Settling
the
Chesapeake
and the
Introduction
of
Slavery
The Chesapeake
King James issued the first Virginia Charter on April
10, 1606.
The following December 104 men and boy landed with
instructions to establish a fortified outpost about 100
miles up a large navigable river – they chose the James
River.
Almost immediately, disappointed that treasures were
not laying on the ground for the taking, problems arose
and by 1609 the Virginia Company began to attempt to
obtain a new charter so they could reorganize the
colony.
Because of a lack of leadership, starvation was a real
possibility during the winter of 1609-1610.
In June 1610 the Virginia settlers vacated the colony:
they met Lord De La Warr as they traveled down the
James who established rule by martial law and forced
the settlers to return saving the colony.
John Rolfe experimented with a local weed – tobacco –
and discovering that it was milder than the tobacco of
the West Indies exported a small portion and almost
immediately it caught on with European smokers who
preferred the milder taste.
Pocahantas
Captain John Smith
The “Headright” System
England had __________ __________
Virginia had __________ __________
50 acres free land to those who _______ _______ _______ _______
50 acres free land to those who _______ _______ _______ _______
50 acres after __ years if _______ _______ _______ _______.
Tremendous incentive to _______ _______ _______ _______
To _______ _______, offered chance to _______ _______ _______
Between 1619 – 1624 more than 4,500 settlers arrived
The House of Burgesses
First _______ _______
_______ in North America
1619
The Powhatan Wars
Potential Sources of Laborers
__________ __________
__________
__________
Indentured Servitude
Seemed to solve two problems
– ______________ in ______________
– __________ __________ _______ __________
Characteristics of Indentured Contracts
– Passage paid in exchange for XX years of service determined by the
age at the time the contract was made
– Servants provided with proper ____ and ____ and ______ at the end of
the contract
– Despite apparent legal safeguards, ________ could treat _________
________ as they ______ – they were ______ _________ _________.
Problems:
– _______ _______ _______
– _______/_______ _______
– _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
Characteristics of the Chesapeake
_____, _____ _____ in the late teens and early twenties (early ___ out
numbered ______ 6:1)
Life expectancy ______ than the _____ of the _________
By 1618 Virginia still had a population of only _______.
_____ more people sent by _____ but the _______ _______ to only
______.
By 1624 the King was _________ by _________ _____________ and
he ________ the Virginia Company and made Virginia a _______
_______, _______ a _______ and _______ _______.
The _____ of _______ which had begun to meet in ____ continued to
meet despite a ____ of _______ and in ____ the King _________
the _______ _______.
In Virginia the “_____ _____” became the most important institution
of _______ _______ serving as a center for ______, ________ and
__________ __________.
Characteristics of New England
Settled mostly by _______ who came to the New World looking for a place in which they
could _______ _______ _______ _______.
Immigrated as _______ _______: consequently __________ was more _______.
Accepted Calvin’s _______ of _______.
All unscriptural elements of worship should be removed from the Church.
While a corporation was formed – the _______ __ _______ – to make settlement into a
_______ _______ on the ________.
On August 26, 1629 John Winthrop and 11 associates secretly signed the __________
__________.
The _______ _______ allowed the joint-stock (most of which held annual meetings at a
predetermined location) to hold its ________ ________ ________ ________. (In
America neither the king nor the archbishop would be able to _____ ____ ____ _____.)
In New England the _____ became the center of ________ ______.
______________ formed the ____ of _____ ____ – each local congregation was independent
and each person independently covenanted with the Lord and with each other to walk
according to the way of God.
Initial Landing of Slaves
1619 – Dutch ship lands at Jamestown with approximately 20 Africans
Exact status disputed – slaves/indentured servants
Until the end of the 17th Century the status of blacks was ____________
English were greatly influenced by what they observed in the ________, especially on
_______, concerning the slavery practices of both the _______ and the ___________.
The _____ _____ ______ was chartered in 1672 to supply planters with a ________ _____
of ________ ________.
Gradually, as the slave population grew, laws concerning blacks became stricter largely
because of the _____ the _______ had of the _______.
Blacks were considered _________, _____, _______ – __________ and without ________.
Subjecting them to slavery was a _____ to them because at least that way they would be
________ to __________.
Because Africans were uncivilized, beasts and savages they would always seek some means
by which they could ____ _____ ___ and – even worse to the whites – ____ _____ _____.
By the end of the 17th Century the American colonies had transformed from a society of
______ to a ______ ________.
Slave Routes
What is Slavery?
SLAVERY IS:
__________ __________
__________ __________ __________
an _________ _________ (transferred through
the __________)
Early Africans in Virginia
John Punch
Antonio a Negro => Anthony Johnson
John Casor
John Punch
Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia
9th Of July, 1640
Whereas Hugh Gwyn hath by order from this Board Brought back from
Maryland three servants formerly run away from the said Gwyn, the court
doth therefore order that the said three servants shall receive the
punishment of whipping and to have thirty stripes apiece one called Victor,
a dutchman, the other a Scotchman called James Gregory, shall first serve
out their times with their master according to their Indentures, and one
whole year apiece after the time of their service is Expired. By their said
Indentures in recompense of his Loss sustained by their absence and after
that service to their said master is Expired to serve the colony for three
whole years apiece, and that the third being a negro named John Punch
shall serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural Life
here or elsewhere.
Johnson vs Parker
… seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr.
Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master… It is
therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith
returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, And that Mr. Robert Parker
make payment of all charges in the suit.
“Kolchin argues that colonial farmers made
decisions about the type of labor to be employed
(indentured or slave) based upon pragmatic economic
considerations. He further asserts that once slavery
was adopted as the preferred labor source, racism
was used to justify and reinforce that decision.”
Virginia, 1639
Act X. All persons except Negroes are to be provided with arms and
ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and council.
Maryland, 1664
That whatsoever free-born [English] woman shall intermarry with any slave. .
. shall serve the master of such slave during the life of her husband; and that
all the issue of such free-born women, so married shall be slaves as their
fathers were.
Virginia, 1667
Act III. Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children that are slaves by
birth. . . should by virtue of their baptism be made free, it is enacted that
baptism does not alter the condition to the person as to his bondage or
freedom; masters freed from this doubt may more carefully propagate
Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament.
Virginia, 1682
Act I. It is enacted that all servants. . . which [sic] shall be imported into this
country either by sea or by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim North
Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native
countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some
Christian. . . and all Indians, which shall be sold by our neighborign Indians,
or any other trafficing with us for slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and
taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes any law, usage, or custom to the
contrary notwithstanding.