WELCOME RESPIRATORY PROTECTION CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR 1910.134

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

29 CFR 1910.134

WELCOME

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NWACC Business & Industry

Workforce Development Institute

YOUR INSTRUCTOR



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COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Discuss Respirator Selection Criteria.

 Discuss Respirator Program Requirements.

 Discuss The Types of Respiratory Protection.

 Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control.

 Discuss Respiratory Protection Assessment Techniques.

 Discuss Respiratory Protection’s Role in Today’s Industry.

 Discuss OSHA’S Requirements for Respiratory Protection.

 Discuss Respirator Storage, Maintenance and Use Criteria.

 Discuss Industrial Hazards Requiring Respiratory Protection.

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BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

 6.6 Million Workers use Respiratory Equipment Daily.

 Some Workers Enter Lethal Environments on a Daily Basis.

 Respiratory Protection Training is Essential to Safety.

 Most Workers Who are Injured Lose Time from their Jobs.

 This Training Helps Improve:

 Safety

 Morale

 Productivity

 Employee well-being

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COURSE ATTENDEES

 Respirator Users

 Facility Engineers

 Process Engineers

 Safety Committees

 Process Specialists

 Department Managers

 First Line Supervisors

 Accident Investigation Team Members



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REGULATORY STANDARD

THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE

FEDERAL - 29 CFR 1903.1

EMPLOYERS MUST: Furnish a place of employment free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.

Employers must comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under the Williams-

Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

OSHA ACT OF 1970

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APPLICABLE REGULATIONS

29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

1910 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

134 - RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

DANGER

RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

REQUIRED

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CONTENTS OF 29 CFR 1910.134:

 a. Permissible Practice

 b. Requirements for a Minimal Acceptable Program

 c. Selection of Respirators

 d. Air Quality

 e. Use of Respirators

 f. Maintenance and Care of Respirators

 g. Identification of Gas Mask Canisters

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ANSI - Z88.2 - 1992

PRACTICES FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

DANGER

RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

REQUIRED

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OSHA CIVIL PENALTIES POLICY

BEFORE MARCH 1, 1991:

VIOLATION NARRATIVE: TEN (10) EMPLOYEES WERE

NOTED NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION IN AREAS

WHERE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF EYE INJURY

COULD OCCUR.

DANGER

PENALTY: $500

EYE PROTECTION

REQUIRED BEYOND

THIS POINT

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(Continued)

AS OF MARCH 1, 1991:

CHANGES IN PENALTY COMPUTATION:

1. PENALTIES BROKEN OUT INDIVIDUALLY.

2. PENALTIES INCREASED SEVEN FOLD.

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(Continued)

AS OF MARCH 1, 1991:

VIOLATION NARRATIVE: TEN (10) EMPLOYEES WERE

NOTED NOT WEARING EYE PROTECTION IN AREAS

WHERE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF EYE

INJURY COULD OCCUR.

$ 10 VIOLATIONS TIMES $500 = $5000

$ 5000 TIMES SEVEN = $35,000

PENALTY: $35000 BEFORE MARCH, 1991: $500

AS OF MARCH, 1991: $35,000

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GENERAL PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

ALL EMPLOYERS MUST:

 Establish a Written Program

 Address Air Quality Standards

 Conduct Respirator Fit Testing

 Conduct Medical Examinations

 Conduct Regular Program Evaluations

 Conduct Respiratory Protection Training

 Ensure Proper Selection of Respiratory Equipment

RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

PROGRAM

 Control Hazards Using Respirators as a Last Resort

 Conduct Work Area Respiratory Hazard Surveillance

 Address Inspection, Cleaning, Maintenance and Storage

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TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING :

 Training Must Establish Proficiency.

 Explain The Operation, Capabilities, and Limitations.

 Training Must be Conducted Prior to Job Assignment.

 Explain The Reason Respiratory Protection is Needed.

 Explain Why a Particular Respirator has been Selected.

 Explain Proper Maintenance and Storage of Respirators.

 Explain Inspection, Donning, Fit Checks and Proper Wear.

 Explain The Nature, Extent and Effects of Respiratory Hazards.

 Provide Explanation of Why Engineering Controls are not in Use.

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RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS

REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A:

 Close-Call Event.

 Program Related Injury.

 Change in Job Assignment.

 New Hazards or Equipment.

 New Hazard Control Methods.

 Failure in the Safety Procedures.

 Reason to Doubt Employee Proficiency.

RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

PROGRAM

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TRAINING IS IMPORTANT

A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:

 Reduce fatalities.

 Reduce injury and illness rates.

 Acceptance of high-turnover jobs.

 Workers feel better about their work.

 Reduce workers’ compensation costs.

 Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level.

SAFETY

STATISTICS

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PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTATION OF A RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION PROGRAM REQUIRES:

 DEDICATION

 PERSONAL INTEREST

 MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

NOTE:

UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE

IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

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Continued

DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE:

 Establish responsibility.

 Establish a corporate policy and develop rules.

 Conduct a hazard analysis of the facility.

 Determine appropriate respiratory hazard control measures.

 Eliminate respiratory hazards where possible.

 Conduct training.

 Provide protection where hazard elimination is not possible.

 Perform inspections and maintenance.

 Periodically audit the program.

 Modify policies and rules as appropriate.

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Continued

DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE:

 The initial goal should be to reduce or eliminate respiratory hazards by:

1. Elimination or substitution of hazard producing equipment.

2. Implementation of administrative controls.

3. Implementation of engineering controls.

4. Issuance of respiratory equipment.

5. Providing training and procedures.

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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Continued



RECOGNITION

 EVALUATION

 IMPLEMENTATION

 CONTROL

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Continued

 RECOGNITION

ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS:

 Known jobs/areas requiring respiratory protection.

 Jobs/areas having had recent operational changes.

 Jobs/areas with new equipment or processes.

 New jobs having little or no statistical injury data.

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Continued

 RECOGNITION



EVALUATION


 CONTROL

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Continued

 EVALUATION

 Facility audit data.

 Employee surveys.

SAFETY

PROGRAM

 Accident investigations.

 Industrial Hygiene surveys.

 Logs of “close-call” incidences.

 Organizational structure development.

 Statistical evidence of known/potential hazards.

 Injury and illness data of known/potential hazards.

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Continued

 RECOGNITION

 EVALUATION



IMPLEMENTATION

 CONTROL

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Continued

 IMPLEMENTATION

 Written program.

 Training program.

 Employee involvement.

 Supervisor involvement.

 Corrective action program.

 Job hazard analysis program.

SAFETY

PROGRAM

 Organizational structure establishment.

 Safety in purchasing (new equipment, products ect.)

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Continued

 RECOGNITION

 EVALUATION




CONTROL

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Continued

 CONTROL

 Periodic facility audits.

 Written program reviews.

 Industrial Hygiene surveys.

 Employee feedback surveys.

SAFETY

PROGRAM

 Job hazard analysis reviews.

 Recurrent training programs.

 Supervisor feedback surveys.

 Periodic statistical evaluations.

 Corrective action follow-up measures.

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Continued

 CONTROL MEASURES CONSIDERATIONS:

 Capital improvement plan to eliminated hazards.

 Costs involved in implementing control measures.

 Length of time necessary for implementation.

 Level of urgency in implementation.

 Compatibility with existing controls.

 Cost of respiratory protection equipment.

 Anticipated problems with employee use.

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Continued

 PRIORITIZATION CONSIDERATIONS:

 Severity of injuries as a result of hazards.

 Consequences of an injury at the worksite.

 Likelihood that the operation will have an injury.

 The length of exposure to the hazard.

 Longterm effects of respiratory exposure.

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KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS INCLUDE:

 TRAINING

 WRITTEN PROGRAM

 SAFETY COMMITTEE

 RESPIRATORY HAZARD ASSESSMENTS

 RESPIRATORY HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

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(Continued)



TRAINING

 Job-Specific Respiratory Protection Training

 Training for Facility Engineers

 Annual Recurrent Training

 Training for:

SAFETY

- Affected employees

- Managers

- Supervisors

- Maintenance personnel

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(Continued)

 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ASSESSMENTS

 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEYS

 SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS

 DEPARTMENTAL SURVEYS

 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

 EMPLOYEE SURVEYS

SAF ETY

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(Continued)



SAFETY COMMITTEE

 WRITTEN PROGRAM

 EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT

 TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

 REGULAR PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION

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THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE

 CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

1. GET INVOLVED IN THE HAZARD ASSESSMENTS.

2. OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (IF NEEDED) FROM EXPERTS IN THE

FIELD OF CONCERN.

3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK (WORK ORDERS, POLICY

CHANGES, ETC.) TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.

4. ATTEND THE SAME TRAINING AS YOUR WORKERS.

5. FOLLOW-UP ON THE ACTIONS YOU TOOK.

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WRITTEN PROGRAM



WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE:

 DEVELOPED

 IMPLEMENTED

 CONTROLLED

 JOB SPECIFIC

 UNDERSTANDABLE

 SUFFICIENTLY DETAILED

 PERIODICALLY REVIEWED



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PROGRAM REVIEW & EVALUATION

EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE:

 Industrial hygiene surveys

 Respiratory hazard assessments.

 Job hazard analysis assessments.

 Employee surveys.

 Review of results of facility evaluations.

 Analysis of trends in respiratory injury/illness rates.

 Up-to-date records of logs of respiratory hazard improvements tried or implemented.

 Before and after surveys/evaluations of job/worksite respiratory protection changes.

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WORKSITE ANALYSIS

 WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN PARTS:

1. Gathering information from available sources.

2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which equipment, areas or jobs need a closer analysis.

3. Performing industrial hygiene assessments and job hazard

analyses to identify hazards.

4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic

surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.

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RESPIRATOR USE SITUATIONS

WORK INVOLVING:

 Painting

 Firefighting

 Construction

 Emergencies

 Sand Blasting

 Spill Containment

 Manufacturing Operations

 Emergency Escape Actions

 Environmental Site Characterization

 Exposure During Maintenance Duties



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RESPIRATORY HAZARDS

AIR CONTAMINANTS



GASES



VAPORS



FUMES



AIR PARTICULATES



OXYGEN DEFICIENCY



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Continued

AIR CONTAMINANTS

 GASES: Generally used in a compressed form.

Can be released by chemical processes & high heat.

- Can effect all routes of entry.

 VAPORS: Formed by evaporation of liquids or solids.

Amount usually depends upon exposed surface area, temperature, and vapor pressure.

- Can be deadly.

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Continued


 FUMES: Usually metallic and formed by welding, cutting, or brazing operations.

- Extremely hazardous to inhale.

 AIR PARTICULATES: Composed of solid or liquid particles that are suspended or dispersed in air.

Such as dusts, mists, or smokes.

- Can be explosive and hazardous to breath.

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Continued

COMPOSITION OF CLEAN AIR

1 PERCENT MISCELLANEOUS GASES

21 PERCENT OXYGEN O

2

78 PERCENT NITROGEN N

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Continued

OXYGEN CONTENT OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

(% BY VOLUME) EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level.

15-19.5% Decreased ability to work strenuously.

May impair coordination.

12-14.9% Respiration increases, judgment affected

10-11.9% Lips begin to turn blue.

8-9.9% Mental failure, nausea and vomiting.

6-7.9% 8 Minutes, 100% fatal

6 Minutes, 50% fatal

4 Minutes, recovery with treatment

4-5.9% Coma in 40 seconds then death



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Continued

 DUSTS:

 Milling Operations

 Sanding Operations

 Grinding Operations

 Crushing Operations

 Processes that Use Suspendable Solids

 HAZARD: Can become trapped in the respiratory system and cause irritation or shortand long-term health problems and possibly death.

Suspension in air is a major problem.

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Continued

AIR PARTICULATE SUSPENSION TIMES

PARTICLE SIZE TIME TO FALL 1 FOOT

*

0.25

1.00

5.00







590.0 MINUTES

54.0 MINUTES

2.5 MINUTES



= MICRON

* = SHAPE IS A FACTOR

DANGER

RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

REQUIRED

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Continued

 FUMES:

 Brazing Operations

 Furnace Operations

 Welding Operations

 Smelting Operations

 High Heat Operations

 Torch Cutting Operations

 HAZARD: Can become trapped in the respiratory system and cause irritation or shortand long-term health problems and possibly death.

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Continued

 GASES:

 Closed Processes

 Spill Containment

 Welding Operations

 Smelting Operations

 High Heat Operations

 HAZARD: Can displace oxygen, combust, or create a toxic atmosphere. Can be lighter or heavier than ambient air and affect workers in otherwise safe locations.

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Continued



Alveoli

Oxygen passes into your blood and wastes are returned to your lungs to be exhaled through the alveoli.

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Continued

ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS:

May expose employees to risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:

 Flammable gas, vapor, or mist exceeding 10% LEL

 Airborne combustible dust in excess of its LEL (5 ft)

 Oxygen concentration below 19.5%

 Oxygen concentration above 23.5%

 Concentration of any substance exceeding its PEL

 Another atmospheric condition that is IDLH

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA):

 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s)

 FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE “Z” TABLES)

 ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS

 LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH):

 RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s)

 USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS

 FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH STANDARDS”

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.

Gaseous substances - Expressed as parts per million (ppm).

Fumes or mists - Expressed in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3 ).

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist

(ACGIH).

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH

An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area.

If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positive-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)

The

“richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)

The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

100%

75%

50%

PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE

ACETONE

13%

FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13%

2.5%

0%



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HAZARD RECOGNITION

Continued

WORK GENERATED CONDITIONS:

 Reduced O2 from welding/cutting operations

 Reduced O2 from inerting operations

 Explosive conditions from sparks/flame

 Fumes liberated by chemical cleaning

 Fumes liberated by painting or coating operations

 Dust explosions from particulate processing

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TYPES OF RESPIRATORS

THREE FAMILIES OF RESPIRATORS



AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS



SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS



SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES

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Continued

AIR-PURIFYING OR FILTERING:

The APR is used where there is enough oxygen present but the air in the area is contaminated with gases, vapors, and dust.

These respirators filter out dangerous materials or divert air through a chemical filter. DOES NOT PRODUCE OXYGEN!

WARNING - Some substances cannot be safely filtered requiring you to wear an Air-Supplied

Respirator.



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Continued

AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:

 Mechanical-Filter Respirators:

 Remove particles from the air

 May have disposable filters for dust

 May have half-face or full-face facepieces

 To choose the correct unit you need to know:

- Type of contaminant

- Concentration of the contaminant

- Size of the particles

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Continued


 Chemical Cartridge Respirators:

 Used for low concentrations of:

- Organic gases

- Pesticides

- Paint vapors


 Cartridge must be right one for type of contaminant

 Use only with contaminants with warning odor or irritation if the cartridge fails to work.

 Not for use against highly toxic gases



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Continued


 Gas-Mask Type Respirators:

 Protects against certain gases and particles

 Most have full facepieces

 Most use chin-mount canisters

Powered AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:

 Hooded Type Respirators:


 Battery powered motor draws air through a filter

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Continued

SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS:

The SAR is used whenever there is not enough oxygen and the concentration of the airborne substances present is not

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health (IDLH).

All respirators must be approved for the contaminant for which the employee is exposed too.

Approval is done jointly by the

Mine Safety and Health Administration of the Department of

Labor and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) of the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Continued

SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS:

 Air-Line Type Respirators:

 Used for oxygen deficient atmospheres

 Not for IDLH atmospheres (unless aux air carried)

 May have half-face or full-face or hood

 Air supplied from cylinders or a compressor

 Three types of SARs:

- Continuous flow

- Demand air flow

- Pressure-demand flow

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Continued

SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS

(SCBA)

SCBA uses a source of breathable air carried by the wearer. Although this greatly enhances the mobility of the wearer it limits the duration of protection. At a moderate work rate, using approximately 40 liter minute volume, most SCBA units have a rated duration of 30-60 minutes.

SCBA consists of the following: Face piece, Breathing tube, Air supply tube, Regulator, Exhalation valve, Air

Cylinder and valve.

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Continued

SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES:

 Mobile Air Supply Type Systems:

TWO TYPES

 Closed-circuit rebreathing units

 Pressure-demand open circuit units

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Continued


 Closed-Circuit Rebreathing Units:

 Protects up to four hours

 Typically used in mine rescues

 The user’s breath is recycled

 Carbon dioxide is removed from exhaled air

 Oxygen is added from a small cylinder

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Continued


 Pressure-Demand Open-Circuit Units:

 Provides 30 to 60 minutes worth of air

 Typically used by fire rescue services

 The user’s breath is exhaled into atmosphere

 Positive pressure is maintained inside the facepiece

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RESPIRATOR SELECTION

CONSULT WITH AN INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENIST REGARDING THE

TYPE OF RESPIRATOR TO BE

USED WITH YOUR OPERATION!

THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERAL

GUIDELINES ONLY!

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Continued

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY:

IDLH CONDITION Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

Combination positive-pressure supplied-air respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air supply

NON-IDLH CONDITION Any positive-pressure SCBA or SAR

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Continued

GAS AND VAPOR CONTAMINANTS:

IDLH CONDITION Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)


NON-IDLH CONDITION Any positive-pressure SAR, gas mask, or chemical cartridge respirator

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Continued

PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS:

Any positive-pressure SAR including abrasive blasting respirator. Powered air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency filters.

Any airpurifying respirator with a specific particulate filter.

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Continued

GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS:

IDLH CONDITION Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)


NON-IDLH CONDITION Any positive-pressure SAR, gas mask, or chemical cartridge respirator

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Continued

IDLH ATMOSPHERE ESCAPE:

Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)


FIREFIGHTING:

Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

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THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS:

Respirator use places a strain on the wearer’s cardiovascular system. All workers must exert a greater degree of effort to inhale and exhale when wearing a respirator.

Some people are claustrophobic and cannot wear respirators.

OSHA requires that anyone assigned a task requiring the use of respirators be examined and certified as being able to safely wear the respirator. Furthermore, the worker and supervisor must have a basic understanding of respirator selections, operations, fitting, limitations and maintenance.

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Continued

RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS:

The proper fitting of a respirator is determined by a fit tests and seal checks.

Fit tests can be

“Qualitative” or “Quantitative”.

Some OSHA

Standards have specific requirements for fit testing. See the 1000 series in 29 CFR.

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Continued

QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING:

 Required upon issue and semi-annually

 Irritant smoke or banana oil can be used

 Usually required to recite “Rainbow” passage

 Has a subjective response

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Continued

QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING:

 Measures concentration inside mask

 Port drilled into mask

 Takes approximately 1 hour

 Requires expensive equipment and trained personnel

 Ensures correct fit for model

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Continued

RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST:

 Do a fit test.

 Receive training.

 Provide proper care.

 Measure hazard levels.

 Receive a medical test.

 Review exposure limits.

 Select correct respirator.

 Receive annual physical.

 Receive annual training.

INSPECTION

CHECKLIST

FOR

RESPIRATORS

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Continued

RESPIRATOR CHECKLIST:

 Provide proper maintenance.

 Look for signs of deterioration.

 Follow policies and procedures.

 Wear only approved respirators.

 Wear only respirators on which you have received instruction.

INSPECTION

CHECKLIST

FOR

MASKS

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Continued

CONSULT THE OWNERS

MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS

REGARDING THE

RESPIRATOR YOU ARE USING

DO NOT ASSUME ANYTHING!

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INSPECTION AND CARE

OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT

INSPECTION BEFORE USE:

Employees using the equipment need to inspect their own equipment. Do not place your life unnecessarily in anyone else’s hands!

Components must be removed from service if their function has been adversely affected.

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Continued

INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS:

INSPECTION

CHECKLIST

FOR

MASKS

 Develop a detailed inspection policy.

 Document each inspection.

 Inspect all components before use.

 Tag as unusable, damaged equipment.

 Inspect equipment before each use (without exception).

 Separate damaged equipment from serviceable equipment.

 Consider the effects on equipment stored for long periods.

 Remove contaminated equipment from service immediately.

 Incorporate manufacturer’s instructions into a plant inspections.

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Continued

CLEANING AND DISINFECTING CONSIDERATIONS:

 Read the manufactures guidelines first!

 Disassemble in accordance with procedures.

 Scrub respirators in detergent and warm water.

 Treat with disinfectant.

 Re-rinse to remove detergent and disinfectant.

 Air-dry, do not dry dry rubber under heat or sunlight.

 Never use solvent to clean plastic or rubber.

 For SAR and SCBA units consult the manufacturers guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting procedures.

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Continued

STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS:

 Protect from sunlight, heat, cold, moisture and chemicals!

 Place respirators in individual sealable plastic bags.

 Emergency-use units should be stored according to the manufacturers guidelines.

 For SAR and SCBA units consult the manufacturers guidelines for storage.

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TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

 REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!

 REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE

STARTING THE JOB!

 ENSURE THEY ARE PROPERLY TRAINED!

 DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!

 DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!

 DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!

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OSHA'S PERCEPTION

OF A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM

1. DETAILED WRITTEN RESPIRATORY HAZARD ASSESSMENTS

2. DETAILED WRITTEN RESPIRATOR USE PROCEDURES

3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS

4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING

5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION

6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP

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WORK AT WORKING SAFELY

Training is the key to success in managing safety in the work environment. Attitude is also a key factor in maintaining a safe workplace.

Safety is, and always will be a team effort, safety starts with each individual employee and concludes with everyone leaving at the end of the day to rejoin their families.

Patricia A. Ice

Industrial Hygienist

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AIR CONTAMINANTS



GASES



VAPORS



FUMES



AIR PARTICULATES



OXYGEN DEFICIENCY



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 GASES: Generally used in a compressed form.

Can be released by chemical processes & high heat.

- Can effect all routes of entry.

 VAPORS: Formed by evaporation of liquids or solids.

Amount usually depends upon exposed surface area, temperature, and vapor pressure.

- Can be deadly.

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Continued


 FUMES: Usually metallic and formed by welding, cutting, or brazing operations.

- Extremely hazardous to inhale.

 AIR PARTICULATES: Composed of solid or liquid particles that are suspended or dispersed in air.

Such as dusts, mists, or smokes.

- Can be explosive and hazardous to breath.

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Continued

COMPOSITION OF CLEAN AIR

1 PERCENT MISCELLANEOUS GASES

21 PERCENT OXYGEN O

2

78 PERCENT NITROGEN N

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Continued

OXYGEN CONTENT OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

(% BY VOLUME) EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level.

15-19.5% Decreased ability to work strenuously.

May impair coordination.

12-14.9% Respiration increases, judgment affected

10-11.9% Lips begin to turn blue.

8-9.9% Mental failure, nausea and vomiting.

6-7.9% 8 Minutes, 100% fatal

6 Minutes, 50% fatal

4 Minutes, recovery with treatment

4-5.9% Coma in 40 seconds then death



APPROXIMATE VALUES RS -‹#›


Continued



Alveoli

Oxygen passes into your blood and wastes are returned to your lungs to be exhaled through the alveoli.

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Continued

ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS:

May expose employees to risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:

 Flammable gas, vapor, or mist exceeding 10% LEL

 Airborne combustible dust in excess of its LEL (5 ft)

 Oxygen concentration below 19.5%

 Oxygen concentration above 23.5%

 Concentration of any substance exceeding its PEL

 Another atmospheric condition that is IDLH

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA):

 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s)

 FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE “Z” TABLES)

 ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS

 LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH):

 RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s)

 USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS

 FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH STANDARDS”

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.

Gaseous substances - Expressed as parts per million (ppm).

Fumes or mists - Expressed in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3 ).

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist

(ACGIH).

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH

An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area.

If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positive-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)

The

“richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)

The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE

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DEFINITIONS

Continued

100%

75%

50%

PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE

ACETONE

13%

FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13%

2.5%

0%



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THREE FAMILIES OF RESPIRATORS



AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS



SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATORS



SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUSES

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Continued

AIR-PURIFYING OR FILTERING:

The APR is used where there is enough oxygen present but the air in the area is contaminated with gases, vapors, and dust.

These respirators filter out dangerous materials or divert air through a chemical filter. DOES NOT PRODUCE OXYGEN!

WARNING - Some substances cannot be safely filtered requiring you to wear an Air-Supplied

Respirator.



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 Mechanical-Filter Respirators:

 Remove particles from the air

 May have disposable filters for dust


 To choose the correct unit you need to know:

- Type of contaminant

- Concentration of the contaminant

- Size of the particles

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Continued


 Chemical Cartridge Respirators:

 Used for low concentrations of:

- Organic gases

- Pesticides

- Paint vapors


 Cartridge must be right one for type of contaminant

 Use only with contaminants with warning odor or irritation if the cartridge fails to work.

 Not for use against highly toxic gases



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 Gas-Mask Type Respirators:


 Most have full facepieces

 Most use chin-mount canisters

Powered AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:

 Hooded Type Respirators:


 Battery powered motor draws air through a filter

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Continued

SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS

(SCBA)

SCBA uses a source of breathable air carried by the wearer. Although this greatly enhances the mobility of the wearer it limits the duration of protection. At a moderate work rate, using approximately 40 liter minute volume, most SCBA units have a rated duration of 30-60 minutes.

SCBA consists of the following: Face piece, Breathing tube, Air supply tube, Regulator, Exhalation valve, Air

Cylinder and valve.

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Continued


 Mobile Air Supply Type Systems:

TWO TYPES

 Closed-circuit rebreathing units

 Pressure-demand open circuit units

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Continued


 Closed-Circuit Rebreathing Units:

 Protects up to four hours

 Typically used in mine rescues

 The user’s breath is recycled

 Carbon dioxide is removed from exhaled air

 Oxygen is added from a small cylinder

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Continued


 Pressure-Demand Open-Circuit Units:

 Provides 30 to 60 minutes worth of air

 Typically used by fire rescue services

 The user’s breath is exhaled into atmosphere

 Positive pressure is maintained inside the facepiece

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Continued

IDLH ATMOSPHERE ESCAPE:

Any positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)


FIREFIGHTING:

Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

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THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS:

Respirator use places a strain on the wearer’s cardiovascular system. All workers must exert a greater degree of effort to inhale and exhale when wearing a respirator.

Some people are claustrophobic and cannot wear respirators.

OSHA requires that anyone assigned a task requiring the use of respirators be examined and certified as being able to safely wear the respirator. Furthermore, the worker and supervisor must have a basic understanding of respirator selections, operations, fitting, limitations and maintenance.

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Continued

RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS:

The proper fitting of a respirator is determined by a fit tests and seal checks.

Fit tests can be

“Qualitative” or “Quantitative”.

Some OSHA

Standards have specific requirements for fit testing. See the 1000 series in 29 CFR.

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Continued

QUALITATIVE FIT TESTING:

 Required upon issue and semi-annually

 Irritant smoke or banana oil can be used

 Usually required to recite “Rainbow” passage

 Has a subjective response

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Continued

QUANTITATIVE FIT TESTING:

 Measures concentration inside mask

 Port drilled into mask

 Takes approximately 1 hour

 Requires expensive equipment and trained personnel

 Ensures correct fit for model

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