are the basis of this volume, which represents some of the most serious thinking and research on crime trends currently available. Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment (2008) Committee on Technical and Privacy Dimensions of Information for Terrorism Prevention and Other National Goals, National Research Council All U.S. agencies with counterterrorism programs that collect or "mine" personal data -- such as phone records or Web sites visited -- should be required to evaluate the programs' effectiveness, lawfulness, and impacts on privacy. A framework is offered that agencies can use to evaluate such information-based programs, both classified and unclassified. The book urges Congress to reexamine existing privacy law to assess how privacy can be protected in current and future programs and recommends that any individuals harmed by violations of privacy be given a meaningful form of redress. Two specific technologies are examined: data mining and behavioral surveillance. Regarding data mining, the book concludes that although these methods have been useful in the private sector for spotting consumer fraud, they are less helpful for counterterrorism because so little is known about what patterns indicate terrorist activity. Regarding behavioral surveillance in a counterterrorist context, the book concludes that although research and development on certain aspects of this topic are warranted, there is no scientific consensus on whether these techniques are ready for operational use at all in counterterrorism. Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment: A Call for Change (2008) Committee on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security's Biological Agent Risk Analysis, National Research Council The mission of Department of Homeland Security Bioterrorism Risk Assessment: A Call for Change, the new book from the National Research Council, is to independently and scientifically review the methodology that led to the 2006 Department of Homeland Security report, Bioterrorism Risk Assessment (BTRA) and provide a foundation for future updates. This book identifies a number of fundamental concerns with the BTRA of 2006, ranging from 20 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) mathematical and statistical mistakes that have corrupted results, to unnecessarily complicated probability models and models with fidelity far exceeding existing data, to more basic questions about how terrorist behavior should be modeled. Rather than merely criticizing what was done in the BTRA of 2006, this new NRC book consults outside experts and collects a number of proposed alternatives that could improve DHS's ability to assess potential terrorist behavior as a key element of risk-informed decision making, and it explains these alternatives in the specific context of the BTRA and the bioterrorism threat. Ballistic Imaging (2008) Daniel L. Cork, John E. Rolph, Eugene S. Meieran, and Carol V. Petrie, Editors, Committee to Assess the Feasibility, Accuracy and Technical Capability of a National Ballistics Database, National Research Council Ballistic Imaging assesses the state of computer-based imaging technology in forensic firearms identification. The book evaluates the current law enforcement database of images of crimerelated cartridge cases and bullets and recommends ways to improve the usefulness of the technology for suggesting leads in criminal investigations. It also advises against the construction of a national reference database that would include images from test-fires of every newly manufactured or imported firearm in the United States. The book also suggests further research on an alternate method for generating an investigative lead to the location where a gun was first sold: "microstamping," the direct imprinting of unique identifiers on firearm parts or ammunition. Assessment of the Bureau of Reclamation’s Security Program (2008) Committee to Assess the Bureau of Reclamation’s Security Program, National Research Council The water impounded behind a dam can be used to generate power and to provide water for drinking, irrigation, commerce, industry, and recreation. However, if a dam fails, the water that would be unleashed has the energy and power to cause mass destruction downstream, killing and injuring people and destroying property, agriculture, industry, and local and regional economies. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) is responsible for managing and operating some of this nation’s largest and most critical dams. The failure of one or more of these dams as the result of a malicious act would come with little warning and a limited time for evacuation. In the years since the 9/11 attacks, Reclamation has invested significant resources to establish and build a security program. Reclamation is now ready to evaluate the results of these efforts and determine how best to move forward to develop a security program that is robust and sustainable. This book assesses Reclamation s security program and determines its level of preparedness to deter, respond to, and recover from malicious acts to its physical infrastructure and to the people who use and manage it. The Role of Transit in Emergency Evacuation (2008) TRB Special Report 294: The Role of Transit in Emergency Evacuation explores the roles that transit systems can play in accommodating the evacuation, egress, and ingress of people from and to critical locations in times of emergency. The report focuses on major incidents that could necessitate a partial to full evacuation of the central business district or other large portion of an urban area. According to the committee that produced the report, transit agencies could play a significant role in an emergency evacuation, particularly in transporting carless and special needs populations, but few urban areas have planned for a major disaster and evacuation that could involve multiple jurisdictions or multiple states in a region, or have focused on the role of transit and other public transportation providers in such an incident. The report offers recommendations for making transit a full partner in emergency evacuation plans and operations, while cautioning emergency managers, elected officials, and the general public to be realistic in their expectations, particularly in a no-notice incident that occurs during a peak service period. 21 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) A Guide to Traffic Control of Rural Roads in an Agricultural Emergency (2008) TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525, Vol. 13: A Guide to Traffic Control of Rural Roads in an Agricultural Emergency explores recommended practices and procedures associated with traffic control on local and state roads during agricultural emergencies. Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs (2008) TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 5: Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs explores facility issues, security considerations, and estimated costs (including operating costs) that airport operators and policymakers may want to consider when planning for the potential quarantine of arriving air travelers. Interagency-Aviation Industry Collaboration on Planning for Pandemic Outbreaks (2008) TRB’s Conference Proceedings 41: Interagency–Aviation Industry Collaboration on Planning for Pandemic Outbreaks summarizes a September 5-7, 2007, workshop that took place in Washington, D.C. Among the issues explored in the proceedings are the current state-of-thepractice for pandemic planning by airports and airlines, coordination among various agencies and the aviation sector to implement these plans, and the potential areas for public–private sector cooperation in pandemic planning. Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin (2008) Committee on Full-System Testing and Evaluation of Personal Protection Equipment Ensembles in Simulated Chemical-Warfare Environments, National Research Council There is an ongoing need to test and ensure effectiveness of personal protective equipment that soldiers use to protect themselves against chemical warfare agents. However, testing using human subjects presents major challenges and current human-size thermal mannequins have limited testing capabilities. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) along with their counterparts from other countries are seeking to develop more human like mannequins, which would include features like human motion, in order to carry out more advanced chemical testing. At the request of DOD Product Director, Test Equipment, Strategy and Support, the National Research Council formed an ad hoc committee to evaluate the feasibility of developing an advanced humanoid robot, or Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin (PETMAN) system that meets the DOD requirements. The book concludes that although most of the individual requirements can technically be met, fulfilling all of the requirements is currently not possible. Based on this conclusion the committee recommends that DOD considers three issues, prioritization of current system requirements, use qualified contractor for particular technical aspects, incorporate complementary testing approaches to the PETMAN system. Managing Materials for a Twenty-first Century Military (2008) Committee on Assessing the Need for a Defense Stockpile, National Research Council 22 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The nature of the global economy has changed, not only expanding U.S. access to the international market but also increasing competition from a growing list of other countries seeking access to sometimes scarce raw materials. In the twenty-first century, the United States is faced with several asymmetric national security threats that span the globe, requiring the military to be able to respond rapidly to sudden increased demands. Defense needs are now defined in a new context that is focused on capabilities-based planning rather than on threat-based planning. Since 1939, the U.S. government, using the National Defense Stockpile (NDS), has been stockpiling critical strategic materials for national defense. The economic and national security environments, however, have changed significantly from the time the NDS was created. Current threats are more varied, production and processing of key materials is more globally dispersed, the global competition for raw materials is increasing, the U.S. military is more dependent on civilian industry, and industry depends far more on just-in-time inventory control. To help determine the significance of these changes for the strategic materials stockpile, the Department of Defense asked the NRC to assess the continuing need for and value of the NDS. This report begins with the historical context of the NDS. It then presents a discussion of rawmaterials and minerals supply, an examination of changing defense planning and materials needs, an analysis of modern tools used to manage materials supply chains, and an assessment of current operational practices of the NDS. Improving Democracy Assistance: Building Knowledge Through Evaluations and Research (2008) Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs, National Research Council Over the past 25 years, the United States has made support for the spread of democracy to other nations an increasingly important element of its national security policy. Many other multilateral agencies, countries, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) also are involved in providing democracy assistance. These efforts have created a growing demand to find the most effective means to assist in building and strengthening democratic governance under varied conditions. The committ ee stresses that the goal of USAID should not be merely incremental improvement of its project evaluations, or funding additional case studies, but building the entire capacity of the agency to generate, absorb, and disseminate knowledge regarding democracy assistance and its effects. This will necessarily involve (1) gaining experience with varied impact evaluation designs, including randomized studies, to ascertain how useful they could be for determining the effects of DG projects; (2) focusing on disaggregated, sectoral-level measures to track democratic change; (3) expanding the diversity of case studies that are used to inform thinking on DG planning; and (4) adopting mechanisms and activities to support the active engagement of DG staff and mission personnel with new research on democratization and DG assistance. New Directions for Understanding Systemic Risk: A Report on a Conference Cosponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the National Academy of Sciences (2007) John Kambhu, Scott Weidman, and Neel Krishnan, Rapporteurs, National Research Council Guarding against systemic risk in the financial system is a key undertaking for central banks. Defining this type of risk is difficult, but managing it with precision is harder still. Complicating this task is the fact that institutional consolidation, a broadening range of financial products, and greater connectivity among firms have in recent decades materially changed the nature of systemic risk in the financial system. To stimulate fresh thinking on systemic risk, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the National Research Council’s Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications held a conference, “New Directions for Understanding Systemic Risk,” in May 2006. The main goal of the sessions was to explore parallels between systemic risk in the financial sector and in selected domains of engineering, ecology, and other fields of science. The event attracted more than 100 experts on systemic risk from 22 countries, representing banks, regulators, investment firms, U.S. national laboratories, government agencies, and universities. In addition to bringing together many participants with backgrounds in banking, finance, and economics, the conference broadened the 23 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) discussions by including the perspectives of mathematicians, statisticians, operations researchers, ecologists, engineers, and physicists. Although the topic of systemic risk may call to mind the possibility of deliberate attacks, both cyber and terrorist, on the financial system, after careful consideration the conference organizers decided against emphasizing this source of systemic risk. They reasoned that such a focus would downplay the many ways in which systemic risks can arise during the financial system’s normal operations. Analysis of the risks of deliberate attacks might build on the concepts explored in the conference, but it would require additional considerations and tools. This report was prepared to share some of the insight and excitement generated by the conference and to encourage further cross-disciplinary conversations. It presents no National Research Council recommendations. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve System, or the U.S. government. We hope that you find it useful and informative. Countering the Threat of Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research Opportunities, Abbreviated Version (2007) Committee on Defeating Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research to Interrupt the IED Delivery Chain, National Research Council Attacks in London, Madrid, Bali, Oklahoma City and other places indicate that improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are among the weapons of choice of terrorists throughout the world. Scientists and engineers have developed various technologies that have been used to counter individual IED attacks, but events in Iraq and elsewhere indicate that the effectiveness of IEDs as weapons of asymmetric warfare remains. The Office of Naval Research has asked The National Research Council to examine the current state of knowledge and practice in the prevention, detection, and mitigation of the effects of IEDs and make recommendations for avenues of research toward the goal of making these devices an ineffective tool of asymmetric warfare. The book includes recommendations such as identifying the most important and most vulnerable elements in the chain of events leading up to an IED attack, determining how resources can be controlled in order to prevent the construction of IEDs, new analytical methods and data modeling to predict the ever-changing behavior of insurgents/terrorists, a deeper understanding of social divisions in societies, enhanced capabilities for persistent surveillance, and improved IED detection capabilities. Science and Security in a Post 9/11 World: A Report Based on Regional Discussions Between the Science and Security Communities (2007) Committee on a New Government-University Partnership for Science and Security, National Research Council The Committee on Science, Technology, and Law, part of the National Academies’ Division on Policy and Global Affairs (PGA), has released a report that calls upon the United States to ensure the open exchange of unclassified research despite the small risk that it could be misused for harm by terrorists or rogue nations, in order to help strengthen the essential role that science and technology play in maintaining national and economic security. According to the committee that wrote the report, because science and technology are truly global pursuits, U.S. universities and research institutions must continue to welcome foreign-born science and engineering students. PGA is a division of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Modeling Community Containment for Pandemic Influenza: A Letter Report (2007) Committee on Modeling Community Containment for Pandemic Influenza The Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice (BPH), part of the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine (IOM), has released a letter report that explores the quality of existing models about a potential influenza pandemic and their utility for predicting the effects of 24 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) various community containment policies on disease mitigation. The report also examines the available science and previous analyses of the efficacy of community mitigation approaches and the historical record of community interventions utilized during previous influenza pandemics and other relevant outbreaks. IOM is part of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Protecting Building Occupants and Operations from Biological and Chemical Airborne Threats: A Framework for Decision Making (2007) Committee on Protecting Occupants of DOD Buildings from Chemical and Biological Release, National Research Council The Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology and the Board on Life Sciences, both part of the National Academies’ Division on Earth and Life Studies (DELS), have released a report that examines existing work on preventing and mitigating the effects of airborne biological or chemical threat agents released within or infiltrated into built structures. The report explores general principles that can be derived from those studies and existing test beds and reviews the cost, benefit, and risks of potential protection schemes. DELS is a division of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Science and Technology to Counter Terrorism: Proceedings of an IndoU.S. Workshop (2007) Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences This volume presents the papers and summarizes the discussions of a workshop held in Goa, India, in January 2004, organized by the Indian National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) and the U.S. Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC). During the workshop, Indian and U.S. experts examined the terrorist threat faced in both countries and elsewhere in the world, and explored opportunities for the U.S. and India to work together. Bringing together scientists and experts with common scientific and technical backgrounds from different cultures provided a unique opportunity to explore possible means of preventing or mitigating future terrorist attacks. Assessment of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology for Detection and Identification of Concealed Explosives and Weapons (2007) Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Research Council The security of the U.S. commercial aviation system has been a growing concern since the 1970 s when the hijacking of aircraft became a serious problem. Over that period, federal aviation officials have been searching for more effective ways for non-invasive screening of passengers, luggage, and cargo to detect concealed explosives and weapons. To assist in this effort, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) asked the NRC for a study of emerging screening technologies. This report the third of four focuses on currently maturing millimeterwavelength/terahertz imaging and spectroscopy technologies that offer promise in meeting aviation security requirements. The report provides a description of the basic operation of these imaging systems, an assessment of their component technologies, an analysis of various system concepts, and an implementation strategy for deployment of millimeter-wavelength/terahertz technology screening systems. 25 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) A Path to the Next Generation of U.S. Banknotes: Keeping Them Real (2007) Committee on Technologies to Deter Currency Counterfeiting, National Research Council The rapid pace at which digital printing is advancing is posing a very serious challenge to the U.S. Department of the Treasury s Bureau of Printing (BEP) to stay ahead of the evolving counterfeiting threats to U.S. currency. To help meet that challenge, the BEP asked the NRC to undertake an assessment of technologies and methods to produce designs to enhance the security of U.S. Federal Reserve notes (FRNs). This report presents the results of a systematic investigation of the trends in digital imaging and printing and how they enable emerging counterfeiting threats; the identification and analysis of new features of FRNs that could provide effective countermeasures to these threats; and an overview of a requirements-driven development process that could be adapted to develop an advanced-generation currency. Successful Response Starts with a Map: Improving Geospatial Support for Disaster Management (2007) Committee on Planning for Catastrophe: A Blueprint for Improving Geospatial Data, Tools, and Infrastructure, National Research Council This report is about the geospatial data and tools that are available for one particular application, that of preparing for and responding to emergencies. It discusses how those resources are utilized and the impediments that may exist to their greater and more effective utilization. Although in testimony the committee was told that “successful emergency response starts with a map,” the experience of recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and the attacks of September 11, 2001, has shown that the geospatial data and tools that exist within our communities have not been integrated effectively into disaster planning, response, and recovery. There are many reasons for this, and they are explored in this report. The committee also examines the consequences of underutilization, which are often disastrous, in the form of loss of life, damage to property, and damage to the environment. The report’s recommendations point to steps that can be taken to address this serious issue at local, national, and international levels through increased utilization and more effective integration of geospatial data and tools into emergency management processes. Improving Disaster Management: The Role of IT in Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery (2007) Committee on Using Information Technology to Enhance Disaster Management, National Research Council This report examines information technology’s as-yet unrealized potential to improve how communities and the nation handle disasters and describes payoffs for disaster management that include more robust and interoperable communications, improved situational awareness and decision support, greater organizational agility, and enhanced engagement of the public. Improving the Nation's Water Security: Opportunities for Research (2007) Committee on Water System Security Research, National Research Council Concern over terrorist attacks since 2001 has directed attention to potential vulnerabilities of the nation's water and wastewater systems. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which leads federal efforts to protect the water sector, initiated a research program in 2002 to address immediate research and technical support needs. This report, conducted at EPA’s request, evaluates research progress and provides a long-term vision for EPA ' s research program. The report recommends that EPA develop a strategic research plan, address gaps in expertise among EPA program managers and researchers, and improve its approaches to information dissemination. The report recommends several high-priority research topics for EPA, including conducting empirical research in behavioral science to better understand how to prepare people for water security incidents. 26 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks (2006) Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks, National Research Council Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems -- consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances -- carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by waterquality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop (2006) Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations’ integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism. The Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System (2006) Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, Institute of Medicine Emergency Medical Services At the Crossroads (2006) Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point (2006) Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains (2006) In September 2003, the Institute of Medicine undertook a study to examine the state of emergency care in the U.S. Charged with creating a vision for the future of emergency care, the committee responded by publishing a series of three reports that look at hospital-based emergency and trauma care, at prehospital emergency medical services (EMS), and at the special challenge of providing emergency care for children. In these three volumes, the committee identified what it believes are the most important issues facing the nation’s emergency care system and has made a series of recommendations for how best to deal with those issues. All three reports address the important issue of disaster preparedness. The committee concluded that the emergency care system is ill-prepared to handle a major disaster. 27 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu (2006) Committee on the Development of Reusable Facemasks for Use During an Influenza Pandemic, Institute of Medicine Pandemic influenza is a serious threat for which public health emergency preparations are in high gear. Although the time at which a pandemic might arrive is unknown, most public health officials hold the opinion that the world is overdue for such an event. Measures to decrease person-to-person contact, improve treatment, and provide vaccine or antiviral drug prophylaxis are all important strategies to mitigate the impact of a pandemic. Even though the use of respirators and medical masks provides a secondary nonpharmacological means of preventing or slowing influenza transmission, such measures are widely considered an intervention of last resort. This report addresses the reuse of respirators and medical masks as a means of preventing or slowing influenza transmission during a pandemic should there be an insufficient supply of new respirators and masks available to those who need them. Defense Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis: Meeting the Challenge (2006) Committee on Modeling and Simulation for Defense Transformation, National Research Council Modeling, simulation, and analysis (MS&A) is a crucial tool for military affairs. MS&A is one of the announced pillars of a strategy for transforming the U.S. military. Yet changes in the enterprise of MS&A have not kept pace with the new demands arising from rapid changes in DOD processes and missions or with the rapid changes in the technology available to meet those demands. To help address those concerns, DOD asked the NRC to identify shortcomings in current practice of MS&A and suggest where and how they should be resolved. This report provides an assessment of the changing mission of DOD and environment in which it must operate, an identification of high-level opportunities for MS&A research to address the expanded mission, approaches for improving the interface between MS&A practitioners and decision makers, a discussion of training and continuing education of MS&A practitioners, and an examination of the need for coordinated military science research to support MS&A. Treating Infectious Diseases in a Microbial World: Report of Two Workshops on Novel Antimicrobial Therapeutics (2006) Committee on New Directions in the Study of Antimicrobial Therapeutics: New Classes of Antimicrobials, Committee on New Directions in the Study of Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Immunomodulation, National Research Council Humans coexist with millions of harmless microorganisms, but emerging diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and the threat of bioterrorism are forcing scientists to look for new ways to confront the microbes that do pose a danger. This report identifies innovative approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines based on a greater understanding of how the human immune system interacts with both good and bad microbes. The report concludes that the development of a single superdrug to fight all infectious agents is unrealistic. Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents: Appropriate Use of Animal Models (2006) Committee on Animal Models for Testing Interventions Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents, National Research Council The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) gives the highest priority to developing countermeasures against bioterrorism agents that are highly infective when dispersed in aerosol form. Developing drugs to prevent or treat illnesses caused by bioterrorism agents requires testing their effectiveness in animals since human clinical trials would be unethical. At the request of NIAID, the National Academies conducted a study to examine how such testing could be improved. The report provides recommendations to researchers on selecting the kinds of animal models, aerosol generators, and bioterrorism agent doses that would produce conditions that most closely mimic the disease process in humans. It also urges researchers to fully document experimental parameters in the literature so that studies can be reproduced and compared. The report recommends that all unclassified data 28 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) on bioterrorism agent studies--including unclassified, unpublished data from U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infections Diseases (USAMRIID)--be published in the open literature. The report also calls on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to improve the process by which bioterrorism countermeasures are approved based on the results of animal studies. Terrorism and the Chemical Infrastructure: Protecting People and Reducing Vulnerabilities (2006) Committee on Assessing Vulnerabilities Related to the Nation's Chemical Infrastructure, National Research Council The chemical sector is a key part of the national economy and has been designated by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as one of 17 sectors comprising the nation's Critical Infrastructure. Although its products represent only 2 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product, those products underpin most other manufactured goods. To assist DHS in characterizing and mitigating the vulnerabilities faced by the nation from the chemical industry, this study examines classes of chemicals and chemical processes that are critical to the nation's security, economy, and health. It identifies vulnerabilities and points of weakness in the supply chain for these chemicals and chemical processes; assesses the likely impact of a significant disruption in the supply chain; identifies actions to help prevent disruption in the supply chain and mitigate loss and injury should such disruption occur; identifies incentives and disincentives to preventative and mitigating actions; and recommends areas of scientific, engineering, and economic research and development. The report concludes that the consequences of a deliberate attack on the chemical infrastructure would be expected to be similar in nature to the accidents we have already experienced. Under limited circumstances, such an attack could cause catastrophic casualties and loss of life, but it would take several simultaneous events to cause catastrophic economic consequences. Poor communication could amplify societal response. Overall, the recommendations in this report emphasize the benefit of investments to improve emergency preparedness for and response to chemical events. They also highlight the potential to minimize the physical hazards through development of cost-effective, safer processes that reduce the volume, toxicity, or hazardous conditions under which chemicals are processed. Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions (2006) Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences: Future Challenges and Opportunities, National Research Council Social science research conducted since the late 1970s has contributed greatly to society’s ability to mitigate and adapt to natural, technological, and willful disasters. However, as evidenced by Hurricane Katrina, the Indian Ocean tsunami, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, and other recent events, hazards and disaster research and its application could be improved greatly. In particular, more studies should be pursued that compare how the characteristics of different types of events—including predictability, forewarning, magnitude, and duration of impact—affect societal vulnerability and response. This report includes over thirty recommendations for the hazards and disaster community. Notably, comparative research should be conducted to refine and measure core components of societal vulnerability and resilience to hazards of all types, address the special requirements of confronting disasters caused by terrorist acts, and advance knowledge about mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery related to disasters having catastrophic physical and social impacts. Moreover, strategic planning and institution building are needed to address issues related to the management and sharing of data on hazards and disasters (hazards and disaster informatics), sustain the momentum of interdisciplinary research, advance the utilization of social science findings, and sustain the hazards and disaster research workforce. And above all, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Homeland Security should jointly support the comparative research, strategic planning, and institution building called for in the report. 29 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Defending the U.S. Air Transportation System Against Chemical and Biological Threats (2006) 3/31/2006 The National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) of the National Academies’ Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences (DEPS) has released a report that calls for enhancing defenses against chemical or biological attack in airport terminals, boarding areas, and aircraft by using improved video surveillance, reducing airflow between airport areas, and deploying "active purification units" that eliminate or reduce infectious agents. The committee that developed the report recommends that responsibility for developing such technologies should be assigned to the Transportation Security Administration. The NMAB’s Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation is studying technologies to protect the nation’s air transportation system from terrorist attacks. The committee judged that the best way to provide a timely response would be to produce a series of short reports on promising technologies, focusing on specific topics of greatest interest to the sponsor. This is the second of four such topical reports, all of which focus on air transportation security. Going the Distance? The Safe Transport of Spent Nuclear Fuel and HighLevel Radioactive Waste in the United States (2006) 2/13/2006 Under the aegis of Division on Earth and Life Studies’ (DELS’) Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board and the Transportation Research Board (TRB), the Committee on Transportation of Radioactive Waste has released a report that examines the risks and identifies key current and future technical and societal concerns for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in the United States. The report also assesses how the U.S. Department of Energy currently selects routes for shipping spent fuel from research reactors between its facilities in the United States. DELS and TRB are divisions of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. A press release on the report is also available. [More] Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences (2006) Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council Biomedical advances have made it possible to identify and manipulate features of living organisms in useful ways -- leading to improvements in public health, agriculture, and other areas. The globalization of scientific and technical expertise also means that many scientists and other individuals around the world are generating breakthroughs in the life sciences and related technologies. However, coordinated global efforts are needed to reduce the growing risk that new advances in these areas will be used to make novel biological weapons or misused by careless groups and individuals. The report recommends multidisciplinary measures to identify and mitigate such dangers over the next five to 10 years. The committee said that even if fully implemented, its recommendations would not guarantee that biomedical advances would be used solely for peaceful purposes. Therefore, steps should be taken now to strengthen America's public health infrastructure by improving its ability to quickly detect biological agents and recognize disease outbreaks, and respond to emergencies such as bioterrorist attacks or rapidly spreading pandemics. In addition, greater coordination of federal, state, and local public health agencies is sorely needed. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report (2006) Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage, National Research Council In response to a request from Congress, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Homeland Security sponsored a National Academies study to assess the safety and security risks of spent nuclear fuel stored in cooling pools and dry casks at commercial 30 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) nuclear power plants. The information provided in this book examines the risks of terrorist attacks using these materials for a radiological dispersal device. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel is an unclassified public summary of a more detailed classified book. The book finds that successful terrorist attacks on spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible. A propagating fire in a pool could release large amounts of radioactive material, but rearranging spent fuel in the pool during storage and providing emergency water spray systems would reduce the likelihood of a propagating fire even under severe damage conditions. The book suggests that additional studies are needed to better understand these risks. Although dry casks have advantages over cooling pools, pools are necessary at all operating nuclear power plants to store at least the recently discharged fuel. The book explains it would be difficult for terrorists to steal enough spent fuel to construct a significant radiological dispersal device. Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security (2005) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council This report offers a number of recommendations that could help restore Russia’s ability to join with the United States and the broader international community in leading an expanded global effort to control infectious diseases. A proposed bilateral intergovernmental commission could play a pivotal role toward that end as cooperation moves from assistance to partnership. The report proposes the establishment of two model State Sanitary Epidemiological Surveillance Centers in Russia, more focused support of competitively selected Russian research groups as centers of excellence, the promotion of investments in biotechnology niches that are well suited for Russian companies, and expanded opportunities for young scientists to achieve scientific leadership positions in Russia. Also, the report highlights the importance of U.S. programs that support the integration of former Soviet defense scientists with civilian researchers who had not been involved in military-related activities. An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility -- Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop (2005) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council As part of a long-standing collaboration on nuclear nonproliferation, the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop in Moscow in 2003 on the scientific aspects of an international radioactive disposal site in Russia. The passage of Russian laws permitting the importation and storage of high-level radioactive material (primarily spent nuclear fuel from reactors) has engendered interest from a number of foreign governments, including the U.S., in exploring the possibility of transferring material to Russia on a temporary or permanent basis. The workshop focused on the environmental aspects of the general location and characteristics of a possible storage site, transportation to and within the site, containers for transportation and storage, inventory and accountability, audits and inspections, and handling technologies. Strengthening U.S-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation (2005) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council This report offers the consensus findings and recommendations of a joint committee established by the U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences to identify methods of improving the ongoing cooperation between the two nations in this area. The report finds that the best way to realize the enormous potential of the U.S.-Russian relationship on nuclear nonproliferation is to reinvigorate the relationship between the two governments as a true partnership. It recommends that the U.S. and Russia establish a Joint High-Level Commission of government and non-government experts to assess their cooperation and devise a strategic plan for moving forward. It suggests that the Senior Interagency Group that was recently established by the two presidents be empowered to carry out this strategic plan. The report then examines three issue areas, making specific recommendations in each: law and taxation, program organization and management, and scientific and technical cooperation. 31 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Protection, Control, and Accounting of Nuclear Materials: International Challenges and National Programs -- Workshop Summary (2005) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council The U.S. and Russian academies convened a workshop in 2003 for sharing best practices in nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting (MPC&A), including the status and application of remote monitoring technologies, personnel issues, and both national and international safeguards worldwide. The goals of the workshop were to identify areas in which the United States and Russia can promote best practices in MPC&A globally and expand U.S.Russian cooperation on nuclear non-proliferation. The papers presented in the workshop and the outcomes of workshop discussions form the basis for this workshop summary. Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials: An Assessment of Methods and Capabilities (2005) Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences In this study, CISAC tackles the technical dimensions of a longstanding controversy: To what extent could existing and plausibly attainable measures for transparency and monitoring make possible the verification of all nuclear weapons—strategic and nonstrategic, deployed and nondeployed—plus the nuclear-explosive components and materials that are their essential ingredients? The committee’s assessment of the technical and organizational possibilities suggests a more optimistic conclusion than most of those concerned with these issues might have expected. Strengthening Long-term Nuclear Security: Protecting Weapon-Usable Material in Russia (2005) Committee on Indigenization of Programs to Prevent Leakage of Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium from Russia This report highlights several obstacles in the transition from a U.S.-Russian cooperative program to a Russian-directed and Russian-funded fully indigenized program that will ensure the security of 600 tons of weapon-usable nuclear material at a level of international acceptability. Overcoming these obstacles requires an increased political commitment at a number of levels of the Russian Government to modern material protection, control, and accounting systems (MPC&A). Adequate resources must be provided to facilities where weapon-usable material is located for upgrading and maintaining MPC&A systems. Additionally, the technical security systems that are being installed through the cooperative program need to be fully embraced by Russian managers and specialists. The report recommends the establishment of a ten-year indigenization fund of about $500 million provided by Russia and its G-8 partners as a new mechanism for gradually shifting the financial burden of MPC&A to the Russian Government. Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack: A Decision-Making Framework (2005) Committee on Standards and Policies for Decontaminating Public Facilities Affected by Exposure to Harmful Biological Agents: How Clean is Safe?, National Research Council The anthrax attacks in fall 2001 spurred an extensive and costly decontamination effort where many decisions had to be made about which sites required cleanup, what method to use, how to determine the effectiveness of the cleanup, and how "clean" the building had to be for reoccupation. As part of a project funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and managed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the National Research Council was asked to consider the criteria that must be met for a cleanup to be declared successful, allowing the reoccupation of a facility. The report finds that efficiently sampling and characterizing a pathogen is critical for choosing the best remediation strategy. However, there should be no universal standard for deciding when a 32 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) building is safe to re-enter because varying pathogen amounts and characteristics could require different strategies. The report offers a flowchart for decision-makers that includes questions about the characteristics of the pathogen; how far it has spread; whether it is transmissible between humans; and how long it will survive to pose a threat. The report also recommends that a risk-assessment approach be adopted as part of a strategy for achieving a "socially acceptable" standard for cleanup. John R. La Montagne Memorial Symposium on Pandemic Influenza Research: Meeting Proceedings [Pandemic Influenza Research Gaps] (2005) Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of The National Academies of Dcience held a symposium, in memory of Dr. John R. La Montagne on April 4-5, 2005, to discuss the current state of the art of research on pandemic influenza and to identify gaps in research. The symposium serves as a first step of discussion towards a combined and coordinated research effort among Department of Health and Human Services agencies, other governmental agencies, international partners and the private sector. The Proceedings of the John La Montagne Memorial Symposium on Pandemic Influenza Research Gaps represents a slightly edited transcript of the plenary presentations, rapporteur presentations, plenary discussion and presentation slides. It is not an official report of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, or the National Research Council (the "National Academies"). Workshops on Export Controls (2005) Committee on Science, Technology, and Law; Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable; and the Committee on Scientific Communication and National Security A Workshop on Export Controls: Amending DFARS (September 16, 2005) Workshop on Deemed Exports (May 6, 2005) The National Academies in 1998 established the Science, Technology, and Law (STL) Program, (now called the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law) to bring together the science and engineering community and the legal community to explore pressing issues, improve communication and help resolve issues between the two communities. A major activity for the program has been the convening of a distinguished panel/committee chosen for their knowledge and expertise and who represent a wide range of organizations including federal courts, the legal community, industry, academia, and government. The panel/committee meets several times a year in a neutral and nonadversarial setting to discuss critical issues at the interface of science, technology, and the law; to promote understanding; and to develop imaginative approaches to solving problems of mutual concern. Microbial Threats to Health- the Threat of Pandemic Influenza (2005) Mark S. Smolinski, Margaret A. Hamburg, and Joshua Lederberg, Editors, Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century Although we are faced with a complex challenge of preparing for an influenza pandemic, we have the knowledge and capabilities to put in place systems to reduce the threat. Such systems can have vast implications for maintaining national and international security, and for saving lives. More needs to be done now, both within countries and globally, to better prepare for the threat of pandemic influenza. Renewed and serious commitments to the public/private partnerships are necessary for developing new vaccines for influenza and for assuring their adequate production and supply, whether for routine use or in a pandemic emergency. These same partnerships are also needed to contribute to the development of new and improved antivirals, and to ensure 33 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) an adequate stockpiling of such drugs. The current global system for disease detection and reporting should be strengthened and expanded upon to get the earliest warning of an emerging outbreak, which is crucial to responding to a threat. Pandemic preparedness plans should be in place on a local, national, and global level, to offer an effective plan to respond and to share critical resources during an unfolding crisis. And finally, we need to continue to work closely with other countries to develop new agricultural strategies and animal management practices that are less likely to propagate the development and rapid spread of influenza among animals, and more importantly, from animals to humans. These are just some of the key issues that must be approached from a global perspective if we are to be better prepared. The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (2005) Stacey L. Knobler, Alison Mack, Adel Mahmoud, Stanley M. Lemon, Editors Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak. Frameworks for Higher Education in Homeland Security (2005) Committee on Educational Paradigms for Homeland Security, National Research Council This report explores whether there are core pedagogical and skill-based homeland security program needs; examines current and proposed education programs focusing on various aspects of homeland security; comments on the possible parallels between homeland security, area studies, international relations, and science policy, as developed or emerging academic thrusts; and suggests potential curricula needs, particularly those that involve interdisciplinary aspects. The report concentrates almost exclusively on coursework-related offerings, primarily at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Summary of a Workshop on Using Information Technology to Enhance Disaster Management (2005) 10/20/2005 The National Academies’ Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB), part of the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences (DEPS), has released a summary of a June 2223, 2005, workshop on the use of information technology to enhance the management of natural and human-made disasters. Workshop participants provided their perspectives on the state of the practices and described opportunities to make better use of information technology to improve disaster management. TRB, like DEPS, is a division of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. [More] Quarantine Stations at Ports of Entry Protecting the Public's Health (2005) 9/22/2005 34 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has released a report that examines how the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) should strengthen the system of existing and planned quarantine stations to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats at the nation’s ports of entry. According to the committee that produced the report, the system for intercepting microbial threats at the nation's airports, seaports, and borders needs strategic leadership and a comprehensive plan to meet the challenges posed by emerging diseases and bioterrorist threats. In addition, the committee believes that the CDC—particularly the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine and the individual quarantine stations at U.S. ports of entry—should be given the responsibility, authority, and resources to lead the effort to protect the public from microbial threats that originate abroad. The committee’s report calls upon the CDC to work with national, state, and local partners to develop a more comprehensive strategic approach that clearly delineates each partner's roles and responsibilities. TRB is a division of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. [More] Review of Testing and Evaluation Methodology for Biological Point Detectors (2005) Committee on the Review of Testing and Evaluation Methodology for Biological Point Detectors, National Research Council This report examines the proposed testing methodology and facility that the Department of Defense (DOD) will use to test and evaluate the effectiveness of its detection system against biological warfare agents an issue that impacts battlefield missions as well as homeland security missions. The report assesses a proposal to construct a whole system live agent testing facility at West Center Test Center, Dugway Proving Ground in Utah for testing the Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS). Because of scientific and schedule-related risks, the report recommends an alternate approach that focuses test and evaluation efforts on leveraging existing data, improving simulated biological agents for use in testing, testing in conditions that more closely resemble the actual field conditions where the JBPDS would be deployed, and modeling for predicted performance against actual biological agents. The report concludes that an integrated testing and evaluation plan encompassing all of these factors will be needed. An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks: Report of a Workshop [Advances in Technology and the Prevention of their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Agents] (2005) Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, National Research Council As part of its study, the committee held a workshop at the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (National Institute of Public Health) in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in September 2004. The purpose of the workshop was to sample global perspectives on the current advancing technology landscape. Experts from different fields and from around the world presented their diverse outlooks on  advancing technologies and forces that drive technological progress;  local and regional capabilities for life sciences research, development, and application (both beneficial and malevolent);  national perceptions and awareness of the risks associated with advancing technologies; and  measures that have been taken, or could or should be taken, to reduce the potential for misapplication of technology(ies) or malevolent purposes. This report summarizes the formal and informal discussions held at the workshop. 35 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Effects of Nuclear Earth-Penetrator and Other Weapons (2005) Committee on the Effects of Nuclear Earth-Penetrator and Other Weapons, National Research Council Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons stockpiles. Because of their depth and hardened status, however, many of these strategic hard and deeply buried targets could only be put at risk by conventional or nuclear earth penetrating weapons (EPW). Recently, an engineering feasibility study, the robust nuclear earth penetrator program, was started by DOE and DOD to determine if a more effective EPW could be designed using major components of existing nuclear weapons. This activity has created some controversy about, among other things, the level of collateral damage that would ensue if such a weapon were used. To help clarify this issue, the Congress, in P.L. 107-314, directed the Secretary of Defense to request from the NRC a study of the anticipated health and environmental effects of nuclear earth-penetrators and other weapons and the effect of both conventional and nuclear weapons against the storage of biological and chemical weapons. This report provides the results of those analyses. Based on detailed numerical calculations, the report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions. Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks: Protecting Buildings and Military Bases (2005) Committee on Materials and Manufacturing Processes for Advanced Sensors, National Research Council Over the last ten years, there has been growing concern about potential biological attacks on the nation s population and its military facilities. It is now possible to detect such attacks quickly enough to permit treatment of potential victims prior to the onset of symptoms. The capability to detect to warn, that is in time to take action to minimize human exposure, however, is still lacking. To help achieve such a capability, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the development path for detect to warn sensors systems. This report presents the results of this assessment including analysis of scenarios for protecting facilities, sensor requirements, and detection technologies and systems. Findings and recommendations are provided for the most probable path to achieve a detect-to-warn capability and potential technological breakthroughs that could accelerate its attainment. Nuclear Attack (2005) 7/1/2005 A fact sheet from the National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security offers clear, objective information on nuclear attacks and their impact and dangers. Created for journalists participating in the Academies' workshops on "News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis," the fact sheet may be helpful to transportation agencies’ employees who could be among the first to respond to such an attack. This fact sheet is part of a series on weapons of mass destruction. [More] Biological Attack: Human Pathogens, Biotoxins, and Agricultural Threats (2005) 5/16/2005 A new fact sheet from the National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security offers clear, objective information on biological attacks and their impact and dangers. Created for journalists participating in the Academies' workshops on "News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis," the fact sheet may be helpful to transportation agencies’ employees who could be among the first to respond to such an attack. This fact sheet is part of a series on weapons of mass destruction. [More] 36 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Chemical Attack: Warfare Agents, Industrial Chemicals, and Toxins (2004) 10/1/2004 A fact sheet from the National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security offers clear, objective information on chemical attacks and their impact and dangers. Created for journalists participating in the Academies' workshops on "News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis," the fact sheet may be helpful to transportation agencies’ employees who could be among the first to respond to such an attack. This fact sheet is part of a series on weapons of mass destruction. [More] Dirty Bombs Fact Sheet (2004) 9/7/2004 A new fact sheet from the National Academies and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security offers clear, objective information on "dirty bombs" and other devices that could be used in a radiological terrorist attack. Created for journalists participating in the Academies' workshops on "News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis," the fact sheet is the first in a series on weapons of mass destruction. Forthcoming fact sheets will address chemical, biological, and nuclear attacks. [More] Overcoming Impediments to U.S-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear NonProliferation: Report of a Joint Workshop (2004) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council The U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences convened a joint workshop to identify methods of overcoming impediments to cooperation between the United States and Russia on nonproliferation. The workshop emphasized approaches and techniques that have already been shown to work in U.S.-Russian programs and that might be applied in other areas. The workshop was intended to facilitate frank discussion between individuals in the United States and Russia who have some responsibility for cooperative nonproliferation programs in the hope of identifying both the impediments to cooperation and potential methods of addressing them. This report summarizes the discussions at the workshop. Statistical Analysis of Massive Data Streams: Proceedings of a Workshop (2004) Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, National Research Council Massive data streams large quantities of data that arrive continuously are becoming increasingly commonplace in many areas of science and technology. Consequently development of analytical methods for such streams is of growing importance. To address this issue, the National Security Agency asked the NRC to hold a workshop to explore methods for analysis of streams of data so as to stimulate progress in the field. This report presents the results of that workshop. It provides presentations that focused on five different research areas where massive data streams are present: atmospheric and meteorological data; high-energy physics; integrated data systems; network traffic; and mining commercial data streams. The goals of the report are to improve communication among researchers in the field and to increase relevant statistical science activity. University Research Centers of Excellence for Homeland Security: A Summary Report of a Workshop (2004) Alan Shaw, National Research Council In establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Administration and Congress determined that science and technology should play a key role in the nation s efforts to counter terrorism. Congress included an S&T directorate prominently in the DHS. Within that directorate, is the Office of University Programs, which is responsible for sponsoring a number of homeland security centers of excellence in the nation s universities. These centers are to work on a 37 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) spectrum of short- and long-range R&D and carry out crosscutting, multidisciplinary work on a variety of threats. To assist it in planning for these centers, TSA asked the NRC to hold a workshop to generate a broad range of ideas to draw on to help define the centers. This report presents the results of that workshop including the major ideas that emerged from the discussions. Naval Forces’ Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats (2004) Committee for an Assessment of Naval Forces’ Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats, National Research Council U.S. naval forces must be prepared to respond to a broad array of threats. Of increasing importance are chemical and biological warfare (CW and BW) threats. To help review its preparedness, the Chief of Naval Operations asked the National Research Council to assess the U.S. Navy’s defense capabilities against CW and BW threats. In particular to what extent are capabilities being developed to enable naval forces to sense and analyze quickly the presence of chemical and biological agents, withstand or avoid exposure to such agents, deal with contamination under a broad spectrum of operational conditions, and over what period will these capabilities be realized. To carry out this study, the National Research Council formed the Committee for an Assessment of Naval Forces’ Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats. The Committee focused its efforts on evaluating the current operational posture of naval forces with regard to defending against CW and BW threats across all of its operations and on opportunities for improving those capabilities by operation and technical means. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security—Report 2: C4ISR (2004) Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense -- C4ISR, National Research Council Shortly after the events of September 11, 2001, the U.S. Army asked the National Research Council (NRC) for a series of reports on how science and technology could assist the Army meet its Homeland defense obligations. The first report, Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security Report 1, presented a survey of a broad range of technologies and recommended applying Future Force technologies to homeland security wherever possible. In particular, the report noted that the Army should play a major role in providing emergency command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities and that the technology and architecture needed for homeland security C4ISR was compatible with that of the Army s Future Force. This second report focuses on C4ISR and how it can facilitate the Army’s efforts to assist the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and emergency responders meet a catastrophic event. An examination of the requirements for the emergency responder community caused the committee to conclude that responders and Army forces share many common needs. Central to the Army’s Future Force is the concept of network-centric warfare (NCW). In addition to individual C4ISR technologies, the committee observes that the Army’s network-centric approach to operations could serve emergency responders equally effectively. Such a system could produce significant efficiencies in terms of sharing skills, knowledge, and scarce, high-value assets; building capacity and redundancy in the national emergency response system; and gaining the synergy of providing a common operating picture to all responders. 38 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The Mathematical Sciences' Role in Homeland Security: Proceedings of a Workshop (2004) Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications On April 26-27, 2002, the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications (BMSA) of the National Research Council organized a workshop on the role of the mathematical sciences in homeland security. The workshop was developed to illustrate contributions of mathematical sciences research to important areas of homeland security. The workshop drew over 100 researchers and focused on five major areas of research: data mining, detection and epidemiology of bioterrorist attacks, image analysis and voice recognition, communications and computer security, and data fusion. The goal of this CD report is to help mathematical scientists and policy makers understand the connections between lines of research and important problems of national security. Included in this report are video presentations from most of the speakers at the workshop, as well as transcripts and summaries of the presentations, and any presentations materials used, such as power point slides. The presentations represent independent research efforts from academia, the private sector, and government agencies, and as such they provide a sampling rather than a complete examination of the interface between the mathematical sciences and the complex challenge of homeland security. Each presenter identified numerous avenues of mathematical sciences research necessary for progress in homeland security. By design, none of the presentations provides a broad outline connecting the five major areas of research. However, common threads did emerge, such as the need for non-parametric methods, data visualization, understanding verification and validation of models and simulations, the need to deal with highdimensional data and models, and the value of basing actions on sound mathematical analyses. This proceedings represents the viewpoints of its authors only and should not be taken as a consensus report of the BMSA or of the National Research Council. Marine Salvage Capabilities: Responding to Terrorist Attacks in U.S. Ports-Actions to Improve Readiness (2004) 7/6/2004 TRB Conference Proceedings 30: Marine Salvage Capabilities: Responding to Terrorist Attacks in U.S. Ports—Actions to Improve Readiness is the report of the TRB Marine Board Workshop on Marine Salvage Response Capability held on August 5-6, 2003, in Washington, DC. The workshop addressed economic, legal, forensic, environmental, and human casualty issues related to salvage. The report contains a summary of workshop discussions and committee recommendations highlighting important topics and issues associated with marine salvage that warrant further, more detailed inquiry by the responsible federal agencies. [More] Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence (2004) Committee on Scientific Assessment of Bullet Lead Elemental Composition Comparison, National Research Council Since the 1960s, testimony by representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in thousands of criminal cases has relied on evidence from Compositional Analysis of Bullet Lead (CABL), a forensic technique that compares the elemental composition of bullets found at a crime scene to the elemental composition of bullets found in a suspect s possession. Different from ballistics techniques that compare striations on the barrel of a gun to those on a recovered bullet, CABL is used when no gun is recovered or when bullets are too small or mangled to observe striations. Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence assesses the scientific validity of CABL, finding that the FBI should use a different statistical analysis for the technique and that, given variations in bullet manufacturing processes, expert witnesses should make clear the very limited conclusions that CABL results can support. The report also recommends that the FBI take additional measures to ensure the validity of CABL results, which include improving documentation, publishing details, and improving on training and oversight. 39 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques (2004) Committee on the Review of Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques, National Research Council The ability to explosives at a standoff distance, for instance in cases involving suicide bombers on foot or in a vehicle, is a daunting but vital need. This report examines existing and potential technologies that offer new methods to detect explosives and/or image bombs at standoff distances. The report identifies several promising methods for standoff explosives detection including terahertz and microwave imaging and spectroscopy, and X-ray backscattering. It also recommends detection by exploiting physiological changes to an individual carrying concealed explosive. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism (2004) Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology, National Research Council In recent years much has happened to justify an examination of biological research in light of national security concerns. The destructive application of biotechnology research includes activities such as spreading common pathogens or transforming them into even more lethal forms. Policymakers and the scientific community at large must put forth a vigorous and immediate response to this challenge. This new book by the National Research Council recommends that the government expand existing regulations and rely on self-governance by scientists rather than adopt intrusive new policies. One key recommendation of the report is that the government should not attempt to regulate scientific publishing but should trust scientists and journals to screen their papers for security risks, a task some journals have already taken up. With biological information and tools widely distributed, regulating only U.S. researchers would have little effect. A new International Forum on Biosecurity should encourage the adoption of similar measures around the world. Seven types of risky studies would require approval by the Institutional Biosafety Committees that already oversee recombinant DNA research at some 400 U.S. institutions. These experiments of concern include making an infectious agent more lethal and rendering vaccines powerless. Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak (2004) Stacey Knobler, Adel Mahmoud, Stanley Lemon, Alison Mack, Laura Sivitz, and Katherine Oberholtzer, Editors, Forum on Microbial Threats The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections. 40 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Seeking Security: Pathogens, Open Access, and Genome Databases (2004) Committee on Genomics Databases for Bioterrorism Threat Agents, National Research Council Within the last 30 years, the genomes of thousands of organisms, from viruses, to bacteria, to humans, have been sequenced or partially sequenced and deposited in databases freely accessible to scientists around the world. This information is accelerating scientists' ability to fight disease and make other medical advances, but policymakers must consider the possibility that the information could also be used for destructive purposes in acts of bioterrorism or war. Based in part on views from working biological scientists, the report concludes that current policies that allow scientists and the public unrestricted access to genome data on microbial pathogens should not be changed. Because access improves our ability to fight both bioterrorism and naturally occurring infectious diseases, security against bioterrorism is better served by policies that facilitate, not limit, the free flow of this information. Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S Russian Workshop Proceedings (2004) Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists on cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and radiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular interest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the damage inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9/11, and Russian priorities in addressing cyber terrorism. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1 (2003) Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense, National Research Council The confluence of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack and the U.S. Army s historic role to support civil authorities has resulted in substantial new challenges for the Army. To help meet these challenges, the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology requested the National Research Council (NRC) carry out a series of studies on how science and technology could assist the Army prepare for its role in homeland security (HLS). The NRC s Board on Army Science and Technology formed the Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security to accomplish that assignment. The Committee was asked to review relevant literature and activities, determine areas of emphasis for Army S&T in support of counter terrorism and anti-terrorism, and recommend high-payoff technologies to help the Army fulfill its mission. The Department of Defense Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force identified four operational areas in reviewing technical proposals for HLS operations: indications and warning; denial and survivability; recovery and consequence management; and attribution and retaliation. The study sponsor asked the Committee to use these four areas as the basis for its assessment of the science and technology (S&T) that will be important for the Army s HLS role. Overall, the Committee found that: - There is potential for substantial synergy between S&T work carried out by the Army for its HLS responsibilities and the development of the next generation Army, the Objective Force. The Army National Guard (ARNG) is critical to the success of the Army s HLS efforts. 41 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Information Technology for Counterterrorism: Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities (2003) John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson, and Herbert S. Lin, Editors, Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism, National Research Council Information technology (IT) is essential to virtually all of the nation s critical infrastructures making them vulnerable by a terrorist attack on their IT system. An attack could be on the system itself or use the IT system to launch or exacerbate another type of attack. IT can also be used as a counterterrorism tool. The report concludes that the most devastating consequences of a terrorist attack would occur if it were on or used IT as part of a broader attack. The report presents two recommendations on what can be done in the short term to protect the nation s communications and information systems and several recommendations about what can be done over the longer term. The report also notes the importance of considering how an IT system will be deployed to maximize protection against and usefulness in responding to attacks. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law: An Overview of Key Issues (2003) Stewart D. Personick and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors, Committee on Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law, National Research Council All critical infrastructures are increasingly dependent on the information infrastructure for information management, communications, and control functions. Protection of the critical information infrastructure (CIIP), therefore, is of prime concern. To help with this step, the National Academy of Engineering asked the NRC to assess the various legal issues associated with CIIP. These issues include incentives and disincentives for information sharing between the public and private sectors, and the role of FOIA and antitrust laws as a barrier or facilitator to progress. The report also provides a preliminary analysis of the role of criminal law, liability law, and the establishment of best practices, in encouraging various stakeholders to secure their computer systems and networks. Testing and Evaluation of Standoff Chemical Agent Detectors (2003) Committee on Testing and Evaluation of Standoff Chemical Agent Detectors, National Research Council The report provides an independent assessment of suitable test protocols that might be useful and reliable for the testing and evaluation of standoff chemical agent detectors. The report proposes two testing protocols, one for passive detectors and one for active detectors, to help ensure the reliable detection of a release of chemical warfare agents. The report determined that testing these detectors by release of chemical warfare agents into the atmosphere would not provide additional useful information on the effectiveness of these detectors than would a rigorous testing protocol using chemical agents in the laboratory combined with atmospheric release of simulated chemical warfare agents. Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response (2003) Mark S. Smolinski, Margaret A. Hamburg, and Joshua Lederberg, Editors, Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century Infectious diseases are a global hazard that puts every nation and every person at risk. The recent SARS outbreak is a prime example. Knowing neither geographic nor political borders, often arriving silently and lethally, microbial pathogens constitute a grave threat to the health of humans. Indeed, a majority of countries recently identified the spread of infectious disease as the greatest global problem they confront. Throughout history, humans have struggled to control both the causes and consequences of infectious diseases and we will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. Following up on a high-profile 1992 report from the Institute of Medicine, Microbial Threats to Health examines the 42 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) current state of knowledge and policy pertaining to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases from around the globe. It examines the spectrum of microbial threats, factors in disease emergence, and the ultimate capacity of the United States to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats to human health. From the impact of war or technology on disease emergence to the development of enhanced disease surveillance and vaccine strategies, Microbial Threats to Health contains valuable information for researchers, students, health care providers, policymakers, public health officials, and the interested public. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food (2003) Committee on the Review of the Use of Scientific Criteria and Performance Standards for Safe Food, National Research Council Food safety regulators face a daunting task: crafting food safety performance standards and systems that continue in the tradition of using the best available science to protect the health of the American public, while working within an increasingly antiquated and fragmented regulatory framework. Current food safety standards have been set over a period of years and under diverse circumstances, based on a host of scientific, legal, and practical constraints. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food lays the groundwork for creating new regulations that are consistent, reliable, and ensure the best protection for the health of American consumers. This book addresses the biggest concerns in food safety including microbial disease surveillance plans, tools for establishing food safety criteria, and issues specific to meat, dairy, poultry, seafood, and produce. It provides a candid analysis of the problems with the current system, and outlines the major components of the task at hand: creating workable, streamlined food safety standards and practices. Cybersecurity of Freight Information Systems: A Scoping Study (2003) 6/10/2003 TRB Special Report 274 - Cybersecurity of Freight Information Systems: A Scoping Study reviews trends in the use of information technology in the freight transportation industry and assesses potential vulnerabilities to a cyberattack. [More] Tracking and Predicting the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Material Releases (2003) 6/4/2003 A new report from the National Academies' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate examines ways in which scientists can help emergency personnel respond to a chemical, biological, or nuclear attack by tracking the resulting hazardous plume, and aiding in rescue and evacuation efforts. [More] Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy (2003) Committee on Responding to the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism, Adrienne Stith Butler, Allison M. Panzer, Lewis R. Goldfrank, Editors The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. 43 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) In this report, Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy, an IOM committee highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological effects of terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and post-event factors leading to psychological consequences. A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan: Parts I and II (2003) Panel on Water System Security Research, National Research Council The report examines a draft plan, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency, that identifies critical security issues for drinking water and wastewater and outlines related research and technical support needs. This report recommends increased attention to interagency coordination and encourages additional consideration of current restrictions on secure information dissemination. It further suggests that EPA incorporate the results of their research activities into an integrated water security guidance document to improve support for water and wastewater utilities. High-Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop (2002) Development, Security and Cooperation, National Research Council In June 2001 the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a bilateral workshop in Moscow on terrorism in a high--technology society and modern methods to prevent and respond to it. The purpose of the workshop was to begin a dialogue on high--impact terrorism that could lead to further U.S.--Russian collaboration. This volume includes papers presented at the workshop by 31 Russian and American experts on various types of high-impact terrorism, including biological and agricultural terrorism, nuclear and electromagnetic terrorism, explosives, chemical, and technological terrorism, and cyber terrorism. The papers also address legal issues, Russian internal affairs, and the future of international cooperation in this area. Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (2002) Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences Drawing upon the considerable existing body of technical material related to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the National Academy of Sciences reviewed and assessed the key technical issues that arose during the Senate debate over treaty ratification. In particular, these include: (1) the capacity of the United States to maintain confidence in the safety and reliability of its nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing; (2) the nuclear-test detection capabilities of the international monitoring system (with and without augmentation by national systems and instrumentation in use for scientific purposes, and taking into account the possibilities for decoupling nuclear explosions from surrounding geologic media); and (3) the additions to their nuclear-weapons capabilities that other countries could achieve through nuclear testing at yield levels that might escape detection, and the effect of such additions on the security of the United States. An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology (2002) Committee for an Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology, National Research Council Recognizing the value of non-lethal weapons in a variety of military operations, such as urban peacekeeping efforts, counterterrorism and force protection, the U.S. Department of Defense created the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate under the purview of the U.S. Marine Corps as the result of the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996. The investment in non-lethal weapons science and technology (S&T) by this directorate 44 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) and the Department of the Navy was modest, especially prior to the bombing of the USS Cole in October 2000. The National Research Council conducted the study sponsored by the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate and the Office of Naval Research to review previous, current, and planned non-lethal weapons S&T programs and developments. The lack of new ideas developed cooperatively between the directorate and the military services S&T programs was one of the obstacles. Due to its high visibility and small budget, the directorate had been forced to focus too much on relatively mature technologies while investing little in developing new capabilities. The process for introducing non-lethal weapons into the development and acquisition cycle for each of the military services needed to be improved. Most important was the greater emphasis on understanding the effects of non-lethal weapons on intended targets and whether those effects were effective for military operations and within the bounds of treaty constraints. Preparing for Terrorism: Tools for Evaluating the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program (2002) Frederick J. Manning and Lewis Goldfrank, Editors, Committee on Evaluation of the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program, Board on Health Sciences Policy The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) provides funds to major U.S. cities to help them develop plans for coping with the health and medical consequences of a terrorist attack with chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) agents. DHHS asked the Institute of Medicine to assist in assessing the effectiveness of the MMRS program by developing appropriate evaluation methods, tools, and processes to assess both its own management of the program and local preparedness in the cities that have participated in the program. This report provides the managers of the MMRS program and others concerned about local capabilities to cope with CBR terrorism with three evaluation tools and a three-part assessment method. The tools provided are a questionnaire survey eliciting feedback about the management of the MMRS program, a table of preparedness indicators for 23 essential response capabilities, and a set of three scenarios and related questions for group discussion. The assessment method described integrates document inspection, a site visit by a team of expert peer reviewers, and observations at community exercises and drills. Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities: Workshop Summary (2002) Stacey L. Knobler, Adel A.F. Mahmoud, and Leslie A. Pray, Editors, Forum on Emerging Infections, Board on Global Health In the wake of September 11th and recent anthrax events, our nation s bioterrorism response capability has become an imminent priority for policymakers, researchers, public health officials, academia, and the private sector. In a three-day workshop, convened by the Institute of Medicine s Forum on Emerging Infections, experts from each of these communities came together to identify, clarify, and prioritize the next steps that need to be taken in order to prepare and strengthen bioterrorism response capabilities. From the discussions, it became clear that of utmost urgency is the need to cast the issue of a response in an appropriate framework in order to attract the attention of Congress and the public in order to garner sufficient and sustainable support for such initiatives. No matter how the issue is cast, numerous workshop participants agreed that there are many gaps in the public health infrastructure and countermeasure capabilities that must be prioritized and addressed in order to assure a rapid and effective response to another bioterrorist attack. 45 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) The Internet Under Crisis Conditions: Learning from September 11 (2002) Committee on the Internet Under Crisis Conditions: Learning from the Impact of September 11, National Research Council This report presents findings of a workshop featuring representatives of Internet Service Providers and others with access to data and insights about how the Internet performed on and immediately after the September 11 attacks. People who design and operate networks were asked to share data and their own preliminary analyses among participants in a closed workshop. They and networking researchers evaluated these inputs to synthesize lessons learned and derive suggestions for improvements in technology, procedures, and, as appropriate, policy. New Deterrence Approach Needed to Discourage Terrorism (2002) 8/29/2002 Fighting terrorism requires both traditional deterrence strategies and brand new initiatives, such as working more closely with other countries and third parties able to communicate more effectively with terrorists, says a new report from the National Academies' Center for Social and Economic Studies. [More] Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism (2002) Committee on Biological Threats to Agricultural Plants and Animals, National Research Council Public confidence in the security of the US food and fiber system has been sustained by the quality, variety, abundance, and affordability of agricultural products in the United States. Although the system in place to defend against unintentional threats to agriculture has weaknesses and needs, the demonstrated ability of the system to resolve, accommodate, or manage critical food safety problems, temporary shortages of some commodities, plant and animal infestations and diseases, and natural disasters indicates that, in general, such confidence has been warranted. However, over the last several years, there has been recognition of the possibility and consequences of intentional threats directed at US agriculture. Such attacks could come from foreign or domestic terrorists and use biological, chemical, or radiological agents. They could be directed at the pre harvest (live plant and live animal) or post harvest (processing and distribution) stages of food and fiber production. Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism assesses the vulnerability of US agriculture to intentional threats and provides recommendations needed to strengthen and adapt the US system for defense against biological threats to agriculture. Deterrence, Protection, and Preparation: The New Transportation Security Imperative (2002) 7/3/2002 TRB Special Report 270: Deterrence, Protection, and Preparation: The New Transportation Security Imperative examines the role of science and technology in countering terrorism. It presents advice on a strategic approach to transportation security that recognizes the need to move people and goods efficiently and the need to improve security against terrorism. The report emphasizes a systematic approach to security, building security into operations, and layering security measures to deter--and to protect against--terrorist attack. [More] 46 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism (2002) 6/26/2002 A National Academies report calls on the United States to take advantage of scientific and engineering resources to detect, thwart, and respond to terrorist attacks more effectively. [More] Summary -- Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security: Second Report: Progress Toward Objectives (2002) Committee on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, National Research Council his series of reports looks at technologies deployed by the FAA to improve aviation security. The first report recommends a system-of-systems approach for passenger and cargo screening combined with aircraft protection schemes, and suggests metrics to measure efficacy. The second report analyzes progress toward these goals. Summary -- Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security (2002) Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security, National Research Council A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security. A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage. The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment. 47 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Uninhabited Air Vehicles: Enabling Science for Military Systems (2000) Committee on Materials, Structures, and Aeronautics for Advanced Uninhabited Air Vehicles, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council U.S. Air Force (USAF) planners have envisioned that uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs), working in concert with inhabited vehicles, will become an integral part of the future force structure. Current plans are based on the premise that UAVs have the potential to augment, or even replace, inhabited aircraft in a variety of missions. However, UAV technologies must be better understood before they will be accepted as an alternative to inhabited aircraft on the battlefield. The U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) requested that the National Research Council, through the National Materials Advisory Board and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, identify long-term research opportunities for supporting the development of technologies for UAVs. The objectives of the study were to identify technological developments that would improve the performance and reliability of generation-after-next UAVs at lower cost and to recommend areas of fundamental research in materials, structures, and aeronautical technologies. The study focused on innovations in technology that would leapfrog current technology development and would be ready for scaling-up in the post-2010 time frame (i.e., ready for use on aircraft by 2025). Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies (2000) Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction, Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council Reducing flood damage is a complex task that requires multidisciplinary understanding of the earth sciences and civil engineering. In addressing this task the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employs its expertise in hydrology, hydraulics, and geotechnical and structural engineering. Dams, levees, and other river-training works must be sized to local conditions; geotechnical theories and applications help ensure that structures will safely withstand potential hydraulic and seismic forces; and economic considerations must be balanced to ensure that reductions in flood damages are proportionate with project costs and associated impacts on social, economic, and environmental values. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies reviews the Corps of Engineers' risk-based techniques in its flood damage reduction studies and makes recommendations for improving these techniques. Areas in which the Corps has made good progress are noted, and several steps that could improve the Corps' riskbased techniques in engineering and economics applications for flood damage reduction are identified. The report also includes recommendations for improving the federal levee certification program, for broadening the scope of flood damage reduction planning, and for improving communication of risk-based concepts. Improving American River Flood Frequency Analyses (1999) Committee on American River Flood Frequencies, National Research Council Effective planning and design of flood risk management projects require accurate estimates of flood risk. Such estimates allow a quantitative balancing of flood control efforts and the resultant benefits, and also enhance the credibility of floodplain development restrictions. They allow determination of the flows associated with specified exceedance probabilities, as well as the expected benefits associated with alternative flood risk management proposals. These considerations are critical for the American River, where billions of dollars of property are at risk due to flooding. If our 100-year flood estimate does indeed imply that floodprone areas of Sacramento along the American River levees are not in the 100-year floodplain, it will be by the thinnest of margins. But because the uncertainties in this estimate are so large, the evidence that these areas are not in the 100-year floodplain would be far from compelling. In fact, there is about equal evidence that these areas belong or do not belong in the 100-year regulatory floodplain. The worst consequence of falsely designating such floodprone areas to be in the regulatory floodplain would be the requirement of building restrictions that in the future may prove to be unnecessary. The worst consequence of falsely designating such floodprone areas to be out of the regulatory floodplain would be a prolonged delay in solving acute flood problems, a delay that could have catastrophic results. Given the gross 48 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) inequality of these two consequences, the committee strongly recommends that authorities carefully consider the situation and the large uncertainties in the estimated 100-year floods, and attempt to develop a flood risk management strategy that addresses the significant risk of flooding in Sacramento. Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security: First Report (1999) Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council This report assesses the operational performance of explosives-detection equipment and hardened unit-loading devices (HULDs) in airports and compares their operational performance to their laboratory performance, with a focus on improving aviation security. As requested by Congress, this report addresses (in part) the following issues: 1. Assess the weapons and explosive-detection technologies available at the time of the study that are capable of being effectively deployed in commercial aviation. 2. Determine how the technologies referred to in paragraph (1) could be used more effectively to promote and improve security at airport and aviation facilities and other secured areas. 3. Assess the cost and advisability of requiring hardened cargo containers to enhance aviation security and reduce the required sensitivity of bomb-detection equipment. 4. On the basis of the assessments and determinations made under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), identify the most promising technologies for improving the efficiency and cost effectiveness of weapons and explosives detection. This panel considers aviation security as a total system architecture and measures the effectiveness of deployment on that basis. The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security (1999) Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security. A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage. The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment. 49 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Information Technology Research for Crisis Management (1999) Committee on Computing and Communications Research to Enable Better Use of Information Technology in Government, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council This workshop summary was produced in the course of a broader study that is exploring how information technology research can foster new and improved government services, operations, and interactions with citizens. This workshop summary examines how this technology can contribute to more-effective response and recovery efforts to crises such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks, as well as to mitigation and preparedness in order to reduce the impact of these events. Ensuring Safe Food: From Production to Consumption (1998) Committee to Ensure Safe Food from Production to Consumption, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council How safe is our food supply? Each year the media report what appears to be growing concern related to illness caused by the food consumed by Americans. These food borne illnesses are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, pesticide residues, and food additives. Recent actions taken at the federal, state, and local levels in response to the increase in reported incidences of food borne illnesses point to the need to evaluate the food safety system in the United States. This book assesses the effectiveness of the current food safety system and provides recommendations on changes needed to ensure an effective science-based food safety system. Ensuring Safe Food discusses such important issues as: What are the primary hazards associated with the food supply? What gaps exist in the current system for ensuring a safe food supply? What effects do trends in food consumption have on food safety? What is the impact of food preparation and handling practices in the home, in food services, or in production operations on the risk of food borne illnesses? What organizational changes in responsibility or oversight could be made to increase the effectiveness of the food safety system in the United States? Current concerns associated with microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards in the food supply are discussed. The book also considers how changes in technology and food processing might introduce new risks. Recommendations are made on steps for developing a coordinated, unified system for food safety. The book also highlights areas that need additional study. Ensuring Safe Food will be important for policymakers, food trade professionals, food producers, food processors, food researchers, public health professionals, and consumers. Configuration Management and Performance Verification of ExplosivesDetection Systems (1998) Panel on Technical Regulation of Explosives Detection Systems, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council This report assesses the configuration-management and performance-verification options for the development and regulation of commercially available Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) and other systems designed for detection of explosives. In particular, the panel authoring this report (1) assessed the advantages and disadvantages of methods used for configuration management and performance verification relative to the FAA's needs for explosives-detection equipment regulation, (2) outlined a "quality management program" that the FAA can follow that includes configuration management and performance verification and that will encourage commercial development and improvement of explosives-detection equipment while ensuring that such systems are manufactured to meet FAA certification requirements, and (3) outlined a performance-verification strategy that the FAA can follow to ensure that EDSs continue to perform at certification specifications in the airport environment. 50 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response (1998) Committee on R&D Needs for Improving Civilian Medical Response to Chemical and Biological Terrorism Incidents, Institute of Medicine The threat of domestic terrorism today looms larger than ever. Bombings at the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City's Federal Building, as well as nerve gas attacks in Japan, have made it tragically obvious that American civilians must be ready for terrorist attacks. What do we need to know to help emergency and medical personnel prepare for these attacks? Chemical and Biological Terrorism identifies the R&D efforts needed to implement recommendations in key areas: pre-incident intelligence, detection and identification of chemical and biological agents, protective clothing and equipment, early recognition that a population has been covertly exposed to a pathogen, mass casualty decontamination and triage, use of vaccines and pharmaceuticals, and the psychological effects of terror. Specific objectives for computer software development are also identified. The book addresses the differences between a biological and chemical attack, the distinct challenges to the military and civilian medical communities, and other broader issues. This book will be of critical interest to anyone involved in civilian preparedness for terrorist attack: planners, administrators, responders, medical professionals, public health and emergency personnel, and technology designers and engineers. Aging of U.S. Air Force Aircraft: Final Report (1997) Committee on Aging of U.S. Air Force Aircraft, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council Many of the aircraft that form the backbone of the U.S. Air Force operational fleet are 25 years old or older. A few of these will be replaced with new aircraft, but many are expected to remain in service an additional 25 years or more. This book provides a strategy to address the technical needs and priorities associated with the Air Force's aging airframe structures. It includes a detailed summary of the structural status of the aging force, identification of key technical issues, recommendations for near-term engineering and management actions, and prioritized near-term and long-term research recommendations. Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety: A Proceedings (1997) Committee on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires. Airline Passenger Security Screening: New Technologies and Implementation Issues (1996) Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Panel on Passenger Screening, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council This book addresses new technologies being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for screening airport passengers for concealed weapons and explosives. The FAA is supporting the development of promising new technologies that can reveal the presence not only of metal-based weapons as with current screening technologies, but also detect plastic explosives and other non-metallic threat materials and objects, and is concerned that these new technologies may not be appropriate for use in airports for other than technical reasons. This book presents discussion of the health, 51 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) legal, and public acceptance issues that are likely to be raised regarding implementation of improvements in the current electromagnetic screening technologies, implementation of screening systems that detect traces of explosive materials on passengers, and implementation of systems that generate images of passengers beneath their clothes for analysis by human screeners. New Materials for Next-Generation Commercial Transports (1996) Committee on New Materials for Advanced Civil Aircraft, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council The major objective of this book was to identify issues related to the introduction of new materials and the effects that advanced materials will have on the durability and technical risk of future civil aircraft throughout their service life. The committee investigated the new materials and structural concepts that are likely to be incorporated into next generation commercial aircraft and the factors influencing application decisions. Based on these predictions, the committee attempted to identify the design, characterization, monitoring, and maintenance issues that are critical for the introduction of advanced materials and structural concepts into future aircraft. Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Interior Materials for Commercial Transport Aircraft (1995) Committee on Fire and Smoke Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council The two principal objectives of this book were (1) to identify promising materials technologies, design issues (both overall and for individual components), and fire performance parameters (both full scale and for individual components) that, if properly optimized, would lead to improved fire and smoke resistance of materials and components used in aircraft interiors; and (2) to identify long-range research directions that hold the most promise for producing predictive modeling capability, new advanced materials, and the required product development to achieve totally fire-resistant interiors in future aircrafts. The emphasis of the study is on long-term innovation leading to impacts on fire worthiness of aircraft interiors ten to twenty years hence. Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors: A Proceedings (1995) Committee on Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council This book describes the Conference on Fire and Smoke-Resistant Materials held at the National Academy of Sciences on November 8-10, 1994. The purpose of this conference was to identify trends in aircraft fire safety and promising research directions for the Federal Aviation Administration's program in smoke and fire resistant materials. This proceedings contains 15 papers presented by distinguished speakers and summaries of the workshop sessions concerning toxicity issues, fire performance parameters, drivers for materials development, and new materials technology. Detection of Explosives for Commercial Aviation Security (1993) Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council This book advises the Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) on the detection of small, concealed explosives that a terrorist could plant surreptitiously on a commercial airplane. The book identifies key issues for the FAA regarding explosive detection technology that can be implemented in airport terminals. Recommendations are made in the areas of systems engineering, testing, and technology development. 52 Key Hazards and Security Products of The National Academies—www.TRB.org/NASecurityProducts (November 27, 2012) Drought Management and Its Impact on Public Water Systems: Report on a Colloquium Sponsored by the Water Science and Technology Board (1986) Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council Based on a colloquium sponsored by the Water Science and Technology Board, this book addresses the need for research toward the problems of water management during drought episodes. It covers such topics as the causes and occurrence of drought, drought management options, acceptable risks for public systems, and legal and institutional aspects of drought management. Copyright © 2012. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 53