ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
From perspective of Turkey
Kardelen Türkoğlu
İlkem Erul
Ahmetcan Güldiker - Captain☺
Mustafa Berkay Koyuncu
Yusuf Güneş
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Climate Change
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
GreenHouse Gases
Greenhouse gases refer to the sum of seven gases
that have direct effects on climate change :
-carbon dioxide (CO2),
-methane (CH4),
-nitrous oxide (N2O),
-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
-hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
-perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
-sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
Green House Gas Effects - World
Naturally occuring process:
Without the greenhouse effect
The Earth Heats the
Earth’s surface and
atmosphere would be
-18
Celcius
Human Enhanced GHG Effect-World
GHG Emissions Growth-World
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
CO2
Increase- World
OBSERVE
Part per million
Atmospheric CO2 is on the rise!
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
CO2 Increase- World
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
Average Temperature-World
Change in average surface temperature
1986-2005
2081-2100
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
Sources of Emissions- World
GHG Emissions by Economic Sectors
1.
2.
Agriculture Forestry
And Other Land Uses
4.
3.
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
Golden Era of Capitalism
Central and Eastern Europe
and former Russia
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change,gigaton)
World Energy Demand Projection
2040-1st Energy Demand Projection Share
Scenario with
Current policies
Scenario with
New policies
Coal
Oil
Natural
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Bioenergy
Other Revenwables
Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,2016 budget presentation
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Kiloton(kt)
Turkey’s Emissions
Nitrousoxide
Methane
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change)
GHG Emissions by Sector- Turkey
Biggest Share
in total CO2
emissions was
seen in energy
sectors
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change,2011)
GHG Emissions by Sector- Turkey
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change,2011)
GHG Emissions by Sector- Turkey
Biggest Share in
total CH4(Methane)
emissions was
from waste
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change,2011)
GHG Emissions by Sector- Turkey
Biggest Share in
total N2O (Nitrous Oxide)
emissions was
from agriculture.
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change,2011)
Electricity Production Composition
1990
2.
1.
1.Hydro(40,2)
2.Coal(35.1)
3.Natural Gas(17.7)
3.
Renewable energy
(0.1)
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Electricity Production Composition
2011
2.
3.
1.
1.Natural Gas(43,6)
2.Coal(28.4)
3.Hydro(24.2)
Renewable energy
(3.1)
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
AGENDA
Renewables
Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,end of 2015
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Kyoto Protocol
Signed in 1997 and effective in 2005
The United Nations Framework on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty
drafted to deal with climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding addition
to the UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol
Reducing 5% Greenhouse Gases
Energy Efficiency
Fossil Fuels---Biodiesel Fuels
Finding Alternative Enery Resources
Carbon Tax Regulation
Kyoto Protocol
Signatories to the Protocol (84 countries signed)
Countries are classified in three groups:
-Annex 1: Industrialized countries that have agreed to reduce
emissions.
-Annex 2: Developed countries who have to pay for the costs
of the emission reducing technology of developing countries.
-Non-annex: Developing countries who are not restricted by
the protocol.
Kyoto Protocol
Although the Protocol is binding, there are no penalties
if Annex 1 countries do not comply.
China and India, non-annex countries not bound by the
Protocol, are some of the world’s top emitters.
Ratification Status
December 2007
Some delayed in
signing up to
Kyoto such as
Russia who
signed in 2004
Ratification means that the countries agree to abide by the obligations stated in the Protocol.
Ratification is open to all signatories regardless of whether they are Annex 1, Annex 2, or Developing Countries
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Ratification Status
December 2007
USA initially
signed but then
withdrew in 2001
following GW
Bush’s
Election.(USA
emit 25% of
world emission)
Ratification means that the countries agree to abide by the obligations stated in the Protocol.
Ratification is open to all signatories regardless of whether they are Annex 1, Annex 2, or Developing Countries
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Ratification Status
December 2007
Ratification means that the countries agree to abide by the obligations stated in the Protocol.
Ratification is open to all signatories regardless of whether they are Annex 1, Annex 2, or Developing Countries
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Turkey’s Position
-Turkey has become a party
-to UNFCCC on May 24,2004
-to Kyoto Protocol on August 26,2009.
Removing from
Annex-I
countries(industrial)
Kyoto Protocol Results
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol Results
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol Results
Source:IPCC(Intergovenrmental Panel on Climate Change
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Paris Agreement’s 5 Key Decisions
TEMPERATURE
AND LONGTERM GOAL
Try to keep global
warming at 2
Celcius until 2100
REVISION
MECHANISM
Industry
Agriculture
Energy
CARBON
TRADE
MARKETS
Buy or sell
Carbon
emission rights
FINANCE
TRANSPARENCY
Everybody knows
everything
New funds
were
created
What will be change in Turkey?
Opportunity to benefit from Green Climate Fund
Big revision in industry, energy, agriculture
Regulation for greenhouse gases emissions controlling
Voluntary Carbon Market projects are implemented
Biggest pie of the investment will be on hydro-electric and
wind energy
What Turkey did During Negotiations
• Taking no steps on transportation
• 5 new coal-fired power plants
• New factories on the most
fertile lands
-Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık:
huge cement factories
-Yatağan:a cement factory
WE DIDN’T CAUSE IT!
SURPRISE VIDEO
AT THE END OF THE
PRESENTATION
https://youtu.be/B11kASPfYxY
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Environmental Policies of Turkey
In Turkey,
Sensitivity on environmental
protection started after:
1972 United
Nations
Conference
on the Human
Environment
Has important role in
environmental policies of
European Union.
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Turkey’s national
environmental policy
was reflected firstly
under the
condition that
1973-1977
3rd
5-Year Development Plan
«environmental protection
policies
should not hinder
economic development.»
(Civelek, 2006: 9)
Environmental Policies of Turkey
1985-89
Until the 5th development plan
the targets were based on
-decreasing pollution
Source:(Karacan, 2007: 716)(Çokgezen, 2007: 106)
After the 5th development plan
-efficient use of natural
resources
- the necessity of
transferring natural
resources to future
generations.
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Instutional Improvements
in 1978 Turkish
Republic founded
Environmental
Undersecretary of the
Prime Minister(Çevre
Müsteşarlığı)
Participation of Turkey to
European Environment Agency
and European Environment
Information and Observation
Network
are approved by Turkey and
European Economic
Community in 1978.
However, the treaty is entered in force in 2003.
Environmental Policies of Turkey
In 1984,
Environmental
Undersecretary
of the Prime Ministery
(Çevre Müsteşarlığı)
Transformed
to
Diroctorate General of
Environmental Management
which was under prime
ministry.(Çevre İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü)
In 2003,
In 1991,
Ministery of
Environment
was founded.
(Çevre Bakanlığı)
Ministery of Environment and
Forestry was founded.(Çevre ve
Orman Bakanığı)
Since 2011,
Ministery of Environment and Urbanization
(Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı)
Environmental Policies of Turkey
The year of 1980 is milestone for strenghtening of legal
ground.
In 1982,as a first time,
the environment is
regulated in the constitution
‘‘Every citizen has the right of living in a healthy and steady
environment. Protecting the health of environment and
preventing pollution of environment is duty of both
government and citizens.”
Environmental Policies of Turkey
After 1983,
There are some regulations by creating new sentences which
have direct effects on environmental issues.
For example,
-Environmental Law 1983
-National Parks Law 1984
İznik Yedi Göller National Park
Environmental Policies of Turkey
In Turkey,
Rather than,
are used more in order to protect
the environment.
Using economic
tools directly
Legal regulations
and direct controls
But, it can be claimed that those tools are hard to
implement. Because it can be said that they are behind
the targets.
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Environmental Budget-Turkey
Renewable Energy Department Adjusted Budget Shares
in Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
12%
10%
8%
6%
10.6%
10.1%
8.9%
8.1%
4%
7.2%
2%
0%
2011
2012
2014
Renewable Energy Unadjusted
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
47.836.000 451.760.000
59.819.000 591.527.000
49.409.000 1.829.076.000
54.934.000 1.890.023.000
61.521.000 1.988.830.500
2015
2016
Adjusted
451.760.000
591.527.000
608.326.000
618.362.000
853.546.500
Since 2014-----Housing and Public Welfare Services  approximately 1.2 billion
Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,end of 2015
Environmental Budget-Turkey
In 2015-2040- Investment Share of Energy Supply Infrastructure with New Policies Scenario
(2015-2040 Yılları Arasında Yeni Politikalar Senaryosu Dikkate Alındığında Kaynaklara Göre Enerji Arzı Altyapısı için Yapılacak Yatırımların Dağılımı)
Electricity
Coal
Energy
Efficiency
Gas
Oil
Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,end of 2015
Agenda
Green House Gas Effects and Emissons
World
Turkey
Turkey’s position in global negotitations
Kyoto Protocol
Paris Conference
Environmental Policies of Turkey
Environmental Budget of Turkish Ministries
Further Steps of Turkey
Further Steps-Turkey
Turkey’s share of CO2 emissions in the world has
In 1960
31st
place
In 2011
18th
place
Source:World Development Indicators of The World Bank (2007b)
Further Steps-Turkey
Turkish Government has integrated
the emission trading to
its energy strategies
until 2023.
Emission trading volume is 15
billion USD in Turkey.(Voluntarily
Turkish companies)
Turkish firms and foreign investors who intend to benefit from emission trading volume of Turkey, shall get the best of
due to Turkey's policies and strategies in renewable energy resources , construction and industry in the coming years.
Source:EBRD(turkishcarbonmarket.com)
Further Steps-Turkey
The Turkish government encourages investors
to implement renewable energy projects in Turkey with
new incentives on renewable energy.
Price
Support
Guarentee
To Buy
Land Use
Support
Further Steps-Turkey
Turkey faces with the problems :
-how to inform enterprises about emisson reduction
-how the emission reduction system will be
implemented.
CONCLUSION
• Urgent actions needed to formulate Turkey’s positions to
participate efficiently in the international negotiation process
• Turkey has already announced taking on “no-lose target” and
should switch to low carbon development, employing national
efforts and international support
• Government and industry should further strengthen their
capacities and cooperate at international and national levels
• Possibilities to participate in the new emissions trading
mechanisms should be utilized
WE DIDN’T CAUSE IT!
VIDEO
https://youtu.be/B11kASPfYxY
THANK YOU!!!