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Objectives
• Explain how territorial expansion brought
Americans into conflict with the British and
with Native Americans.
• Describe American relations with Britain,
France, and Spain.
• Analyze how the political parties’ debates
over foreign policy further divided them.
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Terms and People
•
Little Turtle – Native American war chief who
defeated forces sent to stop his attacks on settlers
in the 1790s
•
Battle of Fallen Timbers – 1794 victory over
Native Americans by General Anthony Wayne, led
to the Treaty of Greenville and American control
over Ohio
•
French Revolution – 1789 republican uprising in
France against the monarchy that led to public
executions and war with Britain
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Terms and People (continued)
•
John Jay – Chief Justice who negotiated a 1794
treaty with Britain that removed British soldiers
from American lands, but maintained restrictions
on American shipping
•
XYZ Affair – incident in which French officials
demanded bribes to stop French seizures of
American shipping
•
Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 Federalist laws
to restrict public criticism and deport immigrants,
most of whom supported Democratic Republicans
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions – hinted that
states had the power to nullify federal laws like the
Alien and Sedition Acts, which some Democratic
Republicans thought were unconstitutional
•
Aaron Burr – In 1800, tied Jefferson in the
electoral college but became Vice President after
Hamilton urged Federalist congressmen to back
Jefferson; later killed Hamilton in a duel
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How did foreign policy challenges
affect political debate and shape
American government?
The nation had to make peace with Native
Americans, control its borders, and establish
itself internationally. Renewed war between
Britain and France threatened neutrality.
Americans debated the right response to the
European war and to the French Revolution.
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The new nation faced challenges
on its Northwestern frontier
The British continued to man forts along
the Great Lakes and supplied Indian
tribes with guns.
In 1790 and 1791, Chief Little Turtle
defeated American forces as the Miami
Indians fought American expansion in
the Ohio Valley.
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In 1794, General
Anthony Wayne
defeated Native
Americans in the
Battle of Fallen
Timbers.
The resulting
Treaty of Greenville
gave the United
States control of
Ohio.
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In 1789, Americans were divided by
the French Revolution.
Federalists worried about the anarchy and public
executions. Hamilton feared Democratic Republicans
might want to do the same in America.
Jefferson decried the violence but publicly admired
the French Revolution’s principles.
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Americans worried about the British and French war
as most of America’s imports and tariff revenue
came from British goods.
President
Washington
issued a
proclamation
of neutrality
in 1793.
But Britain
ignored him
and began
seizing
American
trading ships
at sea.
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were
outraged but
powerless to
respond.
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Washington
sent John
Jay to
London in
1794 to
negotiate.
• The resulting Jay Treaty was
narrowly approved by the
Senate. Federalists praised
it, but Democratic
Republicans attacked it.
• Britain agreed to give up
forts on American soil, but
Americans had to repay preRevolutionary War debts still
owed to Britain.
• Restrictions remained on
American shipping, which
angered many Americans.
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A more
popular
treaty was
negotiated
with Spain
in 1795.
• The Pinckney Treaty
allowed Americans to use
the Mississippi River and
the port of New Orleans.
• With access to the
Mississippi, removal of
the British, and defeat of
the Native Americans,
settlers poured into the
west.
• 400,000 Americans lived
beyond the Appalachians
by the 1800s.
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President Washington chose to retire in 1796.
He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms
would set an important precedent for the
peaceful transfer of the office.
In his farewell address, Washington advised
successors to temper political strife in favor of
national unity.
In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid
“entangling alliances” with European powers.
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Washington helped the young
nation survive early tests.
As first President, Washington:
•
Established the government
•
Opened western land for settlers
•
Kept the nation out of war
•
Developed foreign trade
•
Put the nation on solid financial footing.
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John Adams was elected President
in 1796.
He narrowly defeated
Thomas Jefferson who
became his vice president.
The vote was largely along
regional lines with the
North favoring Adams, the
South favoring Jefferson.
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Early in his presidency, Adams faced a crisis with France.
Like Britain, France began seizing American ships.
Adams sent envoys to negotiate.
French officials identified only as X, Y, and Z
demanded bribes for the right to negotiate.
Americans were angered and insulted by this
XYZ Affair and sentiment against France grew.
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In 1798 Congress
passed the Alien
and Sedition
Acts making it a
crime to criticize
the government.
Immigrants, most of whom
tended to favor Democratic
Republicans, could be
deported.
The Federalists claimed the
acts were necessary to
stop unhealthy criticism
that was undermining trust
in the government.
Democratic Republicans
charged the acts violated
the Constitution and were
aimed to silence the
opposition.
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In 1798 and 1799, Jefferson and Madison
attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional
in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
They suggested that states can “nullify” or
reject unconstitutional laws.
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Shortly before the 1800 election, President
Adams sought peace with France.
This angered other Federalists, including
Alexander Hamilton who then worked
against Adams’ bid for re-election.
Despite a tie in the electoral college,
Thomas Jefferson won the presidency.
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The election of
1800 changed the
balance of power
and ended the
Federalist era in
government.
The election of 1800
marked an important
precedent as the first
peaceful transfer of
power from one
political party to
another.
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