閱讀心得報告
班級：休閒碩研一甲 姓名：張微羚 學號：MA0B0210
文章名稱
日期：2012 年 3 月 6 日
：第三章 Leisure as Behavior, Setting and Time 休閒行為，設
置和時間
文章主旨：
研究人員嘗試轉化成結構的各種哲學，歷史，社會學概念的休閒方式可以觀察，
測量和研究科學。不同的做法有自己的優勢以及局限性。在本章中，開始研究概
念化和測量休閒的各種方法定義的地形，並嘗試提供一個路線圖，以幫助讀者找
到她或他的方式。這些方法，將選定的研究提出並用來說明如何將這些概念和測
量方法不同，可以用來學習和休閒的性質，數量，質量。
關鍵字：
Leisure，Behavior，Setting，Time，Social Psychology
主要觀點：
1. Most people with some interest in leisure, at one time or another, have
tried their hand at defining leisure.
2. The difficulties of defining leisure, as well as measuring it, have
long been regarded as the major challenge and impediment to progress
in the study of leisure.
3. Certain feelings or experiences are considered leisure. A sense of
freedom, relaxation, enjoyment, and even intense concentration have
been used to characterize leisure.
4. Researchers have taken the question of the nature of leisure to people
from many walks of life. They have had them respond to questionnaires,
they have observed and interviewed people in settings where leisure
takes place, and they have tracked people as they negotiate their way
through their daily lives.
5. Objective definitions equate leisure with certain types of activity
and/or time.subjective definitions, leisure is associated with the
occurrence of certain types of mental states, perceptions, meanings,
needs satisfied, and/or experiences.
6. Leisure also can be a psychological state, i.e., an attitude,
experience, cognition, emotion, or a sense of satisfaction.
7. Leisure can also be defined according to the setting or environment
likely to support activities or evoke experiences thought to be
leisure.
8. The mental or phenomenological world of leisure is populated by
conscious experiences including emotions, moods, satisfactions,
cognitions, attitudes, and beliefs
9. these researchers measure leisure as an objective phenomenon, they
could observe how many activities people are participating in, the
types of leisure settings they encounter during their daily life, how
frequently they participate and/or how much time they are involved in
these activities and settings.
10. The definitional vantage point can be external or internal to the
person or people being studied.
11. An early study by Johnson (1978) demonstrates this distinction
between what we have called the external and the internal vantage
points. Adults and children were found to often have very different
ideas about whether a particular physical setting was a recreation or
nonrecreation space.
12. By using the individual's own definition of leisure, researchers will
get a more accurate picture of how much leisure people feel they have
and what is meaningful to them, which in turn may also allow a clearer
understanding how leisure impacts on their lives.
13. when researchers have attempted to conceptualize and measure leisure,
they have more frequently been interested in assessing overall
patterns of leisure activity engagement and time usage; what we might
call the leisure style.
14. Leisure is sometimes defined as the time left over after people have
taken care of the necessities of life.
15. As data collection strategies, behavioral inventories and time
diaries have been used most frequently when leisure style is defined
as activity, setting, or time.
16. Researchers typically custom design inventories to suit their
research purposes and the lifestyles of the people they are studying.
17. One of the few standardized leisure behavior inventories available
is the Leisure Activities Blank, or LAB (McKechnie, 1974,1975)
developed for use with an adult population.
18. Time-budget studies have been used since the 1920s, though wider use
has been made of them during the past 30 years. They have been used
to examine how much time people in different segments of society and
at different life-cycle stages spend at paid work, leisure, housework
and family obligations, and how these patterns change from workdays
to weekends(Szalai, 1972; Robinson, 1977; Zuzanek, 1980)
19. Bella (1989) has theorized that some of the time that women spend in
role-related activities and caring for family members may be
experienced as leisure.
20. Direct observation may take the form of in-depth interviews,
participant observation and case studies. These approaches are often
termed field research.
21. researcher to take a more active role than passive observer;
consequently, the researcher questions the people being studied.
Researchers' notes also consist of a record of these unstructured
interviews, including the questions and responses.
22. Stebbins sees serious leisure as distinct from casual or relaxing
leisure in its demands for perseverance, personal effort in the
development of specially acquired knowledge and skill, the development
of a career in the activity, and strong attachment to or identification
with the activity.
23. The various activities he has labeled serious leisure and chosen to
study may or may not be perceived as leisure by the participants.
24. In addition to developing an understanding of the nature of this l
e i sure activity, Stebbins was able to gather information about how
the participants became interested in and committed to regular
participation.
25. Stebbins also speculated that serious leisure can be important to the
quality of older retired adults' lives by expanding their social circle,
promoting transcendence, constituting a theme in the life review,
fostering responsibility, and creating the opportunity to feel needed
26. Another advantage of direct observation is related to the opportunity
that it affords the researcher to develop an understanding of what
these activities mean to the participant (Henderson, 1991a) and to
determine if they are, in fact, leisure from the internal vantage point
of the individual
27. Most researchers agree that leisure activities serve a number of
personal and social functions, and consequently activities are
sometimes grouped on the basis of the needs that the researcher feels
participation in them satisfy
28. Researchers typically assume that specific activities have a common
meaning or are defined as leisure by everyone in the study.
29. if the people in her study encountered situations where they perceived
externally defined "non leisure" activities and settings as leisure.
30. Given the assumption that having leisure is important to the quality
of life, Shaw argued that it is important to determine if different
groups in society have equal access to leisure, much as society is
concerned about whether people have equal access to employment,
education, and health services.
31. The difficulties of defining leisure, as well as measuring it, have
long been held up as the major challenge and impediment to progress
in the study of leisure.
32. The definitions and measures used by researchers to study the leisure
of individuals can also be distinguished according to whether they are
based on external, socially-derived views of what constitutes leisure
or the internal vantage point of the participant.
33. research has been reviewed that illustrates the objective
34. approach to the definition and measurement of leisure from both
external and internal vantage points.
心得摘要：
以社會心理學角度去定義休閒，休閒也可以是一種心理狀態，休閒也可以被定義
設置或環境下可能會支持的活動，定義的制高點，可以是內部或外部的人或正在
研究的人。
此章節也在研究休閒概念以及衡量方法並說明這些概念和測量的方法 ex：直接
觀察，可以採取深入訪談，參與觀察和個案研究的形式。這些方法通常被稱為實
地調研。
研究者的定義和使用的措施，以研究個人休閒，也可以根據他們是否是基於對外
部，社會派生何謂休閒或參與者的內部制高點的意見加以區分。