Using Ecosystem Service Values
to Inform Coastal Policy
Decisions:
A California Experiment with
Lessons for Alaska
Steve Colt
University of Alaska Anchorage
steve.colt@uaa.alaska.edu
Institute of Social and Economic Research
ACRC Juneau 19 April 2012
Outline
•
•
•
•
Quiz
Context
California valuation exercise
Southeast Alaska ecosystem services
examples
• So what?
Quiz:
What SE Alaska tourism sub-industry
generated $16 million in revenue from
one activity in 2006?
Helicopter-based dog
mushing excursions, Juneau
Context
• Ecosystem services have value
• Knowledge of ES values can inform better
management and development (Kaveira)
• Knowledge of ES values can inform shared
understanding of the value of place (Chapin)
• Tourism and harvest are obvious ways to
monetize and (perhaps) to nurture ES values.
(90% Alaskans support salmon habitat)
California valuation exercise
• CA Ocean Protection Council
• At OPC request, National Center for Ecological
Analysis and Synthesis assembled a team of
economists, ecologists, mappers, lawyers, and
policy makers
California valuation exercise
• Objective: provide spatially explicit and policyrelevant values for ecosystem services
generated in coastal regions in California
• Analogue: “avoided externalities” of solar PV
and solar thermal power projects
• Applications: permitting, budgeting,
mitigation schemes, offsets, ???
California exercise objectives
• CA OPC wanted a balance sheet or menu of ES
values
• How much is one acre of salt marsh worth?
• If we’re going to build roads, housing, or malls
on coastal ecosystem areas (such as marshes),
we should know what we’re losing
The matrix: before lit search
marshes
PROVISIONING
food
--capture fisheries
--aquaculture
--wild plant and animal products
fiber
genetic resources
biochemicals, natural medicines,
pharmaceuticals
ornamental resources
human habitation
human navigation
energy (for human use)
REGULATING
air quality regulation
climate regulation
erosion regulation
water purification, waste treatment
disease regulation
pest regulation
pollination (and seed dispersal)
natural hazard regulation
freshwater storage and retention
gas regulation
CULTURAL
cultural diversity
spiritual and religious values
knowledge systems
educational values
inspiration
aesthetic values
social relations
sense of place
cultural heritage values
recreation and ecotourism
SUPPORTING
photosynthesis
primary production
nutrient cycling
water cycling
BUNDLED ATTRIBUTES
Item: Habitat and refugia
beach
lagoon and
mud flats salt ponds estuaries
rocky
intertidal
kelp
rocky reefs shell reefs
seagrass
inner shelf
outer
shelves,
edges,
slopes
seamounts
and middeep sea
ocean
and central
ridges
gyres
deep sea
vents
The matrix: after
marshes
beach
mud flats
lagoon and
salt ponds
estuaries
rocky
intertidal
kelp
inner shelf
outer shelves,
edges, slopes
NOTE 7
40-55
9
NOTE 7
NOTE 9
rocky reefs
shell reefs
NOTE 7
NOTE 7
seagrass
PROVISIONING
food
--capture fisheries
55 - 81
--aquaculture
--wild plant and animal products
26
fiber
genetic resources
biochemicals, natural medicines, pharmaceuticals
ornamental resources
human habitation
human navigation
energy (for human use)
REGULATING
air quality regulation
climate regulation
NOTE 1
erosion regulation
31,131
water purification, waste treatment
NOTE 4
disease regulation
NOTE 9
pest regulation
pollination (and seed dispersal)
natural hazard regulation
278 - 332
NOTE 7
NOTE 7
52
freshwater storage and retention
gas regulation
22
CULTURAL
41-45
45
48
(NOTE 9)
NOTE 10
843-2,165
69
cultural diversity
spiritual and religious values
knowledge systems
educational values
inspiration
aesthetic values
social relations
sense of place
cultural heritage values
27
16,946
(NOTE 2)
recreation and ecotourism
NOTE 4
17
NOTE 7
NOTE 7
8 - 346
NOTE 7
NOTE 7
SUPPORTING
photosynthesis
primary production
1,102 - 1,833
11,188
(NOTE 8)
nutrient cycling
water cycling
BUNDLED ATTRIBUTES
Item: Habitat and refugia
56
(NOTE 1)
36,000 83,000
(NOTE 2)
NOTE 3
NOTE 4
421 - 817
(NOTE 5)
77 - 415
NOTE 6
seamounts and
mid-ocean
deep sea and
ridges
central gyres deep sea vents
California exercise: Results
1. Very few papers provide spatially
explicit values for coastal ecosystem
services
2. Many spatially explicit values are for
an unspecified “bundle” of services
3. Where they do exist the values vary
widely
Studies valuing marine ecosystem services worldwide
(searched 100s of articles, found 35 that “worked”)
per year
(flow)
spatially explicit:
per unit area (acre, hectare)
person-related:
per person
per household
per user (angler, visitor, party,
respondent)
other:
per unit of resource (fish)
per aggregate resource (coastline,
bay, species in a region)
per business enterprise
per residential property
per use
one-time
(asset
value??)
4
unclear,
aggregate
2
1
8
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
unclear, aggregate
Total:
1
35
Selected Economic Values of Marine
Ecosystems Worldwide
2008US$/ha/yr
Service Category
Estuary
Beach
CULTURAL
Cultural heritage values
17
Recreation and
ecotourism
8 - 346
27
16,946
Selected Economic Values of Marine
Ecosystems Worldwide
2008US$/ha/yr
Service Category
Estuary
Beach
SUPPORTING
Habitat and refugia
77 - 415
-
Primary production
-
Water cycling
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
estuary habitat
Southeast Alaska example: valuation
of saltwater charter sport fishing
Ginny Fay, Darcy Dugan, Steve Colt
Institute of Social and Economic Research
University of Alaska Anchorage
UAA-CNF Climate Symposium
May 5, 2011
Registered charter fishing vessels
1983-2004
1,400
1,200
Registered Vessels
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
Years
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Data
• AK Fish & Game
– Quantity (fishing effort by area fished)
• Interviews & Web
– Price information
• Business licenses & Web
– associated reality checks
Method
• Aggregate the number of clients and/or boathours within each ADF&G statistical area.
• Allocate the revenue “from” each ADFG stat.
area to its most logical community
– (many-to-one relationship)
Results:
Total SE AK:
143,000 clients
37,560 trips
$73.5 million
gross revenue
Example of
specificity
Variation in revenue per square km
Revenue per square km, by stat area
average = $2,023
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
-
Lorenz curve of total revenue
80,000,000
Cumulative revenue, $
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Cumulative area, square km
Lorenz curve total clients
160,000
Cumulative clients
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
-
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Cumulative area, square km
Highest revenue per
square km:
Logbook Areas 101451
and 101452 averaged
together
$49,294 per square km
So what?
• Very large variation in measured ES values per
square km
• Reflects different ways of thinking about
“the benefits people obtain from ecosystems”
Eco
nomics
Eco
logy
So what?
Bob Weeden, AK Fish & Game 1987
“I do not advocate turning away from economic valuation”
“Nor do I advocate embracing porcupines too warmly”
References
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•
•
N. Raheema, , , S. Coltb, , E. Fleishmanc, m, 1, , J. Talberthd, , P. Swedeene, , K.J. Boylef, ,
M. Ruddg, , R.D. Lopezh, 2, , D. Crockeri, , D. Bohanj, , T. O'Higginsk, , C. Willerl, , R.M.
Boumansm, . 2012. Application of non-market valuation to California's coastal
policy decisions. Marine Policy. Available online 23 February 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.01.005
Fay, G.; Dugan, D.; Fay-Hiltner, I.; Wilson, M.; Colt, S. 2007. Testing a methodology
for estimating the economic significance of saltwater charter fishing in Southeast
Alaska. Anchorage: ISER.
http://www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu/Publications/EconSE_Saltwater_Charter_Fish_070
530.pdf
Weeden, R. 1987. On Wooden Nickels, Trojan Horses, and Lonely Drummers.
Alaska Fish & Game May-June.