A Survey on Sensor
Networks
Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh
Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal
Cayirci
Georgia Institute of Technology
From:IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2002.
指導教授：王鼎超
報告者 ：李育弘
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大綱
 Introduction
 感測網路的通訊體系架構
 Physical, Data link, Network, Transport,
Application
 結論
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Introduction
 Application areas:
 Health, military, home, and commercial
 The differences between sensor networks
and ad hoc networks:
 The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network
can be several orders of magnitude higher than
the nodes in an ad hoc network.
 Density of deployment
 Probability of failure
 Change of topology
 Hardware constraint
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感測網路的通訊架構
這些分散的每一個感測器節點都有能力去收集數據資
感測器節點通常分散於感測領域
料並且回傳路由數據到接收端
接收端可以通過網路或是衛星
和事件管理者做通訊
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感測網路設計的影響因素








including fault tolerance
Scalability
production costs
operating environment
sensor network topology
hardware constraints
transmission media
power consumption
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硬體的限制
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感測網路通訊架構
•Used by the sink
and sensor nodes
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實體層
 頻率選擇，載波頻率的產生，信號檢測，調變以及
數據加密
 915 MHz ISM頻帶已被廣泛提出的感測網路
 Industrial, scientific,medical
 追求的能量使用效率
 二進制和多進制調變
 (超寬頻) UWB 無線電脈衝 (IR)
 基頻
 不需要媒介或者是載波頻率
 脈衝位置調變(PPM)
 較低的傳輸電力和簡單的收發器
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實體層
 Open research issues:
 Modulation schemes
 Simple and low-power
 Strategies to overcome signal
propagation effects
 Hardware design
 Tiny, low-power, low-cost
 transceiver, sensing, and processing units
 need to be designed.
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資料鏈結層
 Responsibility:




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Multiplexing of data streams
Data frame detection
Medium access control
Error control
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資料鏈結層
 Open research issues:
 MAC for mobile sensor networks
 SMACS and EAR
 Determination of lower bounds on the
energy required for sensor network selforganization
 Error control coding schemes
 Power-saving modes of operation
 Turn the transceiver off when idle
 Using short data packets
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網路層
 Designed according to the
following principles:




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Power efficiency
Data-centric
No hinder the collaborative effort
An ideal sensor network has
attribute-based addressing and
location awareness
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網路層
Route 1:
Sink-A-B-T,
total PA=4,
total α=3,
Route 3:
Sink-D-T, total
PA=3, total 
α=4,




Route 2:
Sink-A-B-C-T,
total2020/4/9
PA=6,
total α=6,
Route 4:
Sink-E-F-T,
total PA=5,
total α=6

Maximum
Route
1: Sink-A-B-T,
PA route:
total
PA=4,
total
 Route
4
α=3
Minimum energy
Routeroute:
2: Sink-A-B(ME)
C-T,
total1 PA=6,
 Route
total
α=6 hop (MH)
Minimum
Route
route: 3: Sink-D-T,
total
PA=3,
total
 Route
3
α=4
Route 4: Sink-E-F-T,
total PA=5, total
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α=6
網路層
 Flooding
 Gossiping
 Sensor protocols for
information via Source
negotiation (SPIN)
 Directed diffusion
DATA
REQ
ADV
DATA
REQ
ADV
Sink
1: propagate
interest
Step 3:
send
2:
set updata
gradient
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網路層
 Open research issues
 Improved or new protocols to address
higher topology changes and higher
scalability.
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傳輸層
 Need when system is planned to be
accessed through the Internet or other
external networks
 Between
sensor node and
? sink node: UDP
TCP/UDP
 Between sink node and user: UDP or TCP
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傳輸層
 Open research issues
 Hardware constraints such as limited
power and memory. Each sensor node
cannot store large amounts of data like a
server in the internet.
 may be needed where UDP-type
protocols are used in the sensor network
and TCP/UDP protocols in the internet or
satellite network.
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應用層
 Potential application layer protocols
for sensor networks remains a largely
unexplored region.
 three possible application layer
protocols
 Sensor management protocol (SMP)
 task assignment and data advertisement
protocol (TADAP),
 Sensor query and data dissemination
protocol (SQDDP)
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應用層
 Open research issues
 Although SQTL is proposed, other
application layer protocols still need to
be developed to pride a greater level of
services
 Research developments should also focus
on TADAP and SQDDP
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Conclusion
 Wide range of application areas
 New sensor networking techniques are
required
 Intend to motivate a search for solutions
to the open research issues
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