21ST Century
Management:
A New Paradigm
碩專一甲
學生 黃景祥
2010.10.30
在探討21世紀的管理之前，
讓我們想想我們的生活有哪
些變化：
Past and Current Management Assumptions（管理
設定）
Past Management Assumptions
Management is business
management
Current Management Assumptions
Management is the specific and
distinguished organ of any and all
organizations.在任何機構與組織，管理是具
體且明確的
There is ---or there must be—
one right organization.
There is –must be –one right
way to manage people.
The organization is the one
that fits the task.正確的任務
One does not manage people. The task is to
Lead people, and the goal is to make
productive the specific strengths 特殊創意
and knowledge（know-how） of each
individual.
Past and Current Management Roles（管理角色）
Past Management Roles
Current Management Roles
Overseer監督者
Cheerleader拉拉隊長
Police person警察
Encourager鼓勵者
Controller管理者
Facilitator促進者
Authority figure有權力的
人
Coach教練
Order issuer命令指揮者
Policy enforcer政策執行者
Punisher處罰者
Manipulator操作者
Dictator獨裁者
Teacher老師
Humanizer of policies人性化政策
Promoter of values價值推動者
Developer of people人才開發者
Communicator傳播者
A symbol of integrity誠信的象徵
Edginton(1998,p.5)has written:
Key concepts關鍵概念 for managing recreation,
parks, and leisure service organizations in
the 21st Century include：
•The ability to be visionary想像力
•To be agile敏捷
•To build collaborative partnerships建立團隊合作關係
•To promote independent learning and growth促進
獨立學習與成長
•To create structures增進創造力
Management of recreation, parks,
and leisure service organizations
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Who are managers?
What is management?
What are the characteristics of admired leaders
人欣賞的領導者?
What do recreation, parks, and leisure service
managers do ?
What is a recreation, parks, and leisure service
organization?
令
Who are managers?
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Recreation, parks, and leisure service managers
are individuals who have the responsibility責任感
and authority有權者 to provide direction to a
recreation, parks, and leisure service
organization and who have the ability能力 to
move it toward its goals and objectives.朝目標前進
Bennis and Nanus (1985)have stated,
“…managers do things right, leaders do the right
thing.”
What is Past and Current Management ?
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Henri Fayol （1841~1925）defined the management
process as including five primary functions: （1）
planning（2）organizing組織（3）command指揮（4）
Coordination協調（5）control. This historical view may or
may not be relevant恰當 today.
Drucker(1994)has suggests that the fundamental task重
要的工作 of the manager is to make people capable of
joint performance 共同效益by providing them with a
common vision or goal共同遠景或目的, an appropriate
structure 適當的組織to work within, and training as needed
to perform the appropriate task適當的任務and respond to
changing conditions within the environment. 對環境的條件
變化，作適當的反應
What are the characteristics of
admired leaders 令人欣賞的領導者?
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Kouzes and Posner (1995) their perspective 認為on
management or leadership characteristics helps provide an
understanding of what individuals admire in leaders.
Important traits重要特徵 are honesty誠實, being forwardlooking正向思考, being inspiring激發人心, and being
competent稱職的.
All of these traits together communicate the image都是為了傳
播一個思想that the recreation, parks, and leisure service
manager sends to individuals. A person of integrity誠實, who is
visionary想像力, who can move people to action, and who is
capable at his or her work is the profile to aspire to企圖心.
Classifications類別 of Leisure
Service Managers
The supervisor監督者
 The bureaucrat官僚主義者
 The manager. The manager is differentiated from
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the supervisor or bureaucrat in that this person is
selected for his or her intellectual capacity思考力,
not technical knowledge. Because the manager deals
with the future思考未來, that individual needs
behavioral flexibility靈活的行動力 (Reddin, 1974,p.9)
Skills of the Recreation, Parks, and
Leisure Service Manager
Robert L.Katz(1955,pp.33-42)identifies three
areas of skill that are necessary to the
management process：
 Technical skills專業技巧
 Human skills人際關係
 Conceptual skills創造力
What is a recreation, parks, and
leisure service organization?
Edginton, Hudson, and Scholl (2005) have
identified three basic types of recreation, parks,
and leisure Service organizations:
 public governmental organizations
 nonprofit, non-governmental organizations
 Commercial/private enterprises.商業/個人企業
Summary
The 21st century presents a new set of assumptions that
will influence the work of recreation, parks, and leisure
service managers.
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Greater emphasis on quality優質且靠近市區
Doing more with less物超所值
Technology and telecommunications專業與網絡化
Rapid discontinuous change快速且不斷創新
Coupled with a more sophisticated workforce專業團隊
Will create great challenges .可以創造新的挑戰
Summary（ There will be a need ）
Organizational structures：
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Flexible有彈性
Agile敏捷
Responsive反應力
Activities:
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Networking網絡化
Collaboration同心協力
Coalition building 綜合建築
Teaming團隊
Establishing partnerships夥伴關係
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