3 Session 3 NOTES Wednesday July 27, 2011
Learning styles
Varying
Kinesthetic -- moon’s motion
Visual -- seeing what you are talking about
Audio -- visual overrides audio in research
Metacognition
--story about 4-year old metacognition ditty
+ spelling nouns
OPEN INQUIRY
Backwards faded scaffolding
3 steps
i)
tool + description + example + answer/explanation
ii) tool + description + example THEY derive answer/explanation
iii) tool STUDENT ASKS and answers questions
APL Mini RF
Ben Bussey
Principal for Lunar Science exploration
Lunar poles
Why the Moon
What was VSE – vision for space exploration?
Will it come back?
Why the poles?
NLSI
Jan 2004 Bush new plan for NASA
Columbia disaster
CEV for transport beyond LEO
$80 ?billion
a journey not a race
incremental steps
where in 200 years time?
Build up a space-facing infrastructure
Robotic precursors
Human-robotic partnership
Hardware (satellites) need protecting. Important for US to be profiting from future
activities
Can humans thrive off planet?
For travel need stepping stone and able to “live” off the resources
Moon
Accessible. Etc
How (in 2006)
Outpost
Polar site
Initial stay 7 days (2 x Apollo 17)
0.5 % budget (was 4.5 % in 60s but the infrastructure at the Cape etc. is still in use)
Aldridge—exploration driven rather than scientifically
What good is the Moon for science?
Natural lab for planetary processes
No weather
Learn how to conduct planetary scientific exploration
Use emplaced infrastructure and resources
(Like McMurdo in Antarctica)
Investigate polar region and then go out from there including
Water ice on Moon can make H2 and O2
With 1/6 gravity have energy well—easier launches
Ancient Sun record
Impact history can investigate life-threatening impacts
A museum of planetary processes
Platform to study the universe
Sensitive radio astronomy on the far side of the Moon
Space exploration Initiative SEI from Bush cancelled by Obama
Loss of Area—heavy lift rocket
Commercialization of cargo transport to LEO (inc Orbital in VA)
SpaceX
Tech devt
NEO asteroids 2025
Mars 2030
In my humble opinion (IMHO)
Constellation a problem because the target was Mars—didn’t get far enough (should
have got further development of smaller rocket first for progress)
2025 too far ahead
Not many asteroids close enough
6 months time span
Mars a good goal but lots to learn about the Moon and learn 21st century version of
space travel
Asteroids difficult-no gravity so can walk on it
So doesn’t help with rovers and surface explanation
Why the poles are important
23o tilt on Earth (gives seasons) Moon only 1.5o
25 K temp
120 K (-160 C) can’t get molecules escaping (even with no atmosphere)
High peaks
Lots of shadow (-50 C and doesn’t change much—equipment doesn’t have the
extremes
+120 noon to -150 at midnight
South pole inside SPA basin
2800 km diam
mantle deposits
Quiet far side
Lat down mylar film which become antennae for radio astronomy
Polar Ice
Oxygen in rocks
Hydrogen less
2 orders of magnitudes less to get h from icy regolith than dry regolith
source of life support
cis lunar
Lunar volatiles from:
Comets
Asteroids
Inter planetary dust
Solar wind
giant molecular clouds
Earth geotail
The Moon itself
Search for ICE
Radar used since 1960s to map Moon
Backscattering different for normal Moon and water ice
Lunar prospector—neutron spectrometer
Know composition of Moon and what we expect to see
If extra H, less signal
Get evidence of more H at poles
Not clear where it came from or the form its
M3 mapper evidence for hydrated minerals
2.8 mu m absorption
LCROSS
2 satellites launched together
Shepherding 2000 kg
200 metric tons of regolith minimum
crater 1/3 football field 15 ft deep in permanently dark crater
Observe Centaur ejecta
Discovered water ice / volatiles
Ice a major resouce
Unique lighting
Nasa Lunar Science Institute
Virtual institute 17 groups
APL
Polar geology
Thermal imaging
Volatile mol movement
Interaction with lunar soil / chemistry
Suface characterizatio
Surface science instrumentation and operations
How do you work when there
Earth observation
Baltimore telescope –what parameter would you look for to determine the presence
of life?
Surface and mobility & excavation
Illumination
Shackleton crater
ABC lit more than 70% of lunar day
A & B lit for 98%
Kaguya-Clementine comparison
1 or 2 extra meters higher may provide a lot more solar power
Sun shadow and Earth shadow
Some areas in constant contact with Earth and temp still OK
Constant sunlight at midsummer for lander
For multiple years what is the length of the longest shadow
You want places with the shortest shadow so that you maximize sunlight—some
places dark for only 9 days
Kaguya Images
Google Kaguya movoes
Modest topographic hills get a lot of sunlight
International missions
Popular
Prestigious
Relatively safe
ESA Smart
China Chang’e
JAXA Kaguya
India Chanarayaan
LRO
June 2009
1 year mission 50km polar orbit
6 instruments
LROC camera see lander pads
LOLA
Lend
Lamp
Diviner
Crater
Temp
radiation data
Mini RF
1st on Chandrayaan 1
2nd on LRO
Arecibo in Puerto Rico and Greenbank in WVA
Radar sensitive to surface roughness and can look into shadows
Surface polarization data can go 10 wavelengths
Can see ejecta blankets better
Some craters near pole don’t have ejecta 360o
Constellation sites—50 candidate landing sites
Impact melt
? east to West impact . . .
Circular craters even when hitting angle low but ejecta altered
Continuous ejector blanket about crater diameter distance from crater
Beyond that get discontinuous ejector blanket
Melt flow roughness in Tycho crate change in radar brightness—from rough to
smooth—can compare lava types in Hawaii
Morphology difference with speed of deposition as well
Topography
2 images to get stereo topography
Laser pulse times
Mini RF did 2/3 of surface
ICE POLE ACTIVITY
GRADES 3-8
Sunlight hitting northern latitudes compared to the equator
Use dowel with Styrofoam balls—helps to have the whole length of dowel
Use coffee stirrers instead of tooth picks (in a line between the poles)
(add bottle caps on the surface to show the surface feature and look at the
shadow—see #10 permanent-shadow craters) Can put the ice cubes in
can use UV light receptor nail polish on the Earth
or color-changing clay or paint (qualitative)
use solar cell instead of ice cube
(squishy moon balls from Oriental trading)
Vernier probes for quantitative measurements—surface temperature
probe/thermocouple or IR thermometer
SPECTROSCOPY
Brian
Google CRISM website
CRISM Compact reconnaissance Imaging spectrometer for Mars
http://crism.jhuapl.edu/education/index.php
Online spectral lab for Mars http://crism.jhlapl .edu/education/reflectSpectLab.php
Mars explorer data Teams
MESDT http://marsed.mars.asu.edu/mesdt-application
What is it that you “see”? RADAR activity
Images Earth set, LASESAT, LAZoomin, LASIRC
Compare visible and radar data (microwave and radio)
Visible light-allows color variations
Limited we only see the surface and a variety of colors
Visible / infrarad / radar
KWL
What do you know?
What do you want to know?
What did you learn?
What is IR?
Part of e/m spectrum
>700nm
just longer wavelengths than visible light
less E
IR vision goggles
IR cameras
TV remote
DEMO seeing the invisible
Cell phone camera see IR from TV remote (chip ccd-sensitive just far enough in IR
Adjusts color
Web cam modification into IR camera—gets instructions on line
Push any TV button and video it
Connects bar on Xbox is IR camera . . .
(can you turn TV on using a remote and a mirror—facing away from you
Magazine MAKE: 3 IR LEDs wired with conductive thread and would turn off Sports
Bar TV
Makezine
Galileo mission 1989 to Jupiter
Fly by to get gravity assist of Venus 1990, Flyby Earth and asteroid Gaspra
Ir is “seeing” reflection
Earth image 1 and 2
(1 visible
2 IR image
(Can you detect Life?—can’t tell but it’s more interesting than Mercury . . . )
Flew over Earth at 2,000,000 km What would you see?
Tropical Rain Forest
Visible Green OR cloud cover
Near IR (VENIR) IR grayscale foliage darker and see more of the forest as it sees
through the clouds
A desert
Visible: shades of browns
IR: sees through dust storms and see the surface better
Pacific
Visible blue or green , clouds
IR sea darker and would remove cloud cover
South Pole
Visible: white
IR see ice pack movement /coverage and ice floes
Earth image 1 and 2
(1 visible
2 IR image
(Life—can’t tell but it’s more interesting than Mercury . . . )
Describe what you learned—one thing about IR
Look back at “What I know”
How much more can you add?
Did any of your original ideas change?
USING RADAR IMAGES ACTIVITY
Radar Radio detection and ranging
Part ii
(Part i looked at “data set” of visible energy and IR energy
Now look at radar energy
What I know about radar and radar imaging . . .
War, detects out of sight objects/far distant objects . . . metal
Doppler radar for weather
Can be radio waves
Sees through clouds—Magellan probe to Venus
Air ports
Always transmission and reception
Radio and visible penetrate Earth’s atmosphere with wavelengths in microwave and
shorter than radio waves
SEASAT
Launched in 1978
First satellite using IR
Mini SAR (synthetic radar aperture) Mini RF both use radar
Mission to understand the physical processes taking place on the ocean surface
(waves, etc.)
Radar imaging
Radar impulses sent at an angle. Flat surfaces reflect the energy away from the
receiver—so flat surfaces streets, parking lots, calm water
All of the irregular shapes reflect radar back and are lighter
LASEASAT
Locate Burbank (city)
USE Google Earth!
Hollywood Hills just below it with HOLLYWOOD sign  west = Santa Monica
Mountains
List 5 features of the city that you can make out
Why does Burbank appear as a white square
Radar advantages
Can take images at night- so can get more images of surface
Transmits through heaviest cloud cover
Allows viewing of rain forests where cloud may cover for 95% of the time
Radar imagery for Mayan ruins
Visible gives some detail but can’t distinguish between rough and smooth surfaces
SEASAT was a polar orbit
Observing LA from South to North
SIR-C flew in a different orbit
Think of full face photo and a ½ image
Extensions
NASA’s Visible Earth visibleearth.nasa.gov
Go to SENSOR
Select SIR-C/X-SAR
Gives list of images Identify and location and find same location in Google Earth
STELLLARIUM
Portable planetarium
Altitude
Azimuth (left/right
When the light is on the right, it’s getting bright
When the light is on the right, it’s getting bright
When the light is on the right, it’s getting bright
,,,
Adam’s Family tune
Left Fist FULL MOON
Head (Earth)
Sun right hand fingers spread
Low Sun = night
High sun = day
Can repeat this for all phases of the Moon—what times of day you see which phase,
where
Kathy has good notes!
ARENA field trip
http://www.jhuapl.edu/ourwork/stories/st100401.asp
Glaobal engagement-simulations
Physics based modeling and simulations
Space Based: interactive program
Aristarchus Plateau
See the BRIGHT feature with binoculars
Spans 3.5 x 109 years and a large number of geological features
Largest lunar pyroplastic deposits—holds a lot of H
And Heroditus crater – filled in so older
VLE Virtual learning environment
Realistic terrain