A time for…
Propaganda
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Radio
• FDR
• “This is War” series
Posters
• Liberty Bonds
A time for…
shutting up!
Espionage Act of 1917 (amended in 1918)
• Ban newspapers critical of the official line
• Censor the content of press reports and radio broadcasts
• Censored personal mail entering or leaving the country.
Posters
A time for…
rationing
Not voluntary
• Gasoline
• One of three gasoline ration cards, A, B, or C.
• A card, the most generous allotment, might go to someone who worked in a
defense industry
• Everything else
• meat, sugar, eggs , shoes
Posters
A time for …
cartoons
• Dr. Seuss
Sgt. Bill Mauldin
• Used his artistry to bring humor to war time situations.
“Willie and Joe”
A time for…
African American Pilots
• TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
• Fighter pilots for the famous 99th Fighter Squadron
• achievements
• men and women who supported them
• paved the way for full integration of the U.S. military
Beat the Axis first!
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Germany posed a greater threat
Time to make a bomb
Ties to England
Air raids
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Objectives
• Bring the war to the German people
• Against industrial plants and military installations
Everyone in Europe
• Alarm systems
• Bomb shelters were installed
• DARK OUT was ordered
But there was still a war in the Pacific
Pacific Naval Battles
After Pearl…
• Went against Philippines
• Hated General Macarthur
Code Talkers!
• Navajo Code Talkers
• The code was never broken!!!!!!
Original 29
Made up the code
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First translating Navajo words into English
• Used the first letter of each English word to decipher the meaning
• Different Navajo words might be translated into different English words for the
same letter
• Code was especially difficult to decipher
THEY WERE HEROES!
Estimated that they saved 2 million lives
Went back to the reservation without fanfare or , in many cases, Veterans Benefits
Original 29 honored!
2001- 5 left and only 4 could come
Congressional Gold Medal to four of the original 29 Navajo code talkers, Washington,
D.C., July 26, 2001.
The 29
• Code talker Chester Nez. "I'm really happy about it." "All of the 29 Marines that I
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went in [with], we got together and made a code in our own language. There were over
400 or 500 words that we made up at that time. We memorized them and everything
was up here," Nez said, pointing to his head.
"And nobody knew. The Japanese pulled all of their hair out trying to decipher the
code. But it's one of the hardest languages to learn, that's why it was never decoded or
deciphered."
Airplanes Change Naval Warfare
Coral Sea
Tactical victory for the Japanese
• sink the carrier Lexington
• Heavily damage the Yorktown
• Sink a destroyer and an oiler
What did it do for America?
Boosted our chances in the New Guinea campaign
Japanese were unable to disrupt supply lines running between the US and Australia
Japanese were denied the services of their two newest carriers on the eve of the Battle
of Midway
Which leads us to Midway
• Japan wanted the US carriers
• Attack was to lure the fleet and destroy it
Midway
• Yamamoto's plan was intended to be a surprise
• To get the air craft carriers
• But…superior American communications intelligence figured out the scheme well
before battle was joined.
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This allowed Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the U.S. Pacific Fleet commander, to
establish an ambush by having his carriers ready and waiting for the Japanese.
5 Minutes that changed the course of the entire war
Naguma had led against Pearl Harbor had been almost destroyed
Four carriers
3500 men
300 planes
AIRCREWS
Midway Island
We won?
Good luck
From now on, Japan is on the defensive.
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But they ain’t gone!
The Japanese were defeated by the Australians?
August 1942-September 1942
Milne Bay
First defeat for the Japanese on land since 1939
Guadalcanal
August’42-Feb’43
Location in the Solomon's made them key to Japanese to cutting our supply routes
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WE won
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New Guinea
Island Hopping
1943-1944
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Nimitz and Macarthur
• bypassed heavily fortified Japanese positions
• concentrated the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that
were less well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of
Japan
Die on the vine
Some of the smaller islands were left to “die on the vine”.
These islands held the Japanese soldiers who didn’t know the war was over.
Two prongs of attack
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Nimitz
• From Hawaii
Macarthur
• From Australia
Africa?
• 1940-Italy advanced into Egypt
• HELP!
• Rommell to the rescue
USA IN AFRICA!
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Why?
• Suez Canal
• Middle Eastern OIL!
Casablanca Meeting
January 1943
FDR and Churchill (Stalin declined the invite)
• Unconditional surrender
• Enter Italy by way of Sicily
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Two disassociated French leaders, Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle, were
brought together.
Kasserine Pass
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Feb, 1943
First large scale meeting of American and German forces in WWII
Green and untested American troops suffered heavy casualties and were pushed back
over fifty miles from their original positions west
We learn how to fight a war!
IKE
Failed at first
• Bitter lessons about the inadequacy of its training, equipment, and leadership in the
North African campaign.
Put a new general in charge—General Patton
Italian Campaign
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July, 1943
Churchill
• “Soft underbelly” of Europe
Entered through Sicily
Tehran Conference
November 1943
Centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe
Stalin• I want Poland!
• Oh hush!
Russia to come into the war with Japan after Hitler was gone.
United Nations was formed
Victory in Italy is slow!
Winter line (German troops) holds through winter of 1943
Terrain and weather in Italy were as much an enemy as the Germans
We took Rome
• June 4, 1944
• Allied troops entered Rome
• Mussolini was put under arrest (Germans freed him)
• Two days later, D-Day
• Italy took a back seat in the European war
What has been happening in Russia?
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"General Winter"
Back and forth movement of Germany and Russia
Leningrad is under siege from Sept 1941-1944
Stalingrad-1942 to January of 1943
By 1944, most of Russia back in the hands of Russia
D-Day
Calais-obvious choice
“Fortitude South”
Fortitude South
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Created a “dummy camp”
Pretend radio transmissions were broadcast
Harbors were filled with fleets of mock landing craft
It will be the longest day!
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Rommell
• a massive airborne assault
• areas of land flooded to hinder the progress of airborne troops
• Obstacles on the beaches
• Mines
“OK, we’ll go!”
June 6,1944
Paratroopers
• Dropped behind enemy lines
• to soften up the German troops
• to secure needed targets
• if the accompanying assault by sea failed -- there would be no rescue.
• 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions missed their drop zone and were scattered.
• Many men drowned when they landed in the water.
Dummies?
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Norbert!!
• Dummy paratroopers dropped along the French coast
To confuse Germans as to where the actual Allied Airborne drops would occur.
St Mere Eglise
The Beaches
June 6, 1944
More Beaches
Taking France
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Paris is liberated
• August 25,1944
How do we get to Germany?
Montgomery had a different idea
Single punch
Go through Belgium and Holland
It was a gamble
Everything had to go perfectly
Ike thought it was worth the gamble
Ike
• General assault
• Establish supply lines and communication lines
Market Garden
September, 1944
Large airborne assault
Dropped during daylight
Secure bridges across the rivers into Holland so that the Allied army could advance
rapidly northwards and turn left into the lowlands of Germany
Bridge at Arnhem
Proved to be 'a bridge too far'
Unable to do this.
Total defeat
• Average life span of a Junior officer by 1944 was only 17 days
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Battle of the Bulge
Coldest, snowiest weather “in memory” in the Ardennes Forest on the
German/Belgium border
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December, 1944
Surprise!
• Germans
• goal was to reach the sea, trap four allied armies, and impel a negotiated peace on
the Western front.
• Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector
• relying on info from intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch
any major offensive operations this late in the war.
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What were the Germans thinking?
They were trying to force the Allies into suing for peace.
Germans penetrated deep into Belgium, creating a dent, or “bulge,” in the Allied lines
and threatening to break through to the N Belgian plain and seize Antwerp.
Bastogne
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December 21
German forces had completely surrounded Bastogne
Defended by the 101st Airborne Division
General Anthony McAuliffe asked to surrender
• NUTS!
It’s over.
• The Costs to Germany
• Exhausted German last reserves
• German casualties -60,000 and 104,000
• Eastern Front was now ripe for the taking. In the East, the German army was
unable to halt the Soviet juggernaut.
• Germany was sent reeling on two fronts, and never recovered.
• The Costs to Allies
• Delayed American advance into Germany
• US-70,000 to 81,000 (approximately)
Japan
1944
Mariana Islands
Guam
• July 21-August 10 1944
• Rain and thick jungle made it difficult for US troops
• Won
• US-3000 killed, 7,122 wounded
• Japan-18,000+ killed, 485 POW’s
• Built airbases for Allied operations
• Flew from the island to attack targets in the Western Pacific and mainland Japan
How?
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B-29
Seabees
• Builders from the depression
"It is with much embarrassment that I have returned alive."
Shoichi Yokoi
After US capture of Guam, he went into hiding
January 24, 1972
28 years
Had not believed the leaflets that told of the Japanese surrender.
Battle of the Leyte Gulf
Japanese navy was effectively destroyed in the Philippines
36 ships including
• 4 carriers
• 3 battleships
• 6 heavy cruisers
• 3 light cruisers
• 10 destroyers
• Greatest naval. Battle in history
“The only weapon I feared in the war."
Adm. Halsey
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Kamikaze planes
Suicide
Last day of the Battle of Leyte Gulf
First time used
Admiral Halsey
Kamikaze
• The first suicide air attacks occur against U.S. warships in Leyte Gulf
• By the end of the war, Japan will have sent an estimated 2,257 aircraft.
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“I have returned!”
Philippines
Philippines were taken from the Japanese after 67-day
70,000 Japanese
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15,500 Americans
READ ABOUT PELLILU
Yalta
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February , 1945
Objectives
• Organize German occupation
• Soviets reaffirmed their intention to fight Japan and in return expected to occupy
areas in the East.
• Ok , but free elections
Last meeting of the Big Three
FDR sold Europe out!
• We weren’t over the Rhine
• No atomic bomb
• Losing Americans in the war with Japan and we needed Russian help.
FDR
The President’s dead.
• Stresses of three and a half long years of war
• Worn down by polio
• Excessive cigarette smoking
• Congestive heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Died April 12, 1945
Unfinished Portrait
• Elizabeth Shoumatoff
• Shortly before he died
Coming in from both sides
• March, 1945
• Americans cross the Rhine at the Remagen Bridge
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Russia entered through Poland
Italy surrenders
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Mussolini
Caught trying to board a plane to Switzerland
Arrested again
Killed April, 1945
Hung upside down
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Americans continue through Germany
The end of the Reich
April 16,1945
Berlin had already been battered due to preliminary air bombings
Nazi leaders had been killed or captured.
Hitler called on civilians and children to defend Berlin
April 30, 1945
• Hitler committed suicide
Russia takes Berlin
It’s Over!
Germany surrenders unconditionally
Iwo Jima
February, 1945
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The island is mostly barren
Mt. Suribachi
• 556-foot extinct volcano on the southern tip of the island
Black sands
Rocky cliffs
No source of drinkable water
Japanese had dug in
Why Iwo Jima?
Strategically crucial to continue B-29 raid on mainland Japan.
Contained 3 airstrips that the Japanese had been using for their Kamikaze attacks.
Iwo Jima would provide an emergency landing strip half way from Marianas island to
mainland Japan
“So every Son of a Bitch
on this cruddy little island can see it!”
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February 23, 1945
Took several pictures
No one paid attention
The first flag raised had been taken down for this “replacement flag”
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The Flag Bearers
1-John Bradley (wounded a few days after)
2-Frank Sousley (March 21)
3-Harlon Block
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-struggling with the pole (next day)
4-Ira Hayes
• can’t reach the pole
• Killed himself after the war
5-Rene Gagnon-hidden in the picture
6-Mike Strank
• -”Old man” -(next day)
36 days of some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting the Marines had encountered
Allied Forces suffered 25,000 casualties, with nearly 7,000 dead
Over 1/4 of the Medals of Honor awarded Marines in World War II were given for
conduct in the invasion of Iwo Jima.
Okinawa
Largest landings of Nimitz's central Pacific drive
April, 1945
Kamikaze
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Greatest Kamikaze raids of the war
• 26 ships sunk and 168 damaged.
• Almost 40 percent of the American dead were sailors lost to Kamikaze attacks.
Last kamakazi we saw
B-29
Flying Fortresses
Next Target: Japan
• Planners feared that the invasion of Japan would produce a bloodbath.
• Planned for November, 1945
Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
• ” Father of the atomic bomb”
• Oppenheimer -director
• Effort of the US to develop nuclear weapons
• Hanford ,Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge Tennessee
• Some families in Tennessee were given two weeks notice to vacant the family
farm lands they had had for generations
Potsdam
• Reparations was number one on the list
• Drew up plans for reconstructing Europe
• Potsdam Declaration
• unconditional surrender and total destruction
• War crime trials to take place
War Crimes
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READ Nuremburg trials
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
It’s all over
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August 15, 1945
V-J Day