Everything
You
Always
Wanted
To
Know
About
Spanish II . . . .
And
So
Much
More!
1
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Table of Contents
Body Parts ..................................................................................................
3
Ordinal Numbers .......................................................................................
3
Possessive Adjectives ................................................................................
4
Pronouns
Direct Object..................................................................................
5
Indirect Object................................................................................
6
Question Words..........................................................................................
7
Verbs, Present tense
Yo –go verbs....................................................................................
8 /9
Idioms
10
IR and IR A.......................................................................................
10
SABER vs CONOCER......................................................................
11
SER vs ESTAR.................................................................................
12
Stem-changing: e>ie and o>ue......................................................
13
TENER and TENER QUE..................................................................
14
Third person....................................................................................
15
Verbs, Present Progressive.........................................................................
15 /16
Verbs, Preterite tense
Regular verbs..................................................................................
16/17
-GAR, -CAR, -ZAR verbs...................................................................
17/18
DAR and VER...................................................................................
18
SER and IR.......................................................................................
18
Reflexive verbs …………………………………………………………………………..
19
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Body Parts
Las Partes del cuerpo
Los ojos – the eyes
la cabeza – the head
los dedos – the fingers
La boca – the mouth
la espalda – the back
el codo – the elbow
La lengua – the tongue
los dientes – the teeth
la rodilla – the knee
Las orejas – the ears
los pies – the feet
el tobillo – the ankle
La nariz – the nose
el brazo – the arm
los dedos – the toes
La garganta – the throat
la mano – the hand
el pie – the foot
El corazón – the heart
la pierna – the leg
la muñeca – the wrist
* Always use the articles with the parts of the body. DO NOT use the possessive adjectives with these nouns!!
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Ordinal Numbers
* Ordinal numbers are used to show place value or position
** There are only 10 Ordinal numbers in Spanish.

Primero (primer before a singular masculine noun)

Segundo

Tercero (tercer before a singular masculine nour)

Cuarto

Quinto

Sexto

Séptimo

Octavo

Noveno

Décimo

Último
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*** Ordinal numbers are adjectives. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe:

El segundo hijo

El segunda hija
**** There are two exceptions to this rule:

Primero and tercero become ‘primer’ and ‘tercer’ before a masculine, singular noun:
La primera nieta
El primer nieto
***** Ordinal numbers precede the nouns they describe:

El segundo piso

La tercera hamburguesa
****** Ordinal numbers can be abbreviated just as in English.

El primer piso

El 10 piso

La tercera casa

La 3a casa
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Los Adjectivos posesivos
my – mi (s)
our – nuestro (s) / nuestra (s)
your – tu (s)
your – vuestro (s) / vuestra (s)
his / her / your – su (s)
their / your – su (s)
o
Used to show possession
Es mi libro
it is my book.
o
Possessive Adjectives precede the noun
¿Estudias tú español?
Do you study Spanish?
o
Possessive Adjectives must agree in number
Eduardo tiene su libro y sus cuadernos.
with the noun.
o
Eduardo has his book and his notebooks
Nuestro and vuestro must agree in number
Nuestro papá and está aquí y nuestra mamá está en
and gender with their noun.
Casa.
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Direct Object Pronouns

A Direct Object [DO] is a word or phrase in a sentence that tells “who” or “what” receives the action of a
transitive verb:
I write my homework.
Yo escribo mi tarea.
S V
DO noun
S V
DO noun

A Direct Object Pronoun replaces the DO noun.
I write it.


Yo la escribo.
The Direct Object Pronouns are:
Me
me
us
nos
You
te
you
os
Him
lo
them
los
Her
la
them
las
You (ud)
lo / la
you (uds)
los / las
It
lo / la
There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish:
1.
Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command:
Yo la escribo.
No la escribas Ud.
2.
Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command:
Yo voy a escribirla.
Yo estoy escribiéndola.
¡Escríbala Ud!
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Indirect Object Pronouns

An Indirect Object (IO) is a word or phrase that tells “to/for whom” or “to/for what” receives the Direct
Object:
I give her my homework.
S B IO
DO


Yo le doy mi tarea.
S IO V DO
The Indirect Object Pronouns are:
To/for me
me
to/for us
nos
To/for you
te
to/for you
os
To/for him
le
to/for them
les
To/for her
le
to/for them
les
To/for you (ud)
le
to/for you (uds) les
To/for It
le
There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish:
1.
Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command:
Yo le doy la tarea.
No le dés Ud. la tarea.
2.
Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command:
Yo voy a darle la tarea.
Yo estoy dándole la tarea.
¡Déle Ud la tarea!

In Spanish, when both the Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns are used, the Indirect Object Pronoun
precede the Direct Object Pronoun.
I am giving you it (homework).
Yo te la doy.
I am giving her it (homework)
Yo le la doy. becomes Yo se la doy to prevent the double “L”
allilteration sound.
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Question words
¿Qué?
What?
¿de qué?
From what?
¿con qué?
With what?
¿para qué?
For what (purpose)?
¿Quién? (¿Quiénes?)
¿a quién? (¿a quiénes?)
who?
whom?
¿Cómo?
How?
¿Cuál? (¿Cuáles?)
which?
¿Dónde?
Where?
¿adónde?
To where?
¿de dónde?
From where?
¿Cuándo?
When?
¿Cuánto (a)?
how much?
¿Cuántos (as)?
How many?
¿Por qué?
Why?
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Yo –go verbs
These verbs have various unique spelling changes in their conjugations. But they all have one thing in common –
the first person singular form (yo) of the present tense ends in –go.
TENER
Yo
tengo
nosotros
tenemos
Tú
tienes
vosotros
tenéis
Él/ella/ud
tiene
ellos/ellas/uds
tienen
Yo
vengo
nosotros
venimos
Tú
vienes
vosotros
venís
Él/ella/ud
viene
ellos/ellas/uds
vienen
Yo
pongo
nosotros
ponemos
Tú
pones
vosotros
ponéis
Él/ella/ud
pone
ellos/ellas/uds
ponen
Yo
salgo
nosotros
salimos
Tú
sales
vosotros
salís
Él/ella/ud
sale
ellos/ellas/uds
salen
VENIR
PONER
SALIR
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HACER
Yo
hago
nosotros
hacen
Tú
haces
vosotros
hacéis
Él/ella/ud
hace
ellos/ellas/uds
hacen
Yo
traigo
nosotros
traemos
Tú
traes
vosotros
traéis
Él/ella/ud
trae
ellos/ellas/uds
traen
Yo
oigo
nosotros
oímos
Tú
oyes
vosotros
oís
Él/ella/ud
oye
ellos/ellas/uds
oyen
Yo
digo
nosotros
decimos
Tú
dices
vosotros
decís
Él/ella/ud
dice
ellos/ellas/uds
dicen
TRAER
OÍR
DECIR
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Idioms
Hacer la maleta
to pack the suitcase
Hacer un viaje
to make (take) a trip
Hacer cola
to make a line; to stand in line
Hacer un picnic
to go on a picnic
Poner la mesa
to set the table
Salir en
to leave in (on)
Salir de
to leave (from)
Salir para
to leave for . .
Venir en
to come in (on)
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IR and IR A
Yo
voy
nosotros
vamos
Tú
vas
vosotros
váis
Él/ella/us
va
ellos/ellas/uds
van
Uses for IR and IR A
 To show motion towards a place
¿Adónde vas?
 To tell what will happen in the near future
Mañana voy a comer
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SABER vs CONOCER
SABER :
o
To know a fact or information
o
To know how to do something
Yo
sé
nosotros
sabemos
Tú
sabes
vosotros
sabéis
Él/ella/ud
sabe
ellos/ellas/uds
saben
1. Yo sé que pasa en la historieta.
I know what happens in the story.
2. José sabe a qúe hora empieza la clase.
José knows what time the class starts.
3. Sabemos bailar bien.
We know how to dance well.
CONOCER:
o
To know people (to be acquainted with people)
o
To be acquainted with something / someplace
o
To know abstract ideas
Yo
conozco
nosotros
conocemos
Tú
conoces
vosotros
conocéis
Él/ella/ud
conoce
ellos/ellas/uds
conocen
1. Yo conozco a mi profesora.
I know my teacher.
2. Elena conoce a la Sra Ramos.
Elena knows (is acquainted with) Sra Ramos
3. ¿Conoces los cuadros de Pablo Picasso?
Do you know (are you acquanted with / familiar
with) the paintings of Pablo Picasso?
4. Conocemos la literatura de los mayas.
We know (are familiar with) Mayan literature.
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The uses of SER and ESTAR
SER
Yo
soy
nosotros
somos
Tú
eres
vosotros
sois
Él/ella/ud
es
ellos/ellas/uds
son
Yo
estoy
nosotros
estamos
Tú
estás
vosotros
estáis
Él/ella/ud
es
ellos/ellas/uds
están
ESTAR
Reasons for using each
SER:
for the uses of SER, think of the word CNOTE ( a hundred dollar bill):
C
characteristics
Ana es inteligente.
N
nationality
Raúl es Peruano.
O
origin
Rosalita es de Chile
T
telling time
Es la una y veinte.
E
equivilence (what something is).
Mi amigo es médico.
Luís es alto.
La casa es verde.
Son las dos y media.
ESTAR: for the uses of ESTAR, think of the phrase True Love Forever, where the first letter of each word indicates
a use of ESTAR:
T
temporary condition.
Ana está enferma.
L
location.
El libro está en la mesa.
F
feelings
Luisa está triste.
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These two verbs CANNOT be interchanged without changing the meaning of the sentence.
La manzana es verde.
La manzana está verde.
Ana es lista.
Ana está lista.
Héctor está loco.
Héctor es loco.
Felipe es aburrido.
Felipe está aburrido.
La chica es rubia.
La chica está rubia.
The apple is green. (it’s its normal color – like a Granny Smith apple).
The apple is green. (it’s not ripe – not ready to eat)
Ana is clever.
Ana is ready.
Héctor is crazy. (He doesn’t know what he’s talking about)
Héctor is crazy. (He need psychological treatment)
Felipe is boring.
Felipe is bored.
The blonde girl. (the girl is blonde – that is her natural hair color)
The blonde girl. (the girl is not naturally blonde – she dyes her hair)
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Stem-changing verbs

Some verbs change the vowel in their stem in the Present tense

The endings for the verbs do not change!

These verbs change in every person except the NOSOTROS and VOSOTROS forms

There are 3 kinds of verbs that make this change:
o > ue stem-changers
e > ie stem-changers
e > i stem-changers
o > ue stem-changers
DORMIR
Yo
duermo
nosotros
dormimos
Tú
duermes
vosotros
dormís
Él/ella/ud
duerme
ellos/ellas/uds
duermen
e > ie stem-changers
PERDER
Yo
pierdo
nosotros
perdemos
Tú
pierdes
vosotros
perdéis
Él/ella/ud
pierde
elloa/ellas/uds
pierden
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e > i stem-changers
PEDIR
Yo
pido
nosotros
pedimos
Tú
pides
vosotros
pedís
Él/ella/ud
pide
ellos/ellas/uds
piden
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TENER and TENER QUE
TENER
Yo
tengo
nosotros
tenemos
Tú
tienes
vosotros
tenéis
Él/ella/ud
tiene
ellos/ellas/uds
tienen
 Used to show possession
Yo tengo un perro.
 Used to show age.
¿Cuántos años tiene Luisa?
 Used to talk about what you have to do.
Ana tiene que estudiar.
 Used in Idiomatic expressions
Tener hambre
to be hungry (to have hunger) (tengo much hambre – I am very
hungry)
Tener sed
to be thirsty
Tener calor
to be warm / hot
Tener frío
to be cold
Tener sueño
to be sleepy
Tener prisa
to be in a hurry
Tener razón
to be right
Tener cuidado
to be careful
Tener suerte
to be lucky
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Third person verbs
Aburrir
Interesar
Gustar
Encantar
Doler (o>ue)




to be boring to / to bore
to be interesting to / to interest
to be pleasing to / to like
to be enchanted with / to love
to be painful to / to hurt
These verbs have a real and a translatable meaning
These are a special type of verb that are only ever conjugated in the 3 rd person (“it” and “they”)
The subject follows the verb
Indirect Object Pronouns must be used with these verbs
Me
Te
Le
EX:
to me
to you (familiar)
to him / to her / to you (Ud)
nos
os
les
to us
to you (used in parts of Spain)
to them / to you (Uds)
I like sports (really means . . . )
Sports are pleasing to me.
Me gustan los deportes
Does music interest you? (really means . . . )
Is music interesting to you?
¿Te interesa la música?
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The Present Progressive tense (El Presente Progresivo)


The Present Progressive in Spanish is used to describe what someone is doing right now !!
The Pres Prog is formed with ESTAR as the helping verb + the Present Participle (Gerund)
Formation of the Present Participle
-ar verbs
Take the infinitive
Drop the –ar
Add –ando
hablar
habl
hablando
use the correct conjugated form of ESTAR in the Present to show who is doing the action
I am speaking Spanish.
Estoy hablando español.
-er verbs
Take the infinitive
Drop the j-er
Add –iendo
comer
com
comiendo
Use the correct conjugated form of ESTAR
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We are eating tacos.
Estamos comiendo tacos.
-ir verbs
Take the infinitive
Drop the –ir
Add -iendo
vivir
viv
viviendo
Use the correct conjugated form of ESTAR
You are living here.
Estás viviendo aquí.
There are some verbs that have an irregular Present Participle. Verbs that in a vowel followed by –er or –ir
have irregular participles because in the participle you would have an “i” between 2 vowels. When this
occurs, the “i” is changed to “y”.
Leer
Creer
Traer
Oír
leyendo
creyendo
trayendo
oyendo
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El Pretérito
o
o
o
There are 2 past tenses in Spanish, the Imperfect (el Imperfecto) and the Preterite (el Pretérito)
The Preterite is used to describe an action that began and ended at a particular time in the past. Usually
one time. Used to describe a single action.
Present tense stem-changing verbs DO NOT carry over the spelling changes into the Preterite
Regular –ar verbs in the Preterite
For regular –ar verbs, start with the infinitive
Drop the –ar
Add the Preterite endings:
hablar
habl
Yo
hablé
nosotros
hablamos
Tú
hablaste
vosotros
hablasteis
Él, ella, Ud
habló
ellos, ellas, Uds hablaron
***Notice the accents on the 1st and 3rd person singujlar forms. The accents MUST be there, or the meaning
changes !!
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Regular –er verbs in the Preterite
For regular –er verbs, start with the infinitive
Drop the –er
Add the endings:
comer
com
Yo
comí
nosotros
comimos
Tú
comiste
vosotros
comisteis
Él, ella, Ud
comió
ellos, ellas, Uds comieron
***Notice the accents again in the 1st and 3rd person singular forms!!
Regular –ir verbs in the Preterite
For regular –ir verbs, start with the infinitive
Drop the –ir
Add the same endings as for regular –er verbs:
vivir
viv
Yo
viví
nosotros
vivimos
Tú
viviste
vosotros
vivisteis
Él, ella, Ud
vivió
ellos, ellas, Uds vivieron
***Notice the accents again in the 1st and 3rd person singular forms!!
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-gar, -car, -zar verbs in the Preterite
All verbs ending in these classifications form the first person singular (yo) with a spelling change.
-gar verbs
Start with the infinitive
llegar
Drop the –ar
lleg
Conjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For
the “yo” form, change the “G” to “GU” before adding the “E”.
Yo
llegué
nosotros
llegamos
Tú
llegaste
vosotros
llegasteis
Él, ella, Ud
llegó
ellos, ellas, Uds llegaron
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-car verbs
Start with the infinitive
buscar
Drop the –ar
busc
Conjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For
the “yo” form, change the “C” to “QU” before adding the “E”
Yo
busque
nosotros
buscamos
Tú
buscaste
vosotros
buscasteis
Él, ella, Ud
buscó
ellos, ellas, Uds buscaron
-zar verbs
Start with the infinitive
comenzar
Drop the –ar
comenz
Conjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For
the “yo” form, change the “Z” to “C” before adding the “E”
Yo
comencé
nosotros
comenzamos
Tú
comenzaste
vosotros
comenzasteis
Él, ella, Ud
comenzó
ellos, ellas, Uds comenzaron
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DAR and VER in the Preterite
DAR and VER have irregular forms in the Preterite tense:
DAR
VER
Di
dimos
vi
vimos
Diste
disteis
viste
visteis
Dio
dieron
vio
vieron
***There are no written accents marks for DAR or VER in the Preterite.
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SER and IR in the Preterite
SER and IR have the same conjugation in the Preterite tense:
Yo
Tú
Él, ella, Ud
fui
fuiste
fue
nosotros
fuimos
vosotros
fuisteis
ellos, ellas, Uds fueron
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Reflexive verbs
Verbs are ‘Reflexive’ when they describe an action that someone does to himself. When
someone does something to someone/something else, the verb is not Reflexive
I wash the car. “wash” is not reflexive, since I am performing the action on
something else,
I wash my hands. In this case, “wash” is reflexive since I am performing the
action upon myself.
Some verbs that are commonly used in a reflexive manner as well as non-reflexive include:
Despertar(se) (ie) - to wake up
levantar(se) – to get up
Lavar(se) – to wash
bañar(se) – to bathe (to take a bath)
Afeitar(se) – to shave
poner(se) la ropa – to put on clothing
Mirar(se) – to look at
maquillar(se) – to put on makeup
Cepillar(se) – to brush
peinar(se) – to comb
Sentar(se) (ie) – to sit down (to seat)
desayunar(se) – to eat breakfast
Acostar(se) (ue) – to go to bed
llamar(se) – to call oneself
Diverter(se) (ie) – to enjoy oneself; to have a good time; to have fun
Vestir(se) (i,i) – to dress
Some verbs will change meaning slightly when used in a reflexive manner:
Dormir (ue) – to sleep
Hablar – to talk; to speak
dormir(se) – to fall asleep
hablar(se) – to talk with (each other)
To show that a verb is used reflexively, place the appropriate Reflexive Pronoun in front of the
verb, which is conjugated in the normal manner:
ME
TE
SE
NOS
OS
SE
Yo despierto a mi hermano a las cinco.
Yo me despierto a las cinco.
I wake (up) my brother at five o’clock.
I wake up (myself) at five o’clock.
Mi madre se viste temprano.
Mi madre viste a mi Hermana temprano.
My mother dresses (gets dressed) early.
My mother dresses my sister early.
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