African Adventure: Kilimanjaro and the Serengeti
A PRE-DEPARTURE GUIDE
“Full of mystery, rising like a white ghost from the plains - Kilimanjaro, the roof of
Africa.” - Scott Fischer – First American to summit Lhoste Peak in Nepal
African Adventure Pre-Departure Guide
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An African Adventure Awaits You!!
This booklet is provided to assist you in your pre-trip preparation and
planning. It includes a lot of material that has already been covered in
the newsletters, as well as some new information. I’ve indicated new
material with this symbol –
There will be no more newsletters, so new information will be sent to you
via email or regular snail mail. Feel free to ask questions and be curious!
I look forward to sharing this exciting adventure with you!
IMPORTANT DATES TO REMEMBER
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October 24th: Last official group hike
October 26th: Last payment of trip fee, $1350
October 26th: Credit card information due for group flight
October 31st: Finalize any immunizations you will need to get for the trip
November 15th: Latest date to send in your Tanzania visa application (you should
have flight receipt by then)
African Adventure Pre-Departure Guide
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Participant Information
Participant contact information
Emergency contact information
Kilimanjaro Climb and Serengeti Safari Itineraries
Kilimanjaro itinerary
Serengeti itinerary
Lodging in Arusha
Travel Information
Passport
Visa
Baggage information
Flight information
Departure tax
Late arrival
5
5
5
6-8
6
7
8
9-10
9
9
9
9
10
10
Packing List
11-16
History, Environment and Culture
17-19
Facts for travelers
History
Culture
Environment
Cultural, Social & Environmental Considerations
Local currency/time/electricity
Communications
Gratuities
Photographs
Climate
Environmental concerns
Community service projects
Health & Medical Information
Food & water
Vehicle safety
Mountain safety
Altitude illness
Acclimatization recommendations
Hypothermia & frostbite
Travel health clinic resources
Personal health & dental
Immunizations
Evacuation procedures
17
17
18
19
20-22
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
23-27
23
23
24
24
26
27
27
27
27
28
A Guide to Watching Wildlife
29-30
Visa Application
31-34
African Adventure Pre-Departure Guide
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GROUP ROSTER AND EMERGENCY CONTACT LISTS
First name
Christopher
Glenn
Heather
Steven
Markus
Katherine
Kevin
David
Peer
Susan
Gracijela
Walter
Alice
David
Stacia
Last name
Amantia
Botbyl
DePaola
DePaola
Jork
Kozin
Kozin
Kraft
Kraft-Lund
Lach
Peck
Peck
Price
Stultz
Zukroff
Nickname
Chris
Glenn
Heather
Steve
Markus
Katie
Kevin
David
Peer
Sue
Grace
Walter
Marie
David
Stacia
First name
Christopher
Glenn
Heather
Steven
Markus
Katherine
Kevin
David
Peer
Susan
Gracijela
Walter
Alice
David
Stacia
Last name
Amantia
Botbyl
DePaola
DePaola
Jork
Kozin
Kozin
Kraft
Kraft-Lund
Lach
Peck
Peck
Price
Stultz
Zukroff
Emergency contact
Vince Amantia
Joyce Botbyl
Nancy Ferguson
Scott DePaola
Anette Jork
Gary Jones
Sherwood Kozin
Stephanie Kraft
Sharon Kraft-Lund
Joan Lach
Phyllis Peck
Phyllis Peck
Charles Price
Peter Stultz
Carl Zukroff
African Adventure Pre-Departure Guide
Email
unggoy@comcast.net
botbyl@frontiernet.net
heather@unpackingsolutions.com
sdepaola@arcweb.com
markus@jork.com
kkozin@outdoors.org
kozink@csps.com
dkraft@external.umass.edu
pathways@worldpath.net
suelach@cox.net
yugo4take@aol.com
yugo4take@aol.com
chuck1147@msn.com
dutch211@msn.com
youngmembers@yahoo.com
Telephone
716-695-1085
845-497-3018
508-653-6062
508-321-1123
+49-6023-917911
617-560-1601
973-427-4579
413-549-6408
603-776-8940
860-482-6654
603-495-3674
603-495-3674
603-875-5296
508-898-3273
617-835-5696
Telephone
617-734-1641
845-497-3018
508-785-1977
508-785-1977
978-656-0050
617-332-7372
617-332-7372
413-549-6408
603-776-8940
860-712-7216
603-625-2948
603-625-2948
603-875-5296
978-687-1972
617-835-6532
Relationship
Father
Wife
Mother
Brother
Sister
Father
Father
Wife
Wife
Mother
Mother-in-law
Mother
Husband
Brother
Father
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KILIMANJARO CLIMB AND SERENGETI SAFARI ITINERARIES
This complete Kilimanjaro itinerary is the most successful trek on the mountain with 95% of
the climbers reaching the summit. African Environments pioneered this route some years ago
and is still the only company offering variation away from the regular routes. One of the best
features of the route is the longer, slower ascent which gives the body time to acclimatize to
the altitude gradually– this greatly increases the success rate. The route has the added
benefit of travelling across the Shira Plateau: a World Heritage Site and one of the
Kilimanjaro wilderness areas. Most groups on this route see very few other climbers - it’s
almost like having the mountain to yourself!
Each day’s hike varies with altitude and the environment through which you will be passing.
At the base of the mountain you will drive through several vegetation zones, from arid
savannah to low mountain rainforest. In the rainforest you may encounter blue monkeys,
black-faced vervet monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys, beautiful sunbirds and
turacos. Depending on the weather, the path through the forest can be muddy and slippery.
As you continue your hike and gain altitude, the vegetation changes from the lush forest to
open moorland with heather, giant lobelia and groundsels. Higher still you will enjoy the
highland desert. The alpine zone begins at 14,000’ and the plant life becomes smaller and
smaller. Lichens are more common. Finally, you will be surrounded by permanent snow and
glaciers.
Much of the ascent is a steady grade and most of it is a defined route. The most difficult
point is from the Arrow Glacier to the top of the Western Breach, a non-technical climbing
route. At some places along this route you will find it easier to use your hands and feet to
ascend over rock. Some people have described this tricky area as a stone staircase with
oversized steps. Eventually you will reach the permanent snow and head off towards the
crater, camping near the “Top of Africa” at 18,500’ under the shadow of Uhuru Peak.
After ascending Uhuru Peak – the true summit of Kilimanjaro (19,340’) – you will descend
via the Mweka route. In this descent you will lose 13,000’ of altitude in two days. It will be
important to tighten your boots prior to the descent to prevent your toes from being jammed
into the end of your boots. As you can imagine, it is essential that you bring the proper
clothing and equipment and come prepared so you can maximize your experience!
DAY-BY-DAY ITINERARY
Dec 27, Day 1: ARRIVAL AND OVERNIGHT IN ARUSHA Arrive into Kilimanjaro International
Airport at 9:30pm (1pm on your body) and transfer to the Ilboru Safari Lodge
(http://www.habari.co.tz/ilborulodge/) in Arusha. SLEEP!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dec 28, Day 2: FREE DAY IN ARUSHA This day is designed to give us plenty of time to relax,
pack and recoup from the long journey. You can also do your shopping as it will be difficult to
make time between the climb and the safari. The head guide/leader will give us a climb
briefing and answer any questions we have about the climb. He will also do an equipment
check with each person to be sure that we are fully prepared.
Dec 29, Day 3: MONTANE FOREST [9,000'] (day 1 on the
mountain) Drive approximately one hour to the Kilimanjaro
National Park forest edge. From there we walk about 3 hours
through the undisturbed forest to our camp for the night. With
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luck you will be able to see Colobus monkeys and signs of elephant and other forest wildlife
on our walk to camp.
Dec 30, Day 4: SHIRA PLATEAU WEST SIDE [11,300'] (day 2 on the mountain) Taking our
time walking through the forest will help us spot some of the plentiful game and bird life. The
day's hike will take us up through the Montane Forest and the Hagenia forest zone. We will
see the unique environmental differences that characterize these equatorial zones.
Dec 31, Day 5: SHIRA PLATEAU EAST SIDE - FISCHER'S CAMP [12,950'] (day 3 on mountain
and New Year’s Eve) Our hike today will be about 4 hours across the Shira Plateau, a World
Heritage Site, and one hour up the western slope of the Kibo Massif. Camp will be in the
upper heath zone in full view of the Western Breach.
Jan 1, Day 6: LAVA TOWER [14,300'] (day 4 on mountain) Today we will hike approximately 6
hours to camp just under Lava Tower, a 300 foot high volcanic lava plug that juts out of the
side of the mountain. This will be our first introduction to the alpine zone, with the only plant
life being the hardiest of grasses and lichens. We will have a spectacular view of our final
ascent route up the Western Breach.
Jan 2, Day 7: ARROW GLACIER [16,000'] (day 5 on mountain)
With the Western Breach ascent route in full view we will spend 2
hours climbing to the base of the route where we will camp near
Arrow Glacier. An afternoon hike further up the route before
relaxing in camp will help our acclimatization and improve our
performance the following day.
Jan 3, Day 8: SUMMIT CRATER CAMP [18,500'] (day 6 on mountain) We will wind our way up
the Western Breach non-technical climbing route for about six hours to the crater rim of the
main Kilimanjaro summit massif. Those who still have the energy on top can explore the
inner crater and the ash pit before moving to our highest camp on the crater floor. This
spectacular high camp is next to the Furtwrangler Glacier with stunning views westward
toward Mount Meru and the setting African sun.
Jan 4, Day 9: SUMMIT DAY and MWEKA CAMP [10,500'] (day 7 on mountain) We will start
our ascent to the summit (19,340') early enough in the morning to be on the summit by
10:00am. This final ascent is only 800 feet and can be undertaken after sunrise and a
leisurely breakfast. This is quite a contrast to the 3,000 foot slog required to summit via all
the other ascent routes on Kilimanjaro. After taking in the view from Uhuru Peak we will
begin the long descent to Barafu Hut and down to our final camp near Mweka Hut.
Jan 5, Day 10: ARUSHA (day 8 on mountain & hike out) It takes about 3 to 5 hours to make
the 4,500 foot descent to the Park Gate and pick-up. We will have our lunch at the gate and
say goodbye to our mountain staff before heading to the Ilboru Safari Lodge.
Jan 6, Day 11: SERENGETI Fly to the Serengeti where we will be met by our driver guides
and safari vehicles. Buffet picnic lunch while on a game drive. Arrive in camp late after a
great day of game driving. Accommodation will be in our walking safari camp. This camp is
very comfortable but light enough to be moved easily. This is a huge advantage in the
Serengeti as we can move the camp to be where the very best game viewing is at the time
you will be there.
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Jan 7, Day 12: SERENGETI Full day of game driving and or walking or cultural activities
depending on the location of the camp.
Jan 8, Day 13: SERENGETI Full day of game driving and or
walking or cultural activities depending on the location of the
camp.
Jan 9, Day 14: ARUSHA Return to Arusha for a day room, early
dinner and transfer to the Kilimanjaro Airport for our return flight.
LODGING IN ARUSHA
We will be staying in Arusha for three nights, two at the beginning of the trip, and one in
between the climb and the safari. At the printing of this document we are scheduled to stay
at the Ilboru Safari Lodge. Their contact information is:
Ilboru Safari Lodge
P.O.Box 8012 Arusha Tanzania
Tel: 011- 255 57 7834 (from the US)
Email: ilboru-lodge@yako.habari.co.tz
Below are some websites for the lodge:
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http://www.habari.co.tz/ilborulodge/
http://www.africatravelresource.com/africa/E/tanzania/accommodation/N/T41arusha/03/TILB/TILBa.htm
http://www.africanheart.com/hotels/ilboru_safari_lodge.htm
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TRAVEL INFORMATION
The health and visa requirements provided are specifically for U.S. citizens. Non-U.S. citizens
should check with their local agent or consulate for complete passport, visa and health
requirements, and details before departure. Please note the following
information is subject to change.
It can take as long as three months to finalize your travel plans and
obtain the necessary passport, visas and immunizations for your trip. You
should begin this process early. The following information should help
save you time and money.
PASSPORT
You will need a passport valid for at least six months after the end of your expedition. If you
do not have a passport, or if it is not valid for the correct length of time, you should apply for
one as soon as possible. Please have a minimum of one blank page available for entry/exit
stamps in your passport and secure additional pages if necessary. The appropriate
applications are available at post offices and courthouses. They can also be found at the US
State Department’s website: http://travel.state.gov/passport_services.html or by calling 1877-4USA-PPT.
VISA
A visa application for Tanzania is enclosed at the end of this booklet with specific
instructions. Send the completed form along with your passport, the fees listed (payment by
money order only) and a self-addressed express mail envelope to the Tanzanian Embassy
(FedEx, USPS Express, etc.).
**Please Note**It is strongly recommended that you make photocopies of your passport
and visa and bring them along with you. Please keep them in a separate location from your
originals. Also, it is advisable to leave copies with someone in your hometown. This is in
case your documents become lost or stolen.
BAGGAGE INFORMATION
KLM/Northwest flights to/from the USA allow 2 items of luggage with a maximum weight
limit of 70lbs per item. You are also allowed one carry-on (most likely your day pack), plus a
small personal item, such as a purse or laptop. Overweight charges are high, so do not
exceed the baggage limitations.
FLIGHT INFORMATION
The flights will be finalized at the end of October/beginning of November. Once you have a
copy of the itinerary you can proceed with applying for the visa. Here is the flight information
as of the date of printing this booklet:
Flights on December 26th
(Everyone except Glenn and Markus)
NW#38 BOS-AMS 6:15P-7:05A +1
KL#569 AMS-JRO 10:55A-9:30P (12/27)
Glenn
KL#642 JFK-AMS 6:30P-7:40A +1
KL#569 AMS-JRO 10:55A-9:30P (12/27)
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Flights on January 9th
(Everyone except Glenn, Steve and Heather)
KL#567 JRO-AMS, 10:25P-8:20A +1
NW#37 AMS-BOS, 2:10P-4:10P (1/10)
Glenn
KL#567 JRO-AMS, 10:25P-8:20A +1
KL#641 AMS-JFK, 2:15P-4:25P (1/10)
Heather and Steve
KL#567 JRO-AMS, 10:25P-8:20A +1
KL#641 AMS-BOS, 2:15P-4:25P (1/14)
DEPARTURE TAX
Tanzania requires all passengers to pay a $30 USD departure tax in cash at the time of
departure.
LATE ARRIVAL
If you are delayed flying into Amsterdam and miss the connecting flight to Tanzania,
Northwest/KLM will automatically put you on the next day’s flight. You would arrive the
evening of our free day and would not miss any of the climb. Since only two participants are
flying from alternate locations (besides Boston), it should become apparent who is missing in
Amsterdam.
PLEASE REMEMBER TO CARRY YOUR BOOTS ONTO THE FLIGHT!!
EVERYTHING ELSE IS REPLACEABLE IN ARUSHA EXCEPT YOUR BROKENIN HIKING BOOTS.
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PACKING LIST
It is essential to maximize the versatility of your travel wardrobe by packing
clothing that can be layered. Due to our limited use of hotels on our
itinerary, it is best not to plan on the availability of laundry service. Wash and wear,
lightweight clothing can easily be washed out during the safari, but do not expect to be able
to wash clothes on the mountain portion. Due to cold weather and cloud cover on the
mountain it is not likely your clothes will dry if washed. You should always have a dry set of
clothes. Talk with your guides immediately if your clothes get wet for any reason and you do
not have dry clothing left in your supply while on the mountain.
You will need to bring two, soft-sided duffel bags without wheels as these bags will be repacked into the porters’ bags while on the mountain and need to be flexible for packing in
the safari vehicles. You will be able to leave one duffel bag behind while on the climb, this
bag should contain your casual clothes and safari clothing. It is advisable to bring some
garbage bags to help sort and store your dirty mountain clothing in while on safari or for the
flight home. Between the climb and safari you will be able to access both bags and re-pack
for the safari, again, leaving a duffle behind to save room in the vehicles. Prior to your flight
home, you will have access to both bags with enough time so you can get organized.
REQUIRED CLOTHING AND GEAR
FOR THE FEET
 Hiking boots – One pair of backpacking boots with sturdy ankle support - well broken in
and waterproofed. BRING THESE ON THE PLANE!!
 Camp footwear – One pair of sneakers or Teva-style sandals.
 Socks – Six pairs made of synthetic materials or wool blend. Synthetic sock
liners are recommended to transport perspiration from the foot to the outer
sock.
 Gaiters – One pair of either high or low gaiters made of breathable material
to keep mud, dirt and snow out of your boot.
 Toe warmers – Good for keeping warm at night in your sleeping bag and for the summit
day when temperatures will be pretty low.
FOR THE BODY
For climbing the mountain you should have three warm layers for the upper body. Items
must be made of wool, synthetic or pile. Make sure all layers fit comfortably over each other
and supply good insulation. A good combination is a long underwear top, a sweater or light
fleece, covered by a down jacket. Cotton items do not provide adequate insulation and are
completely useless when damp.
 Long underwear – one pair of tops and bottoms. They should be made of CoolMax,
polypropylene, or another synthetic blend (no cotton blends).
 Underwear – ten pair, synthetic lycra or nylon (no cotton blends).
 Bra/sports bra – two-three bras, synthetic (no cotton blends).
 Shirts – at least two, 1 short and 1 long sleeve. These will be worn several times during
the duration of the hike.
 Wind shirt – optional if you have Gortex raingear. A nylon wind shell (not waterproof),
roomy enough to fit comfortably over all upper body layers. Another option is to have a
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light windshear jacket, such as the ones made by EMS or Marmot. These are lightweight
and very effective.
Fleece pullover – one medium weight.
Jacket – One warm jacket, down filled or Hollofill or any similar high loft insulation.
Waterproof/breathable jacket and pants – It rains a lot in East Africa. The jacket should
be waterproof with hood and pit zips. The pants will go over fleece pants or long
underwear, and must be waterproof (side-zip style is optional). Gore-Tex or
a similar waterproof material is acceptable.
Pants – One pair, synthetic, wool or fleece. These should fit loosely and be
comfortable. No cotton jeans or khakis.
Shorts – One pair, synthetic. This is good for hiking at lower elevations on
the mountain. Instead of shorts, many women trek in skirts. Consider
bringing zip-off pants, which can double for shorts on warmer days. It saves space and
weight.
Tights – One pair, synthetic, Lycra or polypropelene type are the most comfortable to hike
in, provide good warmth on cool, misty days, dry fast and prevent sunburn.
FOR THE HANDS
 Gloves or mittens – One pair of heavy mittens and a light pair of liner gloves
works well.
 Waterproof mitten shells – One pair go over your mittens or gloves. These
are for use against the winds sometimes encountered in the crater and on
the way to the summit. They should be waterproof for the rain.
 Hand warmers – Good for keeping warm at night in your sleeping bag and for the summit
day when temperatures will be pretty low.
FOR THE HEAD AND FACE
 Headgear, a.k.a. Hats - During the day you’ll need a hat with a brim to protect your face
from intense sun, and at night a fleece or wool hat for warmth. A balaclava is also
excellent and can protect your face at the higher elevations.
 Sunglasses – Two pair; this is a very important piece of equipment. The eye is particularly
vulnerable to the brilliance of mountain skies and reflections off of snow. Bring one goodquality pair, preferably with IREX protection rating 100. Attachable side shields are
necessary, or bring “glacier glasses.” One extra pair good to have in case you lose your
good ones.
 Bandana – One or two. Tied around your neck, they give you excellent sun protection in a
spot that most people forget about. They can also act as a sweat band or to clean your
glasses.
 Sunscreen and lip protection - One of each; you should carry these with you during the
day. A SPF rating of 15 or more is absolutely essential.
FOR SLEEPING
 Sleeping bag – minimum 0-degree down or synthetic. Down will compact
better and be lighter.
 Stuff sac – To keep your sleeping bag in. You can also bring a
compression sack to save room.
 Sleeping pad – A closed cell foam camping mattress is okay. An
inflatable Therma-Rest type is more comfortable and will be warmer. Do not bring a carcamping size Therma-Rest. It is too heavy and bulky.
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FOR CARRYING YOUR GEAR
 Day pack – Any daypack that is comfortable when caring a jacket, two water bottles,
book, binoculars, and camera. It should have a waist-belt. You should not be
carrying more than 15-20 pounds.
 Pack cover – Something waterproof to cover your packing when hiking in the
rain. Otherwise, bring a large plastic bag to line the inside. A sturdy plastic is
recommended.
 Duffle/travel bag – Medium size for mountain gear. This will go into the mountain bag
that the porters will carry. Your bag shouldn’t have wheels or any other metal or plastic
parts.
 Duffle/ travel bag - Bring one extra bag (large) that can be left with street, safari and
travel clothing. This will later be good for purchases you may want to bring back with you.
 Plastic bags or stuff sacks – Several, to double bag your sleeping bag and clothes on the
mountain. It can rain every afternoon.
FOR DRINKING
 Water bottles – Two bottles, preferably the 32oz Nalgene brand. Another option is a
hydration system. The Platypus brand is better, as we can put boiling water into it without
causing the bladder to leak. This is important on treks because some of your drinking
water may need to be boiled for safety, and is very hot when you get it. Also, the bladder
can be taken to bed with you to warm your feet at night. If you choose the bladder route,
make sure you still bring at least one water bottle.
 Water treatment – African Environments will filter our water with Katydyne water filters.
For emergencies you should also bring two bottles of “Potable Aqua” or a “Polar Pure,” a
crystal iodine in a bottle, to treat drinking water. Stacia will be carrying some as well.
 Flavoring packets – Wyler’s Lemonade, Tang, Gatorade, etc. These mixes are hard to buy
in Tanzania and mask the taste of boiled or treated water.
FOR PERSONAL COMFORT
 Camp towel – One medium to large one.
 Flashlight or headlamp – Remember to bring extra batteries. This is important for the
summit day and handy for camp.
 Trekking poles – Poles can reduce downhill pounding on your knees
by 30%, and are good for balance.
 Snacks – Although plenty of snack food is provided, trekkers like the
taste of home in their pack. Bring your favorite GORP mixtures, snack
bars and summit treats.
 Hot drink mixes – African Environments will provide coffee, hot chocolate and tea, but
non-caffeinated drinks are not provided. Bring a supply of your favorite herbal teas or
other hot drinks.
 Toiletries - Toothbrush, toothpaste, shampoo, dental floss, lotion, etc. Try to find organic
brands that won’t hurt the environment. Women must remember to bring sanitary
napkins or tampons and plastic bags to carry them out.
 Ear plugs - Good for blocking out wind or a snoring tent companion.
 Waterless hand cleaner/sanitizer – One small bottle to carry with you during the day.
 Baby/personal wipes – One package. These work great for cleaning up after a long day!
 Spare glasses, contacts and cleaning solution – If you wear contacts you may find the
dust and the windy conditions a nuisance. You may need to wear your glasses.
 Umbrella – Very useful against the rain and sun. Most guides use one.
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FOR PERSONAL HEALTH
African environments will carry first aid kits with gauze, tape, aspirin, medicated soap,
antibiotic ointment, antacid tablets, some antibiotics, pain killers, eye treatments,
anaphylaxis kit, Imodium, compazine and Diamox. Because of liability problems,
prescription drugs will only be dispensed in emergencies. You should consider bringing the
following medical items. Please discuss this with your physician.
 Intestinal disorders: Compazine, 25mg rectal suppositories; for severe nausea,
vomiting. Imodium, to decrease diarrhea and cramping. Tetracycline, Cipro or Bactrim
antibiotics: for initial treatment of severe diarrhea. Activated charcoal has proven to be
an effective first stage treatment.
 Cuts and scrapes: It's wise to bring a supply of "Bandaids" to treat those abrasions that
sometimes occur.
 Infections: Antibiotic ointment for cuts and abrasions. Erythromycin or Amoxacillin
tablets for skin or soft tissue infections.
 Blisters: Bring your own small supply of blister treatment items to insure that you avoid
letting any blister get out of hand. "Second Skin" and moleskin are recommended
 Headaches: Tylenol and tylenol with codeine** to help relieve possible altitude
headaches. Nothing stronger than codeine should be taken for fear of masking potential
severe altitude problems while on the mountain.
 Insomnia: Halcion** 15mg tablets. In high altitude mountaineering restlessness is not
uncommon and sleep is very important. Halcion is a light sleeping pill; you should not
take any sleeping pills above 15,000 feet. Melatonin can be very helpful for jet lag.
 High Altitude Sickness: Diamox** (acetazolamide) 250mg tablets to be taken twice a
day from 13,000 feet to the top. This drug is widely used in high altitude mountaineering
and is highly recommended.
** These drugs are recommended by Peter H. Hackett, M.D., in his American Alpine Club publication "Mountain
Sickness Prevention, Recognition and Treatment."
OPTIONAL GEAR AND CLOTHING
 Camera and film – Recommended ASA is 100 or 200 for the conditions. You will
probably want to take a lot of pictures, so you should bring at least 10 rolls. Film is
expensive to purchase. Make sure to carry all film onto the plane with you!!! The new
airport x-ray machines that scan checked baggage will damage your film.
 Binoculars – These will come in handy for viewing game from a distance.
 Books, tape player, journal, cards, etc. – On all treks there will be time to read, listen to
music, and reflect on your day. One of the highlights of the trek is spending time getting
to know our African staff with a game of cards.
 Extra clothing and gear to give away to the guides and porters. – The guides and porters
(especially the porters) have very poor clothing and gear to hike in. If you have any extra
clothing you don’t want, bring it with you and give it to them. This includes old boots,
sneakers, fleece, old packs, water bottles, etc. Even children’s clothing is good for their
families.
SAFARI GEAR AND CLOTHING
Safari dress is casual and your wardrobe does not require any “special purchase” items.
Most people wear shorts and a t-shirt during the day and long sleeved shirts and long pants
in the evening. If you are particularly sensitive to the sun, wear a loose, long-sleeved cotton
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shirt during the day. In a few areas, it can get quite chilly at night. It is preferred that your
daytime clothing be in neutral colors to blend in with the surroundings.
Here is a basic list. Notice that the starred items (*) are already on your trekking list:
CLOTHING
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One warm sweater or fleece jacket*
One lightweight waterproof jacket or parka*
One pair walking shoes, tennis, or running shoes*
One bandanna*
Shade hat with wide brim or baseball cap*
One to two pairs of sturdy cotton shorts
Two pairs of lightweight cotton pants
Two long-sleeved shirts
One pair sandals, Tevas, or rubber thongs (great for camp showers)*
Two short-sleeved shirts or t-shirts
Changes of underwear and some warm socks for evening*
GENERAL SAFARI EQUIPMENT
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Duffle bag*
Small padlock to lock suitcase or duffle
Daypack*
Wide-mouth plastic water bottle, minimum 1 qt. capacity or hydration unit*
Toilet kit including biodegradable shampoo and soap*
Plenty of sunscreen*
Headlamp or flashlight with spare batteries*
Nylon stuff sacks or plastic bags to organize clothes, laundry, and other items in your
duffle*
Pocket knife
Thin, quick-drying washcloth (a small towel is provided)*
Binoculars, essential for good wildlife viewing*
Gaitors, preferably short ankle height, to prevent dirt and grass seed from
getting in your boots and socks*
Walking sticks or poles*
Small first aid kit*
OPTIONAL SAFARI ITEMS
 Camera, film, and spare batteries*
 Paperback reading and writing material*
 Snacks: trail mix, nuts, hard candies, decaf beverages, powdered electrolyte replacement
drink mixes such as Gatorade*
 Clip-on book light
ITEMS TO TAKE ON THE FLIGHT
The following is a list of important items that should be packed in your hand luggage,
together with a change of clothing for unexpected delays of checked luggage or other
contingencies. Although we can often do without all the extras we like to travel with, these
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items will be difficult or impossible to replace should your luggage be lost or delayed. AE has
a stock of outdoor clothing and equipment and can likely provide you with enough basic
items to make the climb possible should use your luggage be delayed or lost. Remember to
make sure your name and contact information is available somewhere in your carry-on bag
as well.
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Airline tickets
Passport/visa
Prescription medicines
Eyeglasses/extra contacts
Hiking boots
Cash/traveller’s checks/credit card
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HISTORY, ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE
FACTS FOR TRAVELER’S
Full country name: United Republic of Tanzania
Area: 945,090 sq km
Population: 35.92 million
Capital city: Dodoma (official); Dar es Salam (administrative)
People: 99% native African (over 100 tribes), 1% Asian, European and Arabic
Language: Swahili, English
Religion: 40% Christian, 40% Muslim, 20% indigenous beliefs
Government: republic (multiparty state)
Head of State: President Benjamin William Mkapa
GDP: US$7 billion
GDP per capita: US$220
Inflation: 40%
Major industries: Tobacco, sugar, sisal, diamond and gold mining, oil refining, cement,
tourism
Major trading partners: India, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Rwanda, the Netherlands, South
Africa, Kenya, U.K., Saudi Arabia, China
Visas: All visitors from Europe, North America and Australasia require a visa. You will need
proof of yellow fever vaccination if travelling to Zanzibar.
Health risks: Yellow Fever, Malaria, Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia), Cholera, Hepatitis,
Meningococcal Meningitis, Typhoid, HIV/AIDS (HIV/AIDS is a serious risk, though not as
prevalent as in Uganda)
Time zone: GMT/UTC + 3
Dialling Code: 255
Electricity: 230V, 50Hz
Weights & measures: Metric
HISTORY
Although a Tanzanian gorge recently yielded a few bits of our old mate, Homo erectus, little is
known about the country's really early history. Recorded history begins around 1800, when
the Maasai warrior tribes were migrating from Kenya to Tanzania. While the country's coastal
area had long witnessed maritime squabbles between Portuguese and Arabic traders, it
wasn't until the middle of the 18th century that Arab traders and slaves dared venture into
Maasai territory in the country's wild interior. European explorers began arriving in earnest in
the mid-19th century, the most famous being Stanley and Livingstone. The famous phrase
'Dr Livingstone, I presume', stems from the duo's meeting at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika.
As the 20th century loomed, Germany got busy colonizing Tanganyika - as the mainland was
then known - by building railways and going commerce crazy. If not for the pesky little tsetse
fly, the area could have become one vast grazing paddock for the fatherland. But losing the
war didn't help the German cause much either, and the League of Nations soon mandated
the territory to the British. The Brits had already grabbed the offshore island of Zanzibar,
which for centuries had been the domain of Arab traders.
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Nationalist organizations sprang up after WWII, but it wasn't until Julius Nyerere founded the
Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) in 1954 that they became effective. Tanganyika
won independence in 1961 with Nyerere as the country's first president. Zanzibar was stuck
with its British stiff upper lip for another two years, after which the mainland forged a union
comprising Zanzibar and the nearby island of Pemba. Thus Tanzania was born.
But unity and a charismatic first president weren't enough to overcome the country's basic
lack of resources. Nyerere's secret ingredient was radical socialism, a brave concept
considering the communist paranoia of potential aid donors such as the USA. Under the
leader's Chinese-backed reforms, the economy was nationalized, as were great swathes of
rental properties, and the better-off were taxed heavily in an attempt to redistribute wealth.
The early 1960s saw Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda linked in an unlikely economic
threesome, sharing a common airline, telecommunication facilities, transportation and
customs. Their currencies became freely convertible and there was free and easy movement
across borders. But predictable political differences brought such coziness to a halt in 1977,
leaving the Tanzanians worse off than ever.
Many factors have contributed to the woes of modern Tanzania, and not all have been selfinflicted - it is, after all, one of the world's poorest countries. Even the incorporation of
Zanzibar, once one of Africa's richest countries, has only created new problems. Adopting a
multi-party political system doesn't seem to have helped much either. Zanzibar and the
neighboring island of Pemba have experienced violent unrest and political scare-mongering
ever since an election stalemate on Zanzibar divided the islands. Meanwhile, the mainland under President Benjamin Mkapa - has had to cope with a flood of Rwandan refugees fleeing
fighting in their homeland. In late 1996 the Mkapa government issued a statement backed
by the United Nations declaring that Rwandan refugees were to leave Tanzania. Amid reports
of excessive force and rape, thousands still remain in Tanzania.
In August 1998, terrorists bombed the US embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, killing
over 250 people and injuring more than 5000. Such tensions have not helped a country
already destabilized by long-standing tribal friction, particularly among the Chagga (Mt
Kilimanjaro region). It's unlikely Tanzania will dissolve into the tribal conflicts which have
haunted neighboring Rwanda and Kenya over the last few years - certainly not if Mkapa, who
was re-elected president in October 2000, has anything to say about it - but political paralysis
and deep rifts between minorities look set to stay with Tanzania for a long time yet.
CULTURE
Tanzania's 100 or more different tribal groups are mostly of
Bantu origin. The Arab influence on Zanzibar and Pemba Islands
is evident in the people, who are a mix of Shirazia (from Persia),
Arabs, Comorians (from the Comoros Islands) and Bantu from the
mainland, though the latter predominate. Asians are a significant
minority especially in the towns and cities. Europeans (either by
descent or expatriate) are a smaller minority. The major non-Bantu people on the mainland
are the Maasai (Nilotic speakers) who inhabit the northeastern section of the country.
Swahili and English are the official languages, with English the principal language of
commerce. There are also many local African tongues, reflecting the tribal diversity of the
country. Outside the cities and towns, far fewer local people speak English than in
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comparable areas in Kenya. It's said that the Swahili spoken on Zanzibar is of a much purer
form than elsewhere, and quite a few travelers head for the island to learn it.
The two main religions are Christianity and Islam, with Hindus making up about a quarter of
the population. The majority of Muslims are concentrated along the coast and in the islands.
Compared to Islam, Christianity took a long time to make an impact, and even then (during
the 19th century) it was practiced mainly among tribes of the interior. There are still many
tribes who follow neither of the big-name religions and instead worship the ancient spirit of
their choice. Principal among them are the Maasai, who put their faith in the god Engai and
his Messiah, Kindong'oi, from whom their priests are said to be descended. It's claimed that
there is no religious bias present in the country's political and civil administration.
Tanzanian music and dance dominates much of East Africa. Strong in rhythm and renowned
for hard-hitting lyrics, the country's Swahili-based sounds are kept very much alive by a
thriving dance-band scene. Remmy Ongala is the country's best known export. Zanzibar is at
the heart of the distinctive taraab, or sung poetry, tradition. The goddess of this haunting
style is Siti bint Saad, the first East African singer to make commercial recordings, way back
in 1928.
There's precious little difference between local food in Kenya and Tanzania - which is not
great news for gourmets. As in Kenya, nyama choma (barbecued meat) has taken over in a
big way, especially in restaurants with attached bars. But on the coast and in Zanzibar and
Pemba Islands, there's a decent range of traditional Swahili dishes based on seafood. The
national brew is Safari Lager and the local liquor is a lethal white-rum-style concoction called
konyagi.
ENVIRONMENT
A land of plains, lakes and mountains with a narrow, low-lying coastal belt, Tanzania is East
Africa's largest country. The bulk of the country is a highland plateau, some of it semi-desert
and the rest savanna and scattered bush. The highest mountains - Meru (4556m/14,943ft)
and Kilimanjaro (Africa's highest at 5896m/19,335ft) - are in the northeast along the border
with Kenya.
Nowhere else on earth will you see wildebeest, gazelle, zebra and antelope in such enormous
numbers - and Tanzania's characteristic plains make spotting wildlife easy. Blessed with
some of the world's largest game reserves, the country also has one of the highest
concentrations of elephant, buffalo, crocodile, hippo, hunting dog and chimpanzee.
Tanzania's widely varying geography accounts for its differing
climatic conditions. The altitude of the high plateau
considerably tempers what would otherwise be a tropical
climate. In many places it can be quite cool at night. The
coastal strip along the Indian Ocean and the offshore islands
of Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia have a hot, humid, tropical
climate alleviated by sea breezes. Only on the mountain
slopes of the northeast does the country enjoy an almost
temperate climate for most of the year. If there's a time to
avoid Tanzania, it's during the long rainy season from March
to May when it rains almost every day. There's also a short
rainy season from November to January.
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CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
LOCAL CURRENCY AND SHOPPING
The Tanzania shilling (TSHS or TZS), divided into 100 cents, is the national currency. Since
most of your expenses are pre-paid there is not a need to bring a large amount of traveler’s
checks or to purchase shillings prior to your arrival in Tanzania for
general expenses. US dollars are widely accepted in the tourist areas.
Bringing smaller bills for inexpensive items (candy bars, beer,
postcards, etc. at hotels) will be helpful. Visa and MasterCard are
accepted at the larger hotels and gift stores (again, you will only be
visiting these once or twice). Bring a major credit card and traveler’s checks for an
emergency and any larger souvenir purchases. If an emergency occurs, AE staff can assist
you in locating a place that will accept credit cards and/or traveler’s checks if necessary.
Expenses for which you will need cash include: optional gratuities; laundry; Tanzania airport
departure tax (currently $30 USD per person); alcoholic beverages; souvenirs; and items of a
personal nature.
In most areas of Tanzania, bargaining is permitted and is an acceptable means of shopping,
especially in rural markets. Have fun and try it! Depending on the time available, inquire
with your guide as to whether bargaining is necessary as there are shops now that have fair
prices and no longer bargain.
LOCAL TIME
Tanzania is 8 hours ahead of the Eastern Standard Time, so when it is 2pm in Boston, it is
10 pm in Tanzania.
ELECTRICITY
Note that electrical supply for domestic use is generally 240V AC/55. All installations are
British standard and all appliances should be adapted with pin plugs of British specification.
Although, keep in mind you will only be in hotels for three nights, so you will not have
frequent access to electricity.
COMMUNICATIONS
Due to the nature of your trip, you will not be in areas with accessible communications except
when in Arusha. Your ability to call home will be difficult. In case of emergency, AE guides
can assist you with your options.
GRATUITIES
As in many parts of the world, tipping in East Africa is a symbol of appreciation for a job well
done. All gratuities for hotels, meals and baggage handling, are included in the cost of your
expedition.
Tipping the AE staff members is at your discretion. A personal gift is also nice. On safari or
those parts of your trip when there is a small staff, thanking them individually is most
appreciated. On a Kilimanjaro climb or safari with a large staff you will have the opportunity
to contribute to a group gift of money that the trip leader will give to the entire staff. The
gratuities are usually presented on the final evening of the safari or climb. Participants
generally offer $10-$12 per climber per day for the entire climb crew and $4-$6 per day for
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the safari portion of the trip. Most clients usually offer a separate gratuity to their expedition
leader and/or assistant guides based on their individual services.
PHOTOGRAPHS
It is against the law to photograph the following in East Africa: The President; the
flag; police; military and prison personnel; military installations, and some
government buildings. With both still and video photography, it is common courtesy
to ask permission before photographing the local people of the areas we will be visiting.
Some people, such as the Maasai, are often interested in being paid to be photographed.
Your guide will advise you as necessary.
CLIMATE
Mt Kilimanjaro is climbed year round. We will be climbing the mountain during the best part
of the climbing season. Even though it lies near the equator, summit temperatures at night
usually drop to 10 degrees Fahrenheit. The items on the Kilimanjaro climb packing list are
critical in helping you keep warm. Wearing layers is necessary as daytime temperatures at
most altitudes over 8,000 feet on Kilimanjaro range from 45-70 degrees F and can drop
below freezing towards the summit. Safari weather will be like summer temperatures and will
range from 70s to 90s in the daytime and 60s and 70s at night and can require additional
layers in the evenings. The weather is usually dry, but there can be periods of dramatic
thundershowers. It is common to take breakfast and lunch picnic style in order to get out
early for game drives and return to camp for shade and afternoon naps during the hottest
part of the day (as the wildlife typically does the same during hot periods).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ON THE MOUNTAIN
The fragile tropical alpine environment of Kilimanjaro receives up to 27,000 visitors per year.
Most of these are climbers only interested in getting to the top of the mountain, and getting
down as fast as possible. This has resulted in severe environmental degradation that is
partly caused by lack of appreciation for the fragile environment, but mostly it is a problem of
economics as described below.
TRASH
Hauling trash off the mountain is costly as it requires hiring additional porters. Carrying fuel
up the mountain to cook on and to burn trash is also costly and often performed
inadequately. A policy of requiring that each climbing operator haul their
own trash off Kilimanjaro has been adopted by Tanzanian National Parks.
To ensure this is done the Park service actually weighs the trash when
the trip leaves the mountain exit gates. This program has been
marginally effective to date however it is a step toward a solution. Fuel
wood consumption has led to serious environmental damage on the mountain. Until 1999
cooks and porters collected their cooking fuel from the giant heath forest because cut-rate
operators would not purchase stoves and kerosene and hire the porters to carry them. Now
all companies are required to provide stoves on climbs that are fuelled with kerosene.
IMPACT ON THE ENVIORNMENT
Dining in huge canvas mess tents, sleeping on a “proper” frame bed, having ice in your drink
and being attended to by a small army of staff is all part of the "classic" luxury safari camping
experience. It is also partly the cause of severe environmental degradation in Africa’s wild
places that is caused by photographic tourism. African Environments has tried to find a
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balance between meeting your needs in the wilderness while minimizing the impact on the
environment.
AE will pack our camp in Toyota pick-up trucks rather than the huge 7-ton lorries that are
typical of luxury safari camping. Smaller lighter pick-ups do not tear up the ground and do
not leave deep ruts when it is wet. In order to pack our camp in pick-ups AE has had to
adjust the camp amenities slightly: AE carries coolers of ice rather than a deep freeze, the
tents are a classic “A” frame shape rather than wall tents, beds are lightweight imported
camp cots with mattresses rather than wood frame beds, and the number of staff per person
is slightly reduced. This style camp still offers a luxury experience but is much more
ecologically friendly.
TOILETS
AE toilets are "long drop" style and will provide a small bucket next to the toilet for the
disposal of toilet paper. All organic matter goes in the "hole" and toilet paper is burned by the
camp staff after you leave the tents. If the toilet paper goes in the dug hole, it quickly gets
excavated by animals and is left scattered around the campsite. Many groups use these
campsites throughout the year and AE is doing its best to keep them clean for future users.
Organic matter decomposes promptly in the warm rich soil and the help of dung beetles.
SHOWERS
While on the mountain, no showers will be available. You will be provided a bowl of hot water
in the evening and again in the morning for washing hands, face, etc. If you would like to
take a “sponge” bath in the evening, you will need to request additional hot water from the
staff. The areas we will camp in on safari are often very dry and remote, making water
collection difficult and supply limited. AE will provide you with a shower everyday but they
encourage people to use just one bucket each for their showers. It is most effective to have a
“Navy Shower”. Get wet, turn off the faucet and soap up. Then you can open it back up and
enjoy the hot water (until it runs dry!).
COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECTS
Because many visitors are interested in contributing to the welfare of Tanzania in some way
AE has identified and developed some important projects that clients can visit and contribute
to. All of these projects are very grass roots and "on-going". If you are interested in visiting
and or contributing them please let them know.
VILLAGE SCHOOLS
The villages around Arusha are very poor and rural even though the bustling city of Arusha is
nearby. AE’s village of Kiranyi has 1200 students enrolled in its 8-room school. AE started
several initiatives to improve the school, including the building of 140 desks for the
classrooms in which the students were previously sitting on rocks. AE has also contributed to
the construction of new classrooms.
TREE PLANTING
Another major problem around Arusha is deforestation. Most of the villagers still live an
entirely subsistence lifestyle and as the population increases the demands on the
environments are causing severe degradation. In Kiranyi Village in the past 10 years almost
all of the indigenous trees in the village have been cut down. AE started an indigenous tree
nursery at their headquarters in Arusha and gives trees to the villagers to plant. In the past
year this program has planted over 5,500 trees.
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HEALTH AND MEDICAL INFORMATION
Your number one priority is to stay safe and healthy on this trip. By reading through this
information, following the advice of AE and reporting any medical issues immediately,
hopefully you will have a stress-free experience.
FOOD AND WATER
Too many people spend thousands of dollars on their "dream" trip only to have it ruined by
invisible parasites and bacteria, common in developing countries that can wreak havoc on
your health. Tanzania, being relatively sparsely populated, is a fairly clean country by most
“third world” standards. Nevertheless, poor sanitation and cooking practices are probably
the most common cause of failure on Kilimanjaro and misery on safari.
Although many people research the menus that they will have while traveling, very few
research the sanitation practices of the company preparing the menus. African
Environments (AE) considers this an important “behind the scenes” service. AE’s cooks are
well trained and experienced and they have all had classes in the importance of proper
hygiene. They are careful to disinfect all dishes and cooking utensils and all fresh vegetables
that are served. This requires sending ample disinfectant on your trip and having plenty of
assistant cooks available to help disinfect everything.
Even more important than food is your water source while traveling. Plenty of pure water
keeps you healthy and moving toward the summit or enjoying the plains. As in America, all
the surface water in Tanzania is likely to harbor parasites such as giardia or amoebas. AE
stocks all of their trips, both mountain and safari, with expedition quality World Health
Organization approved Katadyn water filters. These filters can produce up to 10 litres of
crystal clear pure water in a minute. The cost of these filters is prohibitive for most safari
and mountain operators so they resort to boiling water, which is often not boiled to
completion and uses a massive amount of fuel. There are a wide variety of "local" filtering
systems available in Tanzania but none of these filters can take out all the parasites found in
the water.
VEHICLE SAFETY
Roads in Tanzania are generally unsafe as they are full of potholes, poorly lit and rarely
marked with signs. AE takes the safety of clients and vehicles very seriously:
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AE vehicles are fitted with seat belts for every passenger.
Vehicles are maintained after every safari and tires are changed regularly.
Safari vehicles are equipped with VHF radios and all camps have HF radios for
communication with the Arusha base station.
AE drivers all have more than 15 years experience driving, most of them have more than
10 years experience with AE. Most drivers were mechanics before they were drivers.
All drivers have taken first aid courses and carry first aid kits.
MOUNTAIN SAFETY
At 19,300 feet Kilimanjaro poses some serious potential health risks. Your climbing
adventure will be undertaken with the guidance and support of a company experienced and
serious about high altitude climbing.
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AE trip leaders are Wilderness First Responder certified - this is an 80-hour intensive
American 1st aid course offered by the Wilderness Medical institute focusing on high
altitude and wilderness medicine.
All trip leaders have the experience of more than 50 Kilimanjaro climbs under their belt;
many have climbed internationally as well.
AE provides all trips with trip leaders and enough assistant trip leaders to ensure a ratio
of at least 1 guide per 3 participants. In the event that a participant is hiking slow or
needs to be evacuated there is plenty of back up to meet their needs.
All trips are equipped with solar and battery powered HF radios and communicate twice
daily with our Arusha base.
AE will carry supplemental oxygen and high altitude hyperbaric "Gamow" bags on all
mountain climbs. These are for use in the event of acute altitude sickness.
AE has recently worked with the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) to perform
an external review of safety procedures and to produce a crisis management protocol.
AE provides equipment imported from America that is the most durable available for
harsh high altitude conditions. Although tents are not tall or spacious, they will keep you
dry, warm and safe in a severe storm.
ALTITUDE ILLNESS
Altitude illness is related to the body’s attempt to compensate for hypoxia and decreased
levels of available oxygen at elevations greater than 8,000 feet. AE strongly believes that
slow and thorough acclimatization, proper diet, adequate hydration and rest can reduce the
chance of altitude related illness. Your responsibility is to take care of important factors
such as eating properly, staying hydrated (up to 6 litres a day!), keeping warm and allowing
your body to rest.
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is the archrival of the high altitude hiker. AMS occurs as a
result of the body’s failure to adapt to higher altitudes. The signs and symptoms of AMS vary
greatly in their severity. Symptoms may take as little as 6 hours or up to several days to
develop after the climber had reached a certain altitude. AMS can show its effects at
altitudes as low as 8,000 feet but it is more common above 10,000 feet. The prevention of
altitude sickness comes from adequate and slow acclimatization. Since individuals vary in
their ability to acclimatize, you need to be able to recognize symptoms of altitude sickness
and know the measures necessary to deal with it.
Most people traveling to high elevations experience one or more of the following mild
symptoms of altitude sickness:
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difficulty sleeping
darker urine
headache
mild shortness of breath
nausea
breathing irregularity during sleep
loss of appetite
dizziness or light headedness
mild weakness
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 slight swelling of hands and face
As long as symptoms remain mild, ascent at a modest rate can continue. If several of the
above symptoms are present and you are quite uncomfortable, further ascent should be
halted and you will be observed closely. If there is no improvement after a few hours, or after
a nights rest, you will need to descend as rapidly as possible and seek medical attention.
The following symptoms indicate a moderate to severe level of Acute Mountain Sickness and
require immediate attention. You should not continue your ascent and should consider
descent:
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a headache that does not respond to aspirin or ibuprofen
vomiting
difficulty walking and coordination
changes in personality such as combativeness or impaired judgment
severe shortness of breath while at rest or with mild exercise
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
HAPE is a leakage of fluid into the lungs that makes breathing difficult. It is a very serious
condition that requires rapid detection and immediate descent. HAPE can appear as low as
8,000 feet and is usually associated with rapid ascent and/or strenuous levels of exertion.
The onset of symptoms is usually not immediate and may not appear until 6-8 hours upon
arriving at an elevation. Early symptoms resemble AMS, while later symptoms are related to
fluid filling the lungs and are accompanied by a terrible sense of anxiety as breathing
becomes more difficult.
The following symptoms of altitude sickness are a serious matter and can be signs of High
Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE):
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marked shortness of breath with only slight exertion
rapid breathing after resting (25 or more breaths per minute)
wet, bubbly breathing
rapid heart rate after resting (110 or more beats per minute)
severe coughing spasms that limit activity
coughing up pinkish or rust colored sputum
low urine output (less than a pint daily)
persistent vomiting
gross fatigue or extreme lassitude
delirium, confusion and coma
It is important that you should lie down and make no effort to exert strenuously as this will
compound the problem. The treatment for HAPE is immediate descent. While descending it
is important that you keep your heart rate down and do not over exert. You would be carried
if a small hill or incline is encountered while on the descent.
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
HACE is a relatively rare condition where the brain swells. HACE usually takes a couple days
to develop at altitude, although cases have occurred immediately upon arriving. The earliest
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signs and symptoms include difficulty with walking and balance and psychological
withdrawal. Immediate descent is mandatory if HACE is suspected. Symptoms include:
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disorientation, confusion, or hallucinations
intense headache that does not go away with a mild pain killer
nausea and vomiting
inability to walk a straight line walking heel to toe
If severe illness develops, immediate descent or medical attention is mandatory!
ACLIMITIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS
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Slow ascent: ascend to altitude in stages at a slow to moderate pace, allowing the body
time to properly acclimatize
Increase fluid intake: This is a MUST. Fluids ensure that you are properly hydrated. Plan
to drink four quarts or more a day while on the climb. Urine volume should always
exceed one pint. Urine color should be almost clear.
Proper nutrition: caloric intake should be maintained and your diet should be high in
carbohydrates. We will provide a proper diet, it will be your job to eat it.
Adequate rest: this is especially important during the first two days at altitude.
Maintaining a slow pace: no over-exertion; rest during stops, avoid alcohol, caffeine,
narcotic pain killers, and sleeping pills that can dehydrate or suppress the respiratory
drive.
Possible use of Acetazolamide (aka: Diamox): see below
Diamox
AE recommends that you consult your doctor regarding the possible use of acetazolamide to
aid acclimatization. Please let your guide know if you are taking this or any other medication.
Do not start taking this drug before your trip begins or at anytime on the trip without
consulting your guide. It is a sulpha-based drug and can be contra- indicated for people with
sulpha allergy and/or women who are pregnant.
It is suggested that, under the guidance of your physician, you obtain a supply of Diamox for
use on the trip above 13,000 feet. Discuss getting a prescription for eight days of this
medication. The dosage required is based on your body weight, but current research
indicates that one dose of 60 mg., twice a day, is adequate. The latest studies have shown
that Diamox is just as effective when taken at onset of symptoms and is not required to be
taken prior to gaining altitude as used to be prescribed. Since it is a diuretic and prevention
of dehydration is already an issue at altitude, it is recommended Diamox be used when
necessary as symptoms occur.
Dr. Peter Hackett’s book Mountain Sickness: Prevention, Recognition and Treatment
includes this comment about Diamox:
“Diamox, it is now generally agreed, does reduce the incidence and severity of acute mountain
sickness (and we also use it to teat mild AMS). This has been determined statistically on large
numbers of people. For a given individual, however, the medication should in no way be thought of as
a guarantee of freedom from mountain sickness. Serious mountain sickness has been reported,
although rarely, in persons taking Diamox. Side effects most noted are numbness and tingling
fingers, toes or face and increased urine output.”
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**Diamox is not a substitute for good physical conditioning and slow acclimatization**
HYPOTHERMIA AND FROSTBITE
In addition to proper acclimatization, the second most important health concern to climbers
is maintaining proper body temperature to prevent hypothermia and frostbite. This is
ensured by wearing the appropriate clothes and by proper body maintenance. The latter
cannot be over-emphasized! Keeping yourself thoroughly hydrated, well fed, taking care of
your feet, and acclimatizing properly are much more important than having state of the art
equipment.
Upon arriving at camp, change into dry socks (this will prevent trench foot which often times
results in frostbite) and massage feet to increase circulation. As a general rule, if your feet or
hands have not warmed up within two hours after leaving camp in the morning for the
summit, then cold injury can be expected. At this point, it is common for one’s hands or feet
to feel “warm” when in reality, deep frostbite has occurred and the tissues are numb. Mild
frostbite is most easily taken care of by placing the affected area under a partner’s armpits
or stomach for re-warming.
TRAVEL CLINICS AND RESOURCES
Health clinics specializing in travel health are one of the best places to visit for
immunizations and travel health advice, although they are often more expensive than going
to your local health department or family doctor. Check with your insurance company to see if
these immunizations and the travel clinic consult are covered under your policy. If you have
an ongoing medical condition or any general health concerns, you may prefer to go to your
primary care doctor. Some travel health clinics provide specific travel health briefs (usually
for a fee) by mail, phone or fax, which you can then take to your doctor.
A visit to the travel clinic is advised sooner than later as some immunizations take up to 4
months to administer, so start early.
Center for Disease Control – Travelers’ Health Page
http://www.cdc.gov/travel/
The International Society of Travel Medicine – Travel Clinic Directory
http://www.istm.org/
PERSONAL HEALTH AND DENTAL CONCERNS
It is imperative that you make your medical conditions or problems known to me well before
our departure if you didn’t put it on your medical form or have had any changes to your
medical condition since you filled out the application. AE and I must know if you are taking
any medications of any kind. You will be asked to review the AMC Confidential Medical Form
again to confirm accuracy and make any updates prior to departure.
It is a good idea before any international trip to visit your dentist for a standard check-up. It
would be really uncomfortable to get a tooth ache on the mountain.
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IMMUNIZATIONS
There are no required immunizations for Tanzania, but many are highly recommended. Below
is a list of recommended vaccinations from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention for
East Africa. Those starred (*) are highly recommended by the CDC for East Africa. Consult
with your doctor no later than 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for shots to take
effect, although some series require additional lead time.







Hepatitis A*
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Typhoid*
Yellow Fever*
As needed, booster doses for tetanus-diphtheria, measles, and a one-time dose of polio
vaccine for adults.
Malaria. In Tanzania it is most commonly found in lower elevations (6,000 feet or lower).
It is not so much a danger on the Kilimanjaro hike, but it could be a problem on the
safari. You should consult your physician to see if malaria prophylaxis is right for you as
there can be serious side-effects with some of the options.
EVACUATION FROM THE MOUNTAIN
Despite the fact that the Shira Route has a 95% success rate, there is a possibility that you
will not make it to the top of the mountain. The most common cause is altitude sickness of
one form or another, but often times a common chest cold can prevent you from making that
final ascent. If your condition is stable, you will be evacuated out by foot and meet up with
the group the day after the summit. If a more serious condition prevents you from walking or
being carried out, evacuation may be necessary by helicopter. You are responsible for the
cost of evacuation and any medical expenses. Travel insurance which includes emergency
evacuation coverage is strongly recommended. All evacuations will, at a minimum have the
expense of a vehicle needing to meet you at closest possible evacuation point (which will be
a minimum of $280 for a vehicle to get to the trailhead, higher, of course, if there are more
serious needs), transportation to/from hospital or appropriate airport to get to/from hospital,
lodging costs that are not part of the scheduled itinerary, etc.
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A GUIDE TO WATCHING WILDLIFE
The following text is adapted from "A Guide to Ultimate Wildlife Watching", a brochure
produced by National Partners in Watchable Wildlife.
Fade Into the Woodwork
 Wear natural colors and unscented lotions. Remove glasses that reflect light.
 Walk softly so as not to snap twigs.
 Crouch behind boulders or vegetation to hide your figure and break your outline.
 Try not to throw a shadow.
 Remember that your reflection may be caught in a pool of water.
Let Animals Be Themselves
 Do not "rescue" baby animals. Mom is usually watching from
a safe distance. "Rescuing" baby animals is illegal and
almost always results in the death of the young animal.
 Let animals eat their natural foods. It is illegal to feed wild
animals! Sharing your sandwich may harm wild digestive
systems and get animals hooked on handouts. These animals may eventually lose their
fear of cars, campers, or even poachers. As a bonus, you'll learn a lot about an animal by
watching what food it prefers.
 Let patience reward you. Resist the urge to throw rocks to see a flock fly.
 Savor the experience of being in an animal's home. Absorb all that it can teach you
about living gently upon the land.
Stick to the Sidelines
 Use binoculars or zoom lenses to get that close-up. Aim for pictures of assured, dignified
animals, instead of panting, stressed victims.
 Give nests a wide berth. Although you mean well, your visit may lead a predator to the
nest or cause the parents to jump ship, exposing eggs or young to the elements.
Come to Your Senses
 A wildlife encounter is a spectrum of sensations. Deepen awareness by tapping your
sense of smell, taste, touch, hearing, and sight.
 Focus and expand your attention, taking in the foreground and then switching to take in
the wide view.
 Use your peripheral vision rather than turning your head.
 Look for out-of-place shapes -- horizontal shapes in mostly vertical forests or an oblong
shape on a tree branch.
 Watch for out-of-place motions -- the flight of a bird, for instance, stands out against a
backdrop of falling leaves.
 Look above and below you. Animals occupy niches in all the vertical and horizontal
layers of a habitat.
 Make "mule ears". Cup your hands around the back of your ears to amplify natural
sounds.
 Heed your instincts. If the hair on the back of your neck stands up (a vestige of the days
when we had fur!), an animal may be near!
 Silence can speak volumes. Animals may fall silent when a predator is passing through
an area.
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Be Easy to Be With
 Relax your muscles; animals can easily detect tension.
 Make yourself as small and unassuming as possible.
 Move like molasses: slow, smooth, and steady.
 If you must advance, take a roundabout route, never directly toward an animal.
 Avert your gaze; animals may interpret a direct stare as a threat.
Think Like an Animal
 Imagine how the animal you are seeking spends its days. Check field
guides to find out about life history and preferred habitats.
 As a rule, a border between two habitats is a good place to see
residents from both places.
 Look in high-visitation areas: trail intersections, perches, ledges
overlooking open areas, and drinking sites.
 Take note of the season and guess whether the animal will be shopping for a mate,
feathering its nest, fattening for the winter, or preparing to migrate.
 Figure out the best time of day for viewing by imagining an animal’s daily schedule.
When does it feed? Nap? Bathe? Drink? Dusk and dawn are usually good bets.
 Factor in the weather. After a rain, for instance, many animals emerge to feed on
displaced insects, flooded-out rodents, etc.
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VISA APPLICATION
The following pages include the required application for a Tanzania Visa.
It is advisable to call the Embassy for the most up-to-date information about regulations and
costs before sending. Remember to send the Visa application with your passport in a form of
delivery that can be easily tracked. Include a pre-paid return delivery envelope that also has
the ability to be tracked.
Embassy of the United Republic of Tanzania
2139 R. Street, NW
Washington, DC 20008
(202) 939-6125 or (202) 884-1080
Fax: (202) 797-7408
http://www.tanzaniaembassy-us.org
Fee: $50 USD based on a single entry
Below are the answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about the visa
application Form for Tanzania:
10. Tour Operator: Appalachian Mountain Club
11. Contact names and addresses while in Tanzania:
African Environments
PO Box 2125
Arusha, Tanzania
Phone: 057-8625 or 05-7285
Below are the answers to some of the most frequently asked questions on page 2 of the
application pertaining to Visa regulations:
8. Provide proof of purchase of ticket to and from Tanzania: Include copy of your flight
itinerary. If it does not include notice that the ticket has been purchased you may also
include a copy of the appropriate receipt with the itinerary.
Also provide proof of having sufficient funds to maintain applicant while in Tanzania: Add
note/letter stating Appalachian Mountain club portion of trip is pre-paid. Also list the amount
of funds you are planning to bring and whether you are bringing a credit card.
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VISA REGULATIONS
1. A VISA FORM SHOULD BE SUBMITTED WITH A VALID PASSPORT - AT LEAST SIX MONTHS BEFORE EXPIRY.
2.
APPLICATION FORMS SHOULD BE ACCOMPANIED BY ONE (1) RECENTLY TAKEN PASSPORT SIZE
PHOTOGRAPH AND A SUFFICIENTLY STAMPED SELF-ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO FACILITATE RETURN OF
PASSPORT BY THE MOST SECURE MAIL.
3.
TOURIST VISAS COST USD. 50.00 FOR SIX MONTHS SINGLE ENTRY, AND USD 60 FOR THREE MONTHS
MULTIPLE ENTRY ARE VISAS VALID FOR THE DURATION FROM THE DATE OF ISSUANCE.
4.
SINGLE AND MULTIPLE TOURIST VISAS ARE VALID FOR A STAY OF UP TO THREE MONTHS. FOR A STAY OF
MORE THAN THREE MONTHS, SPECIAL PASS WILL BE ISSUED AT ANY IMMIGRATION OFFICE IN THE
COUNTRY.
5.
BUSINESS, PROFESIONAL, RESEARCH, JOURNALISM AND STUDENT VISAS COSTS USD. USD 50.00 FOR A SIX
MONTH SINGLE ENTRY, AND FOR MULTIPLE THREE MONTHS VISA, IT COSTS USD 100.00, SIX MONTHS IS USD
200.00, NINE MONTHS IS USD. 300.00 AND TWELVE MONTHS IS USD 400.00. HOWEVER, VISA FEES MAY VARY
FROM ONE COUNTRY TO ANOHER DEPENDING ON RECIPROCITY ARRANGEMENTS.
6.
VISA PAYMENTS IS BY CASH OR MONEY ORDERS, PERSONAL CHEQUES ARE NOT ACCEPTED.
7.
ALLOW AT LEAST THREE WORKING DAYS FOR PROCESSING YOUR VISA. AN EXTRA USD 10 IS CHARGED FOR
RUSH SERVICE, THAT IS, ONE WORKING DAY. VISA HOURS ARE BETWEEN 9.30 AM AND 1.00 PM.
8.
PROVIDE PROOF OF PURCHASE OF TICKET TO AND FROM TANZANIA. ALSO, PROVIDE A LETTER OF PROOF OF
HAVING SUFFICIENT FUNDS TO MAINTAIN THE APLICANT WHILE IN TANZANIA.
9.
SUPPORT AN APPLICATION FOR A BUSINESS OR PROFESSIONAL ENGAGEMENT VISA WITH A LETTER OF
INVITATION FROM A TANZANIAN COUNTERPART OR LETTER OF INTENT FOR THE SAME BY THE SENDING
INSTITUTION.
10. VISAS FOR RESEARCH AND JOURNALISM WILL ONLY BE GRANTED AFTER THE APPLICANT HAVE BEEN
CLEARED BY THE COMMISSION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COSTECH), P.O. BOX 74015, DAR ES SALAAM TEL.
NO. 255-22-270-0750 OR 255-22-270-0745, FAX NO. 255-22-275-313. EMAIL: costech@costechgn.apn.com AND THE
TANZANIA INFORMATION SERVICES (MAELEZO), P.O. BOX 9142, DAR ES SALAAM, TEL. NO. 255-22-211-2860 OR
255-22-211-0585, FAX NO. 255-22-211-3814, RESPECTIVELY.
11. A VISA IS VALID FOR SIX MONTHS FROM THE DATE OF ISSUANCE. IN THE EVENT THE VISA EXPIRES BEFORE
IT IS UTILIZED, THE APPLICANT WILL HAVE TO RE-APPLY FOR A NEW ONE.
12. NATIONALS OF THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES DO NOT REQUIRE VISAS WHEN INTENDED STAY DOES NOT
EXCEED THREE MONTHS: NAMIBIA, ROMANIA, RWANDA, HONG KONG AND COMMONWEALTH MEMBER
STATES EXCEPT UNITED KINGDOM, CANADA, NIGERIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND INDIA.
13. NATIONALS OF THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES MUST HAVE THEIR REQUEST FOR VISAS REFRRED TO DAR ES
SALAAM, TANZANIA: BANGLADESH, PAKISTAN, ETHIOPIA, ERITEA, SUDAN, SOMALIA, TURKEY, IRAN,
IRAQ, SRI LANKA, LEBANON, ALL WEST AFRICAN NATIONALS, REFUGEES AND STATELESS PERSONS. IT
IS EMPHASIZED THAT NATIONALS AND PERSONS OF THE MENTIONED CATEGORIES MAY NOT BE ALLOWED
ENTRY INTO TANZANIA WITHOUT BEING IN POSSESSION OF REFEREED VISAS.
14. IMMUNIZATION AGAISNT CHOLERA AND ANTI-MALARIA PILLS IS RECOMMENDED. LICENCE OR
CERTIFICATE FOR PETS ARE REQUIRED.
15. A TANZANIAN VISA IS VALID BOTH IN MAINLAND AND ZANZIBAR.
16. VISAS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM ANY TANZANIAN DIPLOMATIC MISSION ABROAD. VISITORS MAY ALSO
OBTAIN VISAS UPON ARRIVAL AT ANY POINT OF ENTRY IN TANZANIA, BUT IT IS ADVISABLE TO SECURE
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VISAS BEFORE COMMENCING JOURNEY WHENEVER POSSIBLE. IN THE UNTED STATES VISAS CAN BE
OBTAINED FROM THE FOLLOWING ADDRESSES:
EMBASSY OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA,
2139 R STREET, NW,
THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED
REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA TO THE UNTED NATIONS,
201 EAST 42ND STREET, SUITE 1700,
WASHINGTON DC, 20008.
TEL 202-884-1080 OR 202-939-6125.
NEW YORK, NY, 10017.
FAX 202-797-7408.
TEL. 212-972-9160. FAX 212-682-5232.
THE EMBASSY OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA.
2139 R Street, NW Washington, DC, 20008.
Tel. (202) 939.6125 and (202) 884.1080; Fax (202) 797.7408.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
VISA APPLICATION FORM.
GRR NO.___________________
(Visa Regulations on the next page).
VISA NO.___________________
Please Affix
Passport Size
Photograph here.
Ref. NO.____________________
1.
Surname or Family Name (Mr./Mrs./Miss/Ms/Dr./Prof.)__________________________________
First Names in Full______________________________________________________________
Former or Maiden Name (if different from above)_______________________________________
2.
Date of Birth (MM/DD/YY)_______________________________________Sex (M/F)__________
3.
Marital Status (Mark): Single  Married Divorced Widowed Legally Separated.
4.
Place of Birth____________________________Country of Birth__________________________
Current Nationality (State if Dual Nationality)__________________________________________
Previous Nationality_____________________________________________________________
5.
Passport No._________________Date Issued______________Place Issued________________
Valid Until___________________Issuing Authority_____________________________________
6.
Profession/Occupation___________________________________________________________
If employed, state employer_______________________________________________________
7.
Current Address________________________________________________________________
Tel.__________________Fax__________________E-mail______________________________
8.
Proposed Date of Entry____________________Duration of Stay__________________________
9.
Means of Travel to Tanzania______________________________________________________
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10. Name of Travel Agent/Tour Operator________________________________________________
11. Contact Person(s) in Tanzania_____________________________________________________
Address_______________________________________________________________________
12. Previous Visits to Tanzania (indicate dates and duration)________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
13. Type of Visa applied: Tourist  Business Professional  Official  Research Journalism Student.
14. Category of Visa applied:  Single Multiple.
15. For Multiple Visa – Duration: Three Months Six Months Nine Months Twelve Months
16. Signature of Applicant_________________________________Date___________
ADDITIONAL NOTES
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