ABOVE GROUND STORAGE TANKS
CUSTOMIZED ENVIRONMENTAL
TRAINING
WELCOME
AST 1 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC.
INSTRUCTOR
Insert Instructor Name Here
AST 2 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
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OBJECTIVES
 Define Above Ground Storage Tanks (ASTs)
 Discuss the Components of Above Ground Storage Tank
Management Plans.
 Discuss Field-Erected Tanks.
 Discuss Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures.
 Discuss Facility Response Plans.
 Discuss What to do When a Spill Occurs.
 Discuss Reports and Records.
 Recommend Inspection Items.
 Discuss Use of Contractors.
AST 3 / 60
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GOALS
 Understand the Definition of ASTs.
 Be Familiar With the Components of an Above Ground Storage
Tank Management Plan.
 Understand the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
Plans.
 Understand Facility Response Plans.
 Understand What to do When a Spill Occurs.
 Be Familiar With Required Reports and Records.
AST 4 / 60
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BACKGROUND
 EPA regulates under the Clean Water Act approximately
440, 000 facilities that have one or more above ground
storage tanks.
 Annually, 20,000 oil spills occur that are released to
navigable waters.
 On January 8, 2000 a one million-gallon bulk storage
tank experienced a catastrophic structural failure
releasing an estimated 882,000 gallons of fertilizer into
the Ohio River.
AST 5 / 60
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LEARNERS
 Supervisors
 Facility Engineers
 Maintenance Personnel
 Department Managers
 Building Occupants
 Process Specialists
 Environmental and Safety Committees
AST 6 / 60
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OVERVIEW
The goal of this course is to provide supervisors
with the tools needed to manage above ground
storage tanks from leaking. It recommends practical,
actions that can be carried out by facility
management, maintenance personnel and building
occupants. The course will help you to integrate
good AST management activities into your existing
organization and identify which of your staff have
the necessary skills to carry out those activities.
AST 7 / 60
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WHAT THIS COURSE DOES NOT DO
The course is not intended to provide information to
install, repair, calibrate equipment or remove ASTs.
Nor is it intended to instruct how to write SPCC or
FRP plans. These specialties required training
beyond the intended scope of this course. Where
this expertise is needed, outside assistance should
be solicited.
AST 8 / 60
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GOVERNING ACTS FOR ABOVE
GROUND STORAGE TANKS
 Clean Water Act, Section 311
 Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)
 Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act (SARA),
Title III
 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990
 Clean Air Act of 1970.
AST 9 / 60
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FIRE DEPARTMENTS
 In many areas of the country, states delegate the
regulation of above ground storage tanks to local fire
departments.
 In regulating ASTs, fire departments often use the
Uniform Fire Code, Section 79 and the National Fire
and Protection Association (NFPA) Sections 30 and
30A.
 AST owners should find out the specific regulating
guidance for their state.
AST 10 / 60
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WHAT IS AN ABOVE GROUND
STORAGE TANK?
 Above ground storage tanks have 90 percent or more
of their volume above the surface of the ground. This
includes the tank, all connected piping, ancillary
equipment, and containment system.
Above ground storage tanks are 110 gallons or
greater.
Regulated tanks are tanks that contain petroleum or
hazardous substances. (Not water tanks etc.)
During this course, above ground storage tanks will
refer to regulated above ground storage tanks.
AST 11 / 60
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COMPONENTS OF AN ABOVE GROUND
STORAGE TANK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
 Tank and Piping Design and Construction
 Spill and Overfill Control
 Venting
 Tank Location
 Secondary Containment
 Associated Electrical Equipment
 Release Detection and Monitoring
 Fire Control/Emergency Equipment
 General Requirements
 Reporting
 Recordkeeping
 Training
 Inspections/Assessments
AST 12 / 60
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MATERIALS
 Tanks and piping shall be designed and built in
accordance with recognized good engineering
standards for the material of construction, and shall be
of steel or other noncombustible material.
 The material of tank and piping construction shall be
compatible with the material to be stored. If an internal
protective coating or lining is to be employed, it shall
also be compatible with the material to be stored.
 Each tank shall be labeled, built, installed, and used
within the scope of a nationally recognized standard.
AST 13 / 60
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CORROSION PROTECTION
Corrosion protection can substantially increase the
operating lifetime of the tank, as well as provide an
additional level of safety and environmental protection
against leaks.
In General
 All tanks and piping subject to corrosion shall be
properly protected to ensure leaks do not occur.
 This includes tanks and piping placed upon the
ground, a pad, or any steel, masonry, or concrete
foundation or pipe/tank stand, as this is the location at
which accelerated corrosion is most likely to occur.
AST 14 / 60
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CORROSION PROTECTION
Internal Corrosion Protection
If corrosion is anticipated beyond that provided for in the
design, additional metal thickness or suitable protective
coating or lining shall be provided to compensate for the
corrosion loss expected during the design life of the
tank and piping.
External Corrosion Protection
 All tanks and piping subject to corrosion shall be, at a
minimum, coated/painted to prevent corrosion
 For bunkered (half-buried) tanks, or tanks and piping
in contact with the ground, cathodic protection is
required in addition to coating/painting
AST 15 / 60
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PUMPS
 Liquid shall not be dispensed
from a tank by pressurization of the
tank or by gravity flow.
 Suction pumps shall be located
as close as possible to the
operating equipment, since all
piping downstream of the pump is
considered pressure pumping.
 Means shall be provided to
prevent the release of liquid by
siphon flow.
AST 16 / 60
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SPILL AND OVERFILL CONTROL
To protect from spills and overfills associated with
product transfer to and from the AST system, the
following protection methods shall be used:
In General
 Tank filling shall not begin until the operator has
determined tank ullage (available capacity) based on
direct liquid level measurement converted to gallons (or
some equivalent method). Tank ullage and the amount
transferred to the tank shall be entered into the tank
records.
The transfer operator shall be physically present to
monitor the entire transfer process.
AST 17 / 60
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SPILL AND OVERFILL CONTROL
Tanks 660 gallons or greater:
 Fixed or movable equipment is required that will
contain the release of product when
i. the transfer hose is detached from the fill pipe
ii. the tank is overfilled
 If not equipped with a hand operated nozzle, a check
valve and shut off valve must be equipped.
Tanks 660 gallons or greater & placed in service
after 1994:
 Equipment is required that will automatically shut off
flow into the tank when the tank is no more than 95%
 Equipment is required that will trigger an audible
alarm when the tank is no more than 90% full.
AST 18 / 60
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VENTING
Atmospheric tanks shall be adequately vented to
prevent the development of vacuum or pressure which
exceeds the design pressure of the tank as a result of
filling, emptying, or atmospheric temperature changes.
Normal Venting
 Should be in accordance with the American
Petroleum Institute Standard No. 2000, Venting
Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, or
another accepted standard; OR
 Shall be at least as large as the filling or withdrawal
connections, whichever is larger, but in no case less
than 1.25 inches.
AST 19 / 60
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VENTING
 Vents shall be arranged to discharge in such a way
as to prevent localized overheating of, or flame
impingement on, any part of the tank, in the event
vapors from the vents are ignited.
 For liquids having a flash point below 73°F and a
boiling point below 100°F, a venting device that is
normally closed except when venting to pressure or
vacuum shall be installed.
 All vents shall have a spark arrestor cap.
 All vents shall be located "in the clear" at least 12 feet
above the ground.
AST 20 / 60
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EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING
All tanks shall have some form of
construction or device that will relieve
excessive internal pressure caused by
exposure to fires. The following
methods are allowed:
 Properly located valves, pipes, or
blowout plugs
 Weak roof-to-shell seam
Emergency relief venting capacity
shall be in accordance with your
state's storage tank regulations.
AST 21 / 60
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TANK LOCATION
 Tanks shall rest on
foundations made of concrete,
masonry, or steel.
 The foundations shall be
designed to minimize the
possibility of uneven settling of
the tank, and to minimize
corrosion to any part of the
tank resting on the foundation.
AST 22 / 60
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TANK LOCATION
Tanks and vents shall be located in such a way as to
minimize the danger of fire from the following ignition
sources:
 Open flames
 Smoking
 Hot surfaces, radiant heat
 Cutting and welding
 Frictional heat or sparks
 Lightning
 Static electricity, electrical sparks
 Stray currents
AST 23 / 60
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TANK LOCATION
Tanks shall be located in such a way as to minimize the
hazards associated with venting, releases, and fire to:
 Buildings and their occupants (minimum distances
required)
 Other tanks (minimum distances required)
 Roadways
 Pedestrian walkways
 Adjoining property (minimum distances required)
 Congested areas
 Waterways, streams, and ditches
Tanks shall be anchored, as necessary for stability.
AST 24 / 60
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SECONDARY CONTAINMENT
Should there be a catastrophic or undetected
AST leak, secondary containment provides
added health and environmental protection.
1. Required for all ASTs larger than 110
gallons
2. All secondary containment areas or
systems shall be maintained free of
accumulations of water, leaves, weeds,
flammable materials, tanks or drums, or
anything else that may interfere with the
containment purpose or visual detection of
leaks or spills.
AST 25 / 60
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SECONDARY CONTAINMENT
3. All secondary containment systems shall be:
 Impervious to the tank contents for at least 72 hours.
 Compatible with the tank contents
 Resistant to normal environmental conditions.
 Of sufficient strength and durability to resist tearing,
cracking, collapsing, etc. for the tank’s lifetime.
 Easily maintainable
 Can contain 110% of the volume of the tank.
 Of sufficient size to contain all critical piping, fittings,
and valves.
AST 26 / 60
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SECONDARY CONTAINMENT
4. The following permanent or temporary containment
systems are allowed, unless otherwise noted:
 Steel catchment basins or spill skids
 Masonry or concrete berms
 Earthen berms, only when used in conjunction with
an appropriate liner or coating
 ‘Visqueen' or other non-reinforced plastic sheeting
with a thickness of 40 mils (0.75mm) or less is NOT
appropriate
Secondary containment tanks (i.e. double-walled tanks
or concrete encased tanks). These tanks (including
associated piping and pumps) are exempt from
containing 110% and containing piping and equipment.
AST 27 / 60
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ASSOCIATED ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
 All electrical equipment shall be located to minimize
the possibility of initiating a fire or electrocution hazard.
 All electrical equipment and wiring shall be in
accordance with NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code).
 An Emergency Power Off (EPO) switch, or other
suitable disconnect switch, shall be located near the
electrical equipment, and this switch shall be labeled.
 All maintenance of the electrical equipment shall be
conducted in accordance with the Lockout/Tagout
Program.
 Provisions shall be made for the control of static
electricity at installations where flammable or
combustible liquids are transferred or dispensed.
AST 28 / 60
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RELEASE DETECTION AND
MONITORING
All tanks shall have a system that provides a method or
combination of methods that can detect a release for
any portion of the tank. This can be accomplished by
the methods listed below:
a. ASTs that are not in contact with the ground or any
electrolyte shall be visually inspected at least once per
month;
b. For ASTs or their supporting structure in contact with
the soil or an electrolyte, a biennial (every two years)
leakage test and internal or external visual inspection of
the bottom of the tank shall be completed in addition to
the monthly inspection noted in (a) above.
AST 29 / 60
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RELEASE DETECTION AND
MONITORING
Secondary containment tanks (i.e.
double-walled tanks or concrete
encased tanks) shall have an
interstitial liquid detector (or other
positive means of leak detection).
The operation of the interstitial leak
detector shall be verified at least
monthly. Pop-up-type monitors are
not subject to the monthly
verification.
AST 30 / 60
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FIRE CONTROL/EMERGENCY
EQUIPMENT
Permanent Tanks
a. at least one portable standard NREL dry chemical fire
extinguisher (minimum 4A60B:C rating) shall be within
25 feet of any tank containing a flammable or
combustible liquid
Portable tanks
a. at least one portable fire extinguisher with a minimum
4A60B:C rating shall be within 25 feet of any tank
containing a flammable or combustible liquid
b. emergency information (location of nearest
telephone, dialing instructions, who to contact,
equipment owner/area landlord etc.) shall be placed
between 10 and 50 feet from the tank
AST 31 / 60
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FIELD-ERECTED TANKS
Tanks that are constructed on-site are considered "fielderected tanks." Regulated field-erected tanks must be
internally and externally inspected according to
American Petroleum Institute (API) standard 653. These
inspections must be performed by a certified API 653
inspector. Most field-erected tanks must be externally
inspected every five years and internally inspected
every ten years. This inspection cycle may vary
depending upon the condition of the AST.
AST 32 / 60
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SPILL PREVENTION CONTROL
AND COUNTERMEASURES
Facilities that meet both of the following conditions must
have an SPCC Plan:
1. Own or operate a non-transportation related fixed
facility that could be reasonably be expected to
discharge oil into or upon navigable waters of the
United States and
2. The facility has an above ground storage capability of
 More than 660 gallons in a single container, or
 A total above ground oil storage capacity of 1,320
gallons, or
 A total underground buried storage capacity of more
than 42,000 gallons.
AST 33 / 60
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SPILL PREVENTION CONTROL
AND COUNTERMEASURES
SPCC Plans must:
 Be kept onsite.
 Be certified by a Registered Professional Engineer (PE)
 Have full management approval.
 Conform with all SPCC requirements in 40 CFR Part 112
 Discuss the facility’s spill history.
 Discuss spill prediction – (i.e. the direction of flow)
 Be reviewed every three years by management.
 Be amended when you change the facility and re-certified
by a PE.
AST 34 / 60
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FACILITY RESPONSE PLANS
 Under the Clean Water Act, all owners/operators of oil
storage facilities are required to prepare a facilityspecific response plan.
 This plan, to the maximum extent possible, is for
responding to a "worst case discharge" of oil and to the
substantial threat of such a discharge to the
surrounding environment.
 Oil is defined as an oil of any kind or in any form,
including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge,
oil refuse, oil mixed with wastes other than dredged
spoil.
AST 35 / 60
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FACILITY RESPONSE PLANS
 Substantial harm is determined by the amount of
storage, type of activities, location and spill history of
the facility. If any of the following applies to a facility,
then they would be considered to pose substantial harm
to the environment.
 A facility with a maximum oil storage capacity greater
than or equal to 42,000 gallons and operations include
over-water transfers of oil to or from vessels.
 A facility with a maximum oil storage capacity greater
than or equal to one million gallons.
 A facility without secondary containment for each
above ground storage tank large enough to contain the
capacity of the largest above ground storage tank within
that storage area.
AST 36 / 60
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FACILITY RESPONSE PLANS
 A facility located at a distance such that a discharge
from the facility could cause injury to fish, wildlife or the
environment.
 A facility located at a distance such that a discharge
from the facility would shut down a drinking water
intake.
 A facility that has experienced a reportable spill in the
past five years that was greater than or equal to 10,000
gallons.
 The U.S. EPA Regional Administrator has discretion
to require an FRP from any facility.
AST 37 / 60
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ELEMENTS OF A FACILITY
RESPONSE PLAN
 Cover Sheet
 Emergency Response Action Plan
 Facility Information
 Emergency Response Information
 Hazard evaluation
 Spill scenario discussion
 Discharge detection systems information
 Plan implementation information
 Facility self-inspection checklists
 Diagrams for the site plan and the drainage plan
 Security systems description
AST 38 / 60
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FACILITY RESPONSE PLANS
 Facility Response Plans are to be submitted to your
area’s EPA Facility Response Plan coordinator.
 Each time there is a material change at an FRP
facility, the facility must resubmit their plan for approval
within 60 days.
 Examples of material changes include:
- A significant change in facility capacity, configuration
or type of oil handled;
- A change in the capacity or availability of response
contractors; or
- A change in spill prevention equipment or response
procedures that may affect the potential for a discharge.
AST 39 / 60
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. All tanks shall have a sign stating the
tank contents and shall be marked in
accordance with NFPA 704,
Identification of Fire Hazards of
Materials (commonly referred to as the
"Diamond Hazard Rating" or "Hazardous
Materials Classification Diamond")
2. Access to tank interiors are subject to
the facility’s Confined Space Entry
Program
3. Safe Operating Procedures or other
written operating procedures shall be
developed for all permanent tank
operations.
AST 40 / 60
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4. During tank filling activities, the delivery vehicle shall
be separated from the tank by at least 15 feet.
5. All tanks, machinery, and piping shall be grounded.
6. Means shall be provided to protect tank systems from
vandalism to the greatest extent practicable (i.e. all fill
and withdrawal openings that can be opened without
hand tools shall be locked).
7. Spill control equipment such as booms, pads, and
absorbents shall be provided by the tank operator,
located near the tank, and available at all times.
AST 41 / 60
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IF A SPILL OCCURS
Be sure to record the following about the incident:
 Date, time, location and type of an incident;
 Name, quantity and source of material involved;
 Cause of an incident and name of the party involved
with the incident;
 Measures taken to contain and cleanup the spill;
 Quantity and disposition of material resulting from
cleanup;
 Measures taken to prevent recurrence.
 Severity and geographic area affected;
AST 42 / 60
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SPILL INFORMATION TO REPORT
TO EPA
 Name of the facility;
 Name(s) of the owner or operator of the facility;
 Location of the facility;
 Date and year of initial facility operation;
 Maximum storage or handling capacity of the facility
and normal daily throughput;
 Description of the facility, including maps, flow
diagrams and topographical maps;
 The cause(s) of such spill(s), including a failure
analysis of the system or subsystem in which the failure
occurred;
 Corrective actions and/or countermeasures taken,
 A copy of the SPCC Plan and any other information
pertinent to the Plan or the spill(s).
AST 43 / 60
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REPORTING
1. Releases
The National Response Center is
the sole federal point of contact for
reporting oil and chemical spills.
If you have a spill to report,
contact them at 1-800-424-8802 or
for those without 800 access,
contact them at (202) 267-2675.
AST 44 / 60
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REPORTING
2. New Tanks
An application shall be submitted to
and approved by the regulatory
agency prior to construction or
operation of tanks over 110 gallons.
3. Existing Tanks
Modifications to tanks greater than
110 gallons which alter their type,
location, capacity, or contents shall
be registered with the regulatory
agency.
AST 45 / 60
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REPORTING
4. Change in Service Type
The following service types are designated for all AST's.
i. In Service—currently in use, all recordkeeping
requirements apply
ii. Out-of-Service—less than 90 days, tank shall be
empty, all recordkeeping requirements apply.
iii. Out-of-Service—more than 90 days but less than 12
months.
iv. Temporary Closure—less than 24 months, tank must
be empty, additional requirements apply.
v. Permanent Closure—tank will no longer be used,
tank must be empty.
vi. Change-in-Service
AST 46 / 60
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RECORDKEEPING
Recordkeeping
1. Permits/Registrations/Plans
a. A Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan
(SPCC) shall be prepared and implemented when the
total storage capacity of the site exceeds 1320 gallons,
or when any single tank exceeds 660 gallons. This
Program shall be written and implemented in
accordance with 40 CFR 112.
b. Tank registration records issued by the regulatory
agency shall be retained until tank closure.
c. A copy of all As-Built drawings and schematics for all
tanks. These drawing should be retained for five years
or the life of the tank, whichever is longer.
AST 47 / 60
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RECORDKEEPING
Recordkeeping
2. Monthly Monitoring/Inspection
A monthly monitoring record shall be maintained for each
AST. This record shall be completed and maintained by
the facility responsible for the tank, and retained for a
minimum of one year.
AST 48 / 60
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RECORDKEEPING
Recordkeeping
3. Modifications/Repairs
Amended tank drawings or a synopsis of modifications
or repairs to tanks and their associated equipment shall
be retained by the facility. These documents should be
retained for five years or the life of the tank, whichever
is longer.
AST 49 / 60
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RECORDKEEPING
Recordkeeping
4. Ullage Records
Records to document that tank ullage (available
capacity) was properly checked prior to filling tanks
shall be maintained. These records shall be completed
and maintained by the owning organization responsible
for the tank, and retained for a minimum of six months.
AST 50 / 60
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RECORDKEEPING
Recordkeeping
5. Change-in-Service Records
Records showing the history of each AST (indicating
class (based on flash point of the material) and type of
product stored) and all changes-in-service shall be
maintained by the facility and retained for a minimum of
two years.
AST 51 / 60
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TRAINING
All persons supervising and operating tank system
equipment must receive appropriate training in the
following areas:
1. product transfer operations
2. emergency response procedures
3. release detection equipment
4. safety mechanisms
5. fire control equipment
6. normal and emergency operating procedures
7. inspection procedures
AST 52 / 60
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RECOMMENDED INSPECTION
ITEMS
The following are recommended checklist items for your
AST’s monthy inspection:
1. Corrrosion Protection controls present and in good
operating condition (e.g. paint, cathodic protection).
2. Tank, piping, pumps, and valves inspected for signs of
corrosion, damage, and failure (e.g. leaks). Inspect fill
area, dispensing area, and under tank.
3. Spill and Overfill Protection controls present and in
good operating condition (e.g. reservoirs, catchment
basins for use during tank filling).
AST 53 / 60
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RECOMMENDED INSPECTION
ITEMS
4. Overfill Prevention equipment present and in good
operating condition (e.g. automatic alarms or shutoff
equipment).
5. Normal vent present and in good operating condition.
6. Vapor Recovery equipment present and in good
operating condition.
7. Secondary Containment system present and in good
operating condition.
AST 54 / 60
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RECOMMENDED INSPECTION
ITEMS
8. Secondary Containment system free of tank product
or other liquids/debris (e.g. rainwater, snowmelt, dirt,
leaves, trash, stored materials)
9. Electrical equipment and static controls present and
in good operating condition
10. Has interstitial monitor been tested within the last
month?
AST 55 / 60
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RECOMMENDED INSPECTION
ITEMS
11. Release Detection and Monitoring equipment
present and in good operating condition. Has interstitial
monitor been tested within the last month.
12. Fire Control and Emergency equipment present
and in good operating condition (e.g. fire extinguisher,
phone, fire alarm, spill control equipment).
13. Tank Operation and Security: have all appropriate
tank valves and equipment been properly configured,
secured, and/or locked.
AST 56 / 60
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RECOMMENDED INSPECTION
ITEMS
14. Signage present.
15. Concrete surfaces and ground free from any
evidence of leakage or spillage.
16. Written operating instructions present.
AST 57 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC.
TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS
 Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area!
 Review Procedures With Them Before Starting the Job!
 Ensure They Are Properly Trained!
 Determine Their Environmental Compliance Record!
 Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!
 Determine How They Will Affect Your Facility’s
Environmental Compliance!
AST 58 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC.
ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL
AST PROGRAM
1. DETAILED WRITTEN AST INSPECTION GUIDELINES.
2. DETAILED WRITTEN AST BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES.
3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING
5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION
6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP
AST 59 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC.
THE IMPORTANCE OF A
CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
“I would ask all of us to remember
that protecting our environment is
about protecting where we live and
how we live. Let us join together to
protect our health, our economy,
and our communities -- so all of us
and our children and our
grandchildren can enjoy a healthy
and a prosperous life.”
AST 60 / 60
© Copyright Training 4 Today 2000
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC.
Carol Browner
Former EPA
Administrator