The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational Climate
Change Action
http://www.metrocouncil.org/METC/files/93/9376a554-74a0-42bc-a862-3c43eb240e7f.png
4th IPCC Assessment Report
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http://www.nerc.com/comm/OC/RS%20Landing%20Page%20DL/Related%20Files/BA_Bubble_Map_20140630.jpg
Presentation by Hari M. Osofsky, University of Minnesota Law School/Energy Transition Lab
University of San Diego School of Law: 2015 Climate and Energy Law Symposium
November 6, 2015
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
Map of Talk
I. The Need to Scale Up Subnational Climate Change Action
II. Metroregions and Scaling Up Local Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
IV. Concluding Reflections on Polycentric Climate Change
Action
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
I.
The Need to Scale Up Subnational Climate Change Action
A. The Role of Subnational Governments in Addressing Climate Change
http://geographydirections.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/cop18_doha_2012.jpg?w=450&h=293
http://www.c40cities.org/about/goals.jsp
Treaty-Making
http://ecopolitology.org/2009/12/17/schwarzeneggers-copenhagen-speech-visualized/
Subnational Efforts
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/cop17durban/files/2011/11/cc-negotiations-cartoon2.jpg
http://www.life.com/image/94467106
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
I.
The Need to Scale Up Subnational Climate Change Action
B. The Role of Subnational Governments in U.S. Approaches
http://www.click4carbon.com/blog/uploaded_images/obama-energy-721985.bmp
http://lesvieilles-soupapes.com/uncategorized/epa_taking_over_greenhouse_gas_permits_in_texas/
http://greendistrict.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/a-watch-pot-by-edstein/
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
I. The Need to Scale Up Subnational Climate Change Action
C. The Scaling Up Problem: Case Example of U.S. Cities
“Local” Governments are Critical Actors in Solving “Global” Climate Change
82% of U.S. Population and over 50% World Population Urban as of 2010
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html
How Much Can Multi-Level Climate Change Networks Help?
Example: 1,060 Cities Have Signed U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/images/US_map.jp
g
These mayors represent a total population of over 88,962,982 citizens,
BUT they represent only 5% of cities and 28% of overall population.
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
II. Metroregions and Scaling Up Local Action
A. Efforts by Localities and Multi-Level Networks
http://www.ci.maplewood.mn.us/images/pages/N645//EnergyChallengeLogo.jpg
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
II. Metroregions and Scaling Up Local Action
B. The Suburban Participation Problem
Metroregional Maps Reproduced with Permission from Myron Orfield
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
II. Metroregions and Scaling Up Local Action
C. Possibilities for Increasing Participation Levels in Metroregions
Creating
Differentiated
Toolkits and Models
Multiscalar Network
Collaboration and
Coordination
Increasing
Number of
Participants &
Quality of
Participation
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
A. Need for Regional Clean Power Plan Implementation
Clean Power Plan follows cooperative federalism
approach: federal standards with flexible state
implementation
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http://www.nerc.com/comm/OC/RS%20Landing%20Page%20DL/Related%20Files/BA_Bubble_Map_20140630.jpg
But implementation requires:
(1) integrating environmental and energy law and
institutions, and
(2) addressing the state and regional nature of the
energy system.
--States decide what type of generation, how
much to build, where to build.
--Regional grid operators influence construction
and operation of generation and transmission
Regional approaches help address these issues and
reduce implementation costs.
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
B. Clean Power Plan Options for Regional Implementation
Clean Power Plan allows states to:
(1) individually formulate and implement plans;
(2) coordinate to form a regional goal and determine how to regionally implement
the goal through, for example, trading of emission reductions or allowances;
(3) retain individual goals but regionally cooperate to attain their goals, again,
through trading or similar approaches; or
(4) apply federal emission rates directly to plants within the state.
http://images.bbibiofuels.com/img/662014_1_05_03_PM.png
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
C. Political and Institutional Barriers to Regional Collaboration
States vary in how they regulate energy (traditional
with vertically integrated utilities versus restructured)
and must coordinate with varying regional entities that
operate the grid and determine which generation may
interconnect with the grid and how much electricity
may be dispatched over time.
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http://www.ncsl.org/portals/1/ImageLibrary/WebImages/Energy/EPA_cAAReactions.gif
The challenges of developing and refining regional
rules and governing organizations will arise both in:
(1) coordinating state decisions on building or
retiring generation and relying more or less on
existing generation options;
(2) ensuring that the regional entities that currently
operate the grid incorporate these state decisions;
and
(3) significant political differences within regions
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
D. Current Efforts to Collaborate Regionally
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Regional Discussions Taking Place:
--Midcontinent States Environmental and Energy
Regulators (MSEER) have been meeting since soon
after draft plan in 2014.
--State regulators from PJM states having discussions
modeled on MSEER since June 2015.
--Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)
are having collaborative discussions organized by the
Colorado-based Center for the New Energy Economy.
But these discussions have not yet translated into
formal regional coordination, some states are having to
participate in more than one because regional divisions
do not follow state lines, and struggling with the
difficulty of collaborating across mass-based and ratebased plans.
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
III. Multi-State Energy Regions and Scaling Up State Action
E. Key Considerations in Regional Clean Power Plan Governance
http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/epa-clean-power-plan-figure-4.jpg
Key considerations in designing regional
institutions (agencies and rules) for multi-state
plans, or individual state targets with regional
compliance:
1) the choice of agency, including new
organization versus existing agency;
2) the decisionmaking structure, including
whether regional agency will make
decisions that legally bind the states or
provide model rules to be implemented by
the states;
3) selection of stakeholders and participation
roles, including who will have voting or
less formal participatory powers; and
4) decisionmaking procedures
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
IV. Concluding Reflections on Polycentric Climate Change Action
Westphalian Model?
(Geographic Scale)
Pluralist/Polycentric Model?
(Power)
National
International
National
Supranational:
Regional
Subnational:
State
National
Subnational
International/
Subnational
Supranational:
International
Subnational:
Local
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational
Climate Change Action
IV. Concluding Reflections on Polycentric Climate Change Action
Individual
International
Local
Regional
State
Direction of
Hierarchy
National
Cooperation
Regionalism
Conflict
Multi-Scalar Integration
Public
Flexibility
Private
Inclusion
The Role of Regions in Scaling Up Subnational Climate
Change Action
http://www.metrocouncil.org/METC/files/93/9376a554-74a0-42bc-a862-3c43eb240e7f.png
4th IPCC Assessment Report
http://cap.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/images/logo-cop21-hp.jpg
http://www.nerc.com/comm/OC/RS%20Landing%20Page%20DL/Related%20Files/BA_Bubble_Map_20140630.jpg
Presentation by Hari M. Osofsky, University of Minnesota Law School/Energy Transition Lab
University of San Diego School of Law: 2015 Climate and Energy Law Symposium
November 6, 2015