Biophysical and Socioeconomic
Assessments: The LOICZ* Approach
Liana Talaue-McManus
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
University of Miami
LOICZ Nutrient Budget & Typology Teams
*Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone
Objectives
• LOICZ framework in assessing the role of
the global coast in material (carbon,
nutrients, freshwater) delivery and cycling.
• A resource in identifying/ formulating
indicators for themes on coastal water
quality and eutrophication
• Scale:
– Local: catchments and associated estuarine
areas
– Regional and global carbon assessments
Outline
• Goals of LOICZ as a Core Project of the
International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme (IGBP)
• Biophysical approaches
• Socio-economic approaches
• Future directions
 anthropogenic
influence
 land
use, climate, sea level on material
fluxes and coastal morphodynamics
 interphase
with integrated coastal
management
 trace
gas emissions
 source/
sink for Carbon dioxide
 mass
and P
balances of C, N
LOICZ
Global
Typology
S
C
Vertical fluxes
A
Horizontal fluxes
L Regional
E
S
Basins
Coastal Seas
Oceans
MATERIAL FLUX MODELS
Local
Ecosystems & Habitats & People
Typology
To discern
Regional &
Global patterns
200 sites
with
nutrient
22002
222
budgets
Nutrient
Budget
Modeling
PrPredictive
relationships
Clustering
& Visualization
tools
Using global
Databases to
Scale up
DATA NEEDS:
•System area and
volume
•River runoff,
precipitation, &
evaporation
•Salinity gradient
•Nutrient loads
•DIP concentrations
•DIN concentrations
•DOP, DON (if
available)
•DIC (if available).
Non-conservative
nutrient fluxes
Stoichiometry
106CO2 + 16H+ + 16NO3- + H3PO4 + 122H2O
(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 138O2
Redfield Equation
(p-r) or net ecosystem metabolism, NEM
= - DIP x 106 (C:P)
(nfix-denit) = DINobs - DINexp
= DINobs - DIP x 16 (N:P)
Where: (C:P) ratio is 106:1 and
(N:P) ratio is 16:1 (Redfield ratio)
Note: Redfield C:N:P is a good approximation where
local C:N:P is absent (e.g. mangrove litter).
Non-conservative fluxes & system
states: Lingayen Gulf
Derived Parameter
Estimate
(mmol m-2 yr-1)
DIP load (total input fluxes)
65
DIN load (total input fluxes)
425
DIP
-35
DIN
-600
(p-r)
(nfix-denit)
1,890
0
Nutrient Budget Assessments
(black areas)
Socioeconomic Assessments
• Site specific:
– Population
– Waste load from economic
• Global:
– Population
– Waste load proxies
• Agricultural land cover
• Runoff (natural + anthropogenic sources)
Methods
RESIDUALS
ECONOMIC
SUB-SYSTEM
ESTUARINE
SUB-SYTEM
RESOURCES
Input-Output Modelling
(James 1985)
Biogeochemical
Budget Modelling
(Gordon et al. 1996)
Input-Output Model:
11 Economic Sectors
•
•
•
•
•
Agriculture
Fishery
Forestry
Mining & quarrying
Heavy
manufacturing (I)
• Light manufacturing
(II)
•
•
•
•
Electricity, gas & water
Waterworks & supply
Construction
Transport,
communication &
storage
• Other services
• Household
Population & Economics
Feature
Population
(x1000)
Population
Density
(nos km-2)
Economic
activities
Red River
Delta
Ban Don
Bay
Lingayen
Gulf
Merbok
Estuary
19,900
860
2,600
300
610
70
400
680
-Agriculture
-Forestry
-Capture
fisheries
-Shrimp
farming
-Aquaculture
-Capture
fisheries
-Mangrove
wood harvest
-Agriculture
-Rubber & oil
-Agriculture
-Capture
fisheries
-Aquaculture
-Light
manufacturing
-Charcoal
production
-Capture
fisheries
-Aquaculture
-Agriculture
Nutrients:
Human-generated and Loads
Parameter
(mmol m-2
yr-1)
DIP
generation
•Agriculture
•Household
DIP load
DIN
generation
•Agriculture
•Household
DIN load
RRD
CNP=
1000:13:1
Bandon Bay Lingayen
CNP =
Gulf CNP =
324:27:1
106:16:1
Merbok
Estuary CNP
= 1400:9:1
520
10
90
180
78%
NA
21%
14%
45%
53%
31%
NA
110
25
65
20
1,940
60
800
2,480
76%
NA
21%
15%
78%
20%
28%
NA
405
1140
425
670
Nutrient Budget Assessments
(black areas): How to scale up globally?
Predictive relationships
Log (mol DIP km-2 yr-1) =
2.72 + 0.36 X log (persons km-2 ) +
0.78 X log (runoff in m3 yr-1)
DIP load, number of persons, and runoff
scaled to catchment basin area
N=168; r2 = 0.58 (Smith et al, in prep.)
LOICZ Typology Database
• 0.5 degree grid
• 47,057 cells (out of 259,200 total for earth’s
surface) make up primary typology cells
– Coastal (with shoreline; NOAA 1999)
– Stream network (U. New Hampshire 1999)
– Grid cell composition:
Coastal (15,278 cells)
+ terrestrial (immed. Landward) (12,449 cells)
+ oceanic (immed. Seaward) (19,330 cells)
Yield
Load
Potential Directions
• Systematic assessments of
socioeconomic drivers along rural-urban
gradients
– System state feedbacks on resource-based
economic activities (capture fisheries,
aquaculture, tourism)
– Watershed management
• Fertilizer policy and use
• Sewage and wastewater treatment
• Land use and cover change
LOICZ: Phase II
Acquisition
Dissemination
Variability
Scaling
.
Theme 1 – River basins and human dimensions
Theme 2 – Coastal development and change: Implications of land/sea use
change
Theme 3 – Fate and transformation of materials in coastal and shelf waters
Theme 4 – System sustainability and resource management issues
Theme 5 – Risk and Safety