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Objectives
• Evaluate the significance of the debate
over tariffs and the idea of nullification.
• Summarize the key events of the conflict
over the second Bank of the United States
in the 1830s.
• Analyze the political environment in the
United States after Andrew Jackson.
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Terms and People
• Tariff of Abominations – name that opponents
from the agricultural south gave to the high
protective tariff of 1828
• John C. Calhoun – vice president who resigned
to lead South Carolina’s fight over nullification in
the Senate
• nullification – concept that a state could void a
federal law that it deemed unconstitutional
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Terms and People (continued)
• Whig – member of a political party formed in the
1830s, favored a strong federal government,
protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal
improvements
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What major political issues emerged
during the 1830s?
Conflicts and crises during Jackson’s
presidency led to formation of a rival
political party called the Whigs.
In spite of this, Jackson’s handpicked
successor Martin Van Buren won in 1836
but lost to the Whigs in 1840.
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Tariffs were a
continuing
source of
dispute
between the
industrial North
(favored) and
agricultural
South
(opposed).
• In 1828, Congress passed a
high protective tariff.
• The goal was to promote
industry, but the tariff raised
the prices farmers had to pay
for goods.
• Southerners called it the Tariff
of Abominations.
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In 1832, South Carolina voted to nullify the
tariff. It threatened to secede from the Union
if force was used to collect the import tax.
• Vice President John C. Calhoun expected
Jackson to reject the tariff. Instead, Jackson
only modified it slightly.
• Calhoun resigned as Vice President in protest
to lead the nullification battle in the Senate.
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Resolution of the Nullification Crisis of 1833
Jackson, a
Democrat,
normally
supported
southern states,
but he strongly
rejected this
challenge to his
authority and to
the Union.
Economic
nationalists like
Daniel Webster
rejected the
concept of
nullification.
Congress passed a
Force Bill authorizing
troops to enforce
collection.
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In a compromise,
Congress lowered
the tariff. The
issues of
nullification and
secession were
left unresolved.
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Despite his opposition to nullification,
Jackson generally supported the
agricultural South.
• His ideal was an agrarian republic where all white
men owned farms and enjoyed rough equality.
• Industrialization and the growing class of wage
earning factory workers made his ideal unrealistic.
• The expanding gap between rich factory owners
and poor workers became troubling to many
Americans.
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The Second National Bank divided Americans.
Jacksonian Democrats
• felt the National Bank
symbolized
“money power.”
Business Leaders
• believed the new business
economy encouraged
corruption.
• opposed policies they felt
•
believed the National
Bank was necessary to
maintain a stable
supply of currency.
enriched business at the
expense of farmers and
workers.
In 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank’s charter.
Jackson vetoed the charter renewal.
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Presidential vetoes were rare. Bank supporters
denounced Jackson as a power-hungry tyrant and
formed a new political party, the Whigs.
The Whigs were led by Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Henry Clay of Kentucky.
Whigs favored a strong federal government, broad
interpretation of the Constitution, protective tariffs,
internal improvements, and moral reform.
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Andrew Jackson,
while stressing
democracy for the
common man, was
seen as a tyrant
by those who
crossed him.
They referred to
him mockingly as
“King Andrew.”
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• Martin Van Buren of New
York, Jackson’s handpicked successor, won
the election of 1836.
Jackson’s
economic
policies led
to disaster
for the next
president.
• With no federal banks,
state banks flooded the
market with currency,
causing extreme
inflation.
• The government stopped
accepting paper money
for land purchases,
leading to a sudden drop
in land values.
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The resulting Panic of 1837 became the worst
depression the nation had yet experienced.
•
Inflation caused by the state banks hurt
common people.
•
The drop in land values led to bankruptcies.
Many planters and farmers lost their land.
•
A third of urban workers lost their jobs and
wages dropped by 30%.
The Panic hurt Van Buren
and the Democratic Party.
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In 1840, the Whigs nominated
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.
• Harrison was portrayed as a simple farmer, born
in a log cabin, while Van Buren was painted as an
ineffective, corrupt aristocrat.
• The slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
reminded voters of Harrison’s
military record.
Harrison’s victorious 1840 campaign
focused on symbols like his log cabin
background, seen in this flag.
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One month after his inauguration,
President Harrison died of pneumonia.
Vice President John Tyler assumed
the Presidency and, to the dismay of
the Whigs, rejected their policies.
Tyler vetoed legislation to
restore the National Bank
and to enact Clay’s
American System.
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