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Section
Chapter
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1
Objectives
• Summarize the key developments in the
transportation revolution of the early 1800s.
• Analyze the rise of industry in the United
States in the early 1800s.
• Describe some of the leading inventions and
industrial developments in the early 1800s.
Industry
and Transportation
The Cold
War Begins
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Terms and People
• turnpike – toll roads chartered by some states,
named for the gate that guarded the entrance
• National Road – successful road made of
crushed stone that linked Maryland and the
Ohio River
• Erie Canal – waterway built to link Lake Erie
and New York City via the Hudson River
• Industrial Revolution – historic period that
changed how people worked and lived as
production shifted from manual labor to the use
of machines
Industry and Transportation
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Terms and People (continued)
• Samuel Slater – English emigrant who built
America’s first water-powered textile mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793
• Francis Cabot Lowell – merchant who developed
an entire industrial system for all stages of
manufacturing cloth in the town of Lowell
• Lowell girls – young girls who worked in Lowell’s
mills and lived in strictly supervised boarding
houses
Industry and Transportation
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Terms and People (continued)
• interchangeable parts – the use of identical
components that can replace each other, making a
machine less expensive to produce or repair
• Eli Whitney – inventor who introduced the use of
interchangeable parts in the United States
• Samuel F.B. Morse – inventor of the electrical
telegraph and Morse Code, a system of dots and
dashes used to send messages over metal wires
Industry and Transportation
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How did transportation developments
and industrialization affect the
nation’s economy?
New technology changed the way Americans
lived and worked.
The United States was set on a course of
industrialization.
Industry and Transportation
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The major settlements in the U.S.
originally developed along the rivers and
harbors of the Atlantic coast.
Water was the
most efficient
way to move
people and
goods.
Overland
transportation
was expensive
whether by cart,
wagon, sleigh,
stagecoach,
horse or oxen.
Industry and Transportation
Moving freight a
few dozen miles by
land cost as much
as shipping the
same items across
the ocean.
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States
chartered toll
roads called
turnpikes.
• Profits were supposed to be
used for road improvements
but most roads remained in
poor condition.
• Few turnpikes made a profit
or really improved the cost
or speed of transportation.
• An exception was the
National Road. This route
of crushed stone extended
from Maryland to the Ohio
River in 1818.
Industry and Transportation
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Water travel was revolutionized
by the steamboat.
In 1807, the first practical steamboat,
the Clermont, began sailing from
New York City.
Steamboats shortened a
trip up the Mississippi from
New Orleans to Louisville
from months to mere days.
Industry and Transportation
Inventor Robert Fulton
and his Clermont
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Canals linked farms and cities.
In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal connected
Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
Shipping costs between
Buffalo and New York
City plummeted from
$100 to $4 per ton.
The resulting rise in
commerce pushed New
York City’s population
to 800,000 by 1860.
Now linked to markets in the East,
Midwest farmers experienced
tremendous growth.
Industry and Transportation
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Introduction
of railroads
provided the
most dramatic
transportation
growth.
• The first railroads
started in Britain in the
1820s.
• The United States had
13 miles of track in
1830 and 31,000 miles
by 1860.
• A trip from Detroit to
New York City that took
28 days in 1800 took
just 2 days by train in
1857.
Industry and Transportation
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Major Canals, Roads, and Railroads, 1840-1850
Industry and Transportation
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In the 1700s, British factories began using
machines powered by steam or water to spin
thread or weave cloth. This was the start of the
Industrial Revolution.
Britain tried to prohibit the
export of industrial
technology.
In 1793, Samuel Slater, an
English emigrant, built a waterpowered mill from memory in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Industry and Transportation
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The Industrial Revolution soon
transformed the American economy.
Several mills used
the family system
that employed
parents and children
who lived in a
company-owned
village.
In 1813, Francis
Cabot Lowell
combined all of the
steps to manufacture
cloth in one location
in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
Industry and Transportation
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In the 1820s, Lowell built his
own factory town of Lowell,
Massachusetts.
He employed young single
girls from area farms.
Lowell girls
lived in closely
supervised
boarding houses
with strict rules.
After several
years, most
married.
Industry and Transportation
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Technology changed how people worked and lived.
Work was divided
into small tasks,
reducing the level
of skill or training
needed for many
jobs.
Factory owners
profited because
unskilled workers
were more
numerous and
could be paid
less.
Industry and Transportation
In some
industries,
owners profited
by dividing labor
even without
using new
machines.
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• Rather than a skilled artisan
making a single clock or
musket, workers made
individual components that
were later assembled.
Interchangeable
parts improved
efficiency.
• Eli Whitney produced
muskets with standardized
parts. A component from
one gun fit any other gun.
• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
also used interchangeable
parts to build sewing
machines.
Industry and Transportation
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Industry and Transportation
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In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse
revolutionized communications with
his invention the electric telegraph.
• The telegraph sent electrical pulses
along metal wires.
• “Morse Code” used dots and dashes to
instantly send information for miles.
• By 1860, the United States had
50,000 miles of telegraph line.
Industry and Transportation
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Agriculture remained America’s chief industry
but innovations made farms more productive.
New methods
More efficient ways to plant, tend, and
harvest crops and raise livestock.
New
inventions
John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus
McCormick’s mechanical reaper helped
double farm productivity by 1860.
New
farmland
More fertile farms in the Midwest raised
production..
Industry and Transportation