Papaya Paw paw Papaw Family Caricaceae
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Papaya Paw paw Papaw Family Caricaceae Genus Carica Species papaya Papaya Readings (On web page) • Nishina et al., 2000. – Papaya Production in Hawaii. – CTAHR, F&N-3. • Manshardt, 1999. – ‘UH Rainbow’ Papaya. A High-Quality Hybrid with Genetically Engineered Disease Resistance. – CTAHR, NPH-1 • Kempler and Kabaluk. 1996. – Babaco (Carica pentagona Heilb.): A possible crop for the greenhouse. – HortScience 31:785-788. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University - Tall - Herbaceous - Short-lived - Large leaves - Flower in leaf axils - Seed propagated Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University - Up to 10 lb. - Seed in cavity - Yellow, orange, pink, or red flesh - High vitamin A & C, and potassium Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Proteolytic enzyme extracted from latex - Meat tenderizer - Cosmetics - Leather industry - Medicinal uses Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Carica • 20 species • papaya – Lowland cultivated spp – Not found outside cultivation – Perhaps hybrid form – Only polygamous spp – Most important commercially Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Other Cultivated Carica • Highland species – Common in upland Valleys of Ecuador and Colombia – Taste different, less sweet – Soups, stews, sweets, fresh – Genes for breeding (cold/disease resistance) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Other cultivated Carica • Hybrid types - Babaco – – – – – Most commercially advanced Seedless - parthenocarpic Large fruit Fresh or stewed Vegetatively propagated Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Origin of Papaya Domesticated somewhere between southern Mexico and Guatemala Cultivated papaya Taken into Asia tropics in the 1600s Carica spp Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University In Pacific Islands by 1800 Origin of Carica papaya • Tropical America – Southern Mexico – West Indies • Other spp: Mexico - Argentina • Spread via seed – 1600s in Asian tropics – By 1800 common in Pacific Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Production in the World 6000 Three-fold increase since 1965 1,000s mt 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 FAOSTAT database, 1965 - 2000 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Production in the Americas 6000 3000 5000 2500 1,000s mt 1,000s mt Papaya Production in the World 4000 3000 1500 1000 2000 500 1000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Five-fold increase 3 fold increase Papaya Production in Africa Papaya Production in Asia 1500 2000 Africa 1000 1,000s mt 1,000s mt Americas 2000 500 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Two-fold+ increase Asia 1500 1000 500 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Three-fold increase Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya per Capita Production in the World Per Capita Production (kg/person) FAOSTAT database, 1965-2000 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University World Production of Papaya Region 1,000 mt % Africa 1,228 21% Asia 1,727 29% Americas 2,923 50% USA 23 < 0.5 % Total 5,901 FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University World Production of Papaya Region Africa Asia Americas Country (1,000 mt) Nigeria (748), Ethiopia (215), Congo (210) India (700), Indonesia (484) Brazil (1,476), Mexico (745) FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University World Yields of Papaya Region Mt/ha Africa 10.2 Asia 11.7 Americas 30.3 USA 32.9 FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University • Most in Hawaii USA Production Produce 23,000 MT Most exported to mainland USA, Canada, and Japan Production decrease since 1989 due to Papaya ringspot 1,000S metric tons 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Fruiting of the Papaya • Fruit hang along trunk • Flower in leaf axils – Most are dioecious – Some are hermaphroditic or perfect flowered – Five classes of flowers Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Type I or Pistillate Flower or female flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Female Papaya Flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Type II or Pentandria Flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Type III or Intermediate Flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Type IV or Hermaphroditic Flower or bisexual or perfect flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Hermaphroditic Papaya Flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Type V or Staminate Flower or male flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Male Papaya Flower Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Importance of Sex • Female – Fruit is an enlarged ovary • Male – Need pollen for pollination • Flower type influences – Thickness of flesh – Fruit shape Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Inheritance of Sex • One locus, three alleles – M1 male – M2 hermaphrodite or bisexual – m female • Homozygous dominant lethal – M1M1, M1M2 and M2M2 lethal – M1m = male M2m = bisexual – mm = female Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Seedlings segregate for sex Need to maximize the number of productive plants Hermaphroditic varieties maximize hermaphrodites Dioecious type maximize females • Plant multiple seedlings per space and rogue wrong sex Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Hermaphroditic Variety Hermaphrodite x Hermaphrodite M2 m x M2 m M2 M2 Lethal M2 m M2 m Hermaphrodite Hermaphrodite mm Female - 2/3 hermaphroditic and 1/3 female Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Maximize Bearing Plants Hermphroditic variety • Want hermaphroditic plants • Rogue out females 1 per space = 67% 2 per space = 89% 3 per space = 96% Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Female or Dioecious Types • Need one male for every 12-15 females – 6-8% males • Fruit is better if good pollination – Pollination by wind and moths Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Dioecious Variety Female x Male m m x M1 m mm Female - M1 m Male 1/2 female and 1/2 male Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Maximize Bearing Plants Dioecious variety • Maximize females • Rogue out males 1 per space = 50% 2 per space = 75% 3 per space = 87.5% 4 per space = 93.7% Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Sex Can Change! • Too cool, wet, and high N Female Stamens become carpel like • Too hot, dry, and low N Male Ovaries fail to develop Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Climatic Restrictions • Optimal temperature 22 - 26 C Sex expression shifts Flavor poor if cool Die if less than -1C Die if greater than 44C Long growing season • Susceptible to wind damage Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Cultural Restrictions • Need direct sunlight – Poor flavor if shaded • Well drained soils – Sensitive to waterlogging – Susceptible to Phytophthora • Sensitive to saline conditions Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Diseases of Papaya • Papaya ringspot virus Most important Limiting factor in many areas of world • • • • Mildew Anthracnose Root rot, Phytophthora (replant sites) Nematodes Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Ringspot Virus • Vectored by aphids – Leaf mottling and distortion – Reduce growth, yield • So severe in Florida that plants are grown as annuals Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Ringspot Virus Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Ringspot Virus Control via resistant varieties • UH Sunup and UH Rainbow – GMOs (Genetically Modified Organism) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Insect Pests • • • • • • Fruit flies Webworms White flies Thrips Mites Fruit spotting bugs Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Fruit flies Lay eggs in fruit Larva feed in fruit Cause rot Heat treat to kill in fruit Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Papaya Varieties Two Major Types • Hawaiian - Solo types Hermaphroditic Smaller fruit, about 1 lb • Mexican or “fruta bomba” Dioecious Larger fruit, up to 10 lbs Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Hawaiian Varieties Hermaphroditic Solo types • Common in US markets – Fruit small, firm, sweet – Plant smaller ~ 8’ – Sex expression more stable • Series of inbred seed lines developed in Hawaii – Most widely grown is “Sunrise” variety Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Mexican Varieties • Locally available in many tropical regions • Much larger fruit • Flavor generally less intense • Frequently dioecious • Not as good for shipping Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Establishment • Propagated by seed Clean off gelatinous coat Dry and plant immediately Warm (80 F), sterile soil Germinate in 2 weeks In 10 weeks ready to transplant Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Site Selection • “Virgin soil” preferred • Replant sites – – – – High levels of Phytophthera palmivora “Virgin soil” technique Fungicide drench in planting hole Fallow of 3-5 years Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Planting • Spacing Single row, 8’ x 10’ (435 plants per acre) Double row, 6’ x 6’ x 12’ (850 plants per acre) • Multiple seedlings per space to maximize bearing plants – 3 to 5 plants per hole until flowering Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Cropping Cycle • From planting begin to fruit in 10-12 months – Begins to flower in 4-8 months – Fruit develops in 4-6 months – Possible to grow as annual • Commercially can fruit for 3-4 years Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Production Practices • No pruning • High nitrogen to encourage growth • May thin fruit to one per cluster to avoid crowding Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Harvesting and Yields • Climacteric fruit – Harvest yellow green – Dark green fruit will not ripen • Potential yield – 100 tons/ha or 40 tons/acre • Average yield – 15-25 tons/ha or 6-10 tons/acre Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University World Yields of Papaya Region Mt/ha Africa 10.2 Asia 11.7 Americas 30.3 USA 32.9 FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Post Harvest • Storage – 1-3 weeks @ 7-10C • Fruit fly infestation treatment – Hot water: 20 minutes @ 120F – Hot air: heat fruit flesh to 117F Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University International Markets • Major exporting countries – – – – Mexico to USA and Canada Brazil to Europe India to Middle East Many others Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Any Questions about Papaya? Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
