CHAPTER 1
Logistics and the Supply Chain
Six Learning Objectives
 To learn the definition of logistics
 To understand the economic importance of
logistics
 To learn of recent events and their influences on
logistics practices
2016/7/13
1-2
 To gain an understanding of logistics practices
within a firm
 To learn different pricing policies
 To know about logistics careers
2016/7/13
1-3
20 Key Terms
 Channel intermediaries
(通路中介商)
 Cost trade-offs
 Economic utility
 FIFO
 FOB origin/destination
pricing systems
2016/7/13
 Form utility
 Freight absorption(運
費吸收)
 Landed costs(落地成
本)
 LIFO
 Marketing channel
1-4
 Phantom freight
 Place utility
 Possession utility
 Reverse logistics
 Supply chain
2016/7/13
 Stock-keeping units
(SKUs)(庫存品項)
 Stockouts (缺貨)
 Systems approach
 Time utility
 Total cost approach
1-5
Outline
 1.1 Economic Impacts of Logistics
 1.2 Logistics: What It Is
 1.3 The Increased Importance of Logistics
 1.4 The Systems and Total Cost Approaches to Logistics
 1.5 Logistical Relationships Within the Firm
 1.6 Activities in the Logistical Channel
 1.7 Responsibilities of Logistics Managers
2016/7/13
1-6
1.1 Economic Impacts of Logistics
Macroeconomic Impacts: Ex: Table 1-1: 物流為國
家經濟的重要組成！
2016/7/13
1-7
Table 1-1: The Cost of the Business Logistics System In
Relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) In $ Billion
Year
Inventory
Carrying
Costs(持有成本)
Transportation
Costs
Administrative
Costs
Total U.S.
Logistics
Cost
Logistics As a
Percentage of GDP
1960
31
44
3
78
14.7
1965
38
64
4
106
14.7
1970
56
91
6
153
14.7
1975
97
116
9
222
13.5
1980
220
214
17
451
16.1
1985
227
274
20
521
12.4
1990
283
351
25
659
11.4
1995
302
441
30
773
10.4
2000
377
590
39
1,006
10.1
Source: R. Wilson and R. Delaney, Twelfth Annual State of Logistics Report, 2001
2016/7/13
1-8
 Economic Utility:指產品滿足客戶需求的價值或有用
性
 Possession utility:如刷卡付款讓顧客在消費時不需帶現金
 Form utility：如物流能將幾千箱可樂分裝成客戶所需之較
小數量
 Place utility
 Time utility
2016/7/13
1-9
case
 某生：




Possession utility:如以線上購物訂花
Form utility：如物流能將花束包裝精美
Place utility：如送至女友家
Time utility：如趕在情人節當天
 但……女友名字不對？（男生的名字是對的！）
 此時物流貨運司機該如何處置？
2016/7/13
1-10
1.2 Logistics: What It Is
 Council of Logistics Management (CLM) definition:
“Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans,
implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and
reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related
information between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements.”
Source: clm1.org
2016/7/13
(http://cscmp.org/Default.asp)
1-11
 Effectiveness: 如：公司承諾所有訂單會在一天內運
送，有多少百分比的訂單實際真的運送呢？
 Efficiency:如：公司利用低成本優勢與/或快速運輸
服務補足其他方面之缺陷！
2016/7/13
1-12
 物流更是資訊的流動與儲存
 如：軍隊不再需要iron mountain (即戰場上堆放大批
物資)、希望以資訊取代存貨！(如波灣戰爭之例)
2016/7/13
1-13
 公司需和客戶隨時溝通，才能發掘客戶需求
 一個大宗物流(mass logistics)的方法(亦即每一客戶
都得到同樣類型等級之服務)，可能造成某些客戶
服務過多、某些過少。
 因此公司應考慮客製化物流(tailored logistics)，可
將具有類似需求之客戶歸為一類
2016/7/13
1-14
 物流也應用於非營利組織：
 如：九一一恐怖攻擊事件後American Red Cross之補
給運送、倉庫找尋
2016/7/13
1-15
1.3 The Increased Importance of
Logistics
主要五原因：
 A Reduction in Economic Regulation: deregulation
如業者在訂價上更有彈性:更能客製化、與特定業者合
作、企業合併
 Recognition by Prominent Non-Logisticians(被非物流
專業人士來肯定)
Ex: Michael Porter 以為inbound logistics and outbound
logistics為組織競爭優勢來源之一
2016/7/13
1-16
 Technological Advances
因物管牽涉極大量資料
 The Growing Power of Retailers
某些類型的零售商，如Home Depot之類的category
killers (品類殺手)，比供應其產品之製造商更有權力
2016/7/13
1-17
某些零售商周轉率極快：在付給供應商貨款前、已先
賣出產品取得款項……要提供消費者會買的產品！
如統一超商http://www.711.com.tw/pcsc/aboutus/about_member.asp
 Globalization of Trade
物流也促進全球貿易
就成本挑戰言，遠距會造成較高運輸成本與較貴文件
需求
2016/7/13
1-18
1.4 The Systems and Total Cost
Approaches to Logistics
 Systems Approach:
 1. Interdependence (相互關係) of company and logistics
goals
 Ex: 同一套物流系統無法適用於所有公司
 2. Interdependence of functional areas
 Ex: Stock-keeping units (SKUs)的增減(mkting vs. logistics)
 SKU庫存品項：或存貨。不同類型或包裝規格的商品皆為
不同SKU
2016/7/13
1-19
3. Interdependence of logistics activities or
Intrafunctional logistics (功能內物流)
Ex: Figure 1-1(圓圈為倉庫、箭頭為存貨移動)
2016/7/13
1-20
Figure 1-1: Control Over the Flow of Inbound
and Outbound(=>P.d.) Movements
2016/7/13
1-21
 Total Cost Approach (總成本法、全成本法):
 Cost trade-offs: changes to one activity cause some costs
to increase and others to decrease.
 Total Logistics Concept: to find the lowest total cost that
supports an organization’s customer service
requirements……將所有執行活動整合為一體！
2016/7/13
1-22
1.5 Logistical Relationships
Within the Firm
有四：
Finance
存貨計價有二：
 LIFO
 FIFO
財務以金額估算存貨、物流則以存貨單位來估算
Inventory float存貨浮動：與存貨持有相關之現金流量。如存
貨週轉率四週、付錢給供應商到收取客戶款項卻六週！
2016/7/13
1-23
Production
物流與生產間最常見之交集為production runs(生產運作)
的時間長短:生產偏好將固定成本分至更多存貨上。
物流偏好………較短者
Dead stock(呆滯品)會增加公司存貨持有成本，亦佔去
可用來儲存其他產品之空間，因此常見起貨機司機三
不五時將部份櫃子的dead stock移至其他倉庫，以確
保該品不會繼續留在原地！
2016/7/13
1-24
Marketing
 Place Decisions
零售業出現一項策略：co-branding(合作品牌)，意即
客戶能在一地買到兩種或以上的零售品牌產品
其為物流帶來之挑戰為產品運送之時間與成本，如：
的母公司）要求貨運公司同時為三家連
鎖店運送貨物
Source: http://www.yum.com/default.asp
2016/7/13
1-25
 Price Decisions
 FOB (Free On Board) origin(不含買方運輸成本！)/FOB
destination pricing systems
 Landed costs=產品(在產地)的價格+到目的地的運輸成本
 Phantom freight: (離賣方較近的)買方付出較多的運輸成本者
 Freight absorption: 買方付出較少的運費者…Ex: Figure 1-2
2016/7/13
1-26
Figure 1-2:
Phantom Freight
and Freight
Absorption
2016/7/13
1-27
 FOB origin(不含買方運輸成本！)/FOB destination
pricing systems（行銷人員較偏好者！(因落地成本計
算相同，易採一致零售價)）二者皆牽涉何時支付運
費：
Freight prepaid運費已付：貨物在交運或運送公司時所
有費用已支付
Freight collect運費後付：收到貨物時才支付所有費用
2016/7/13
1-28
 物流經理人需瞭解顧客對訂價之意見。
 亦能建議制訂有數量折扣的訂價政策。
2016/7/13
1-29
 Product Decisions
 Stockouts=在需要時、卻無產品之可能性
 行銷要求降低Stockouts ，物流卻怕增加Inventory Carrying
Costs
 Promotion Decisions: 促銷品不能缺貨！
Bait and switch tactics(由低價商品轉換為高價品之策略):亦即
慫恿客戶購買低價品，但因缺貨、只好購買較高價的代用
品
智財權的剽竊讓產品預定上市時間的事宜更複雜：如2001年
哈利波特第一集分兩批運送後再組合上映
2016/7/13
1-30
Marketing Channels
 “sets of interdependent organizations involved in the
process of making a product or service available for use
or consumption.”
Source: Louis W. Stern and Adel I. El-Ansary, Marketing Channels, 4th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
1992, p. 1
 Ownership channel（物權通路）：含下述三者
 Manufacturers
 Wholesalers
 Retailers
2016/7/13
1-31
前述同樣、相關的成員又形成其他通路，如：
 Negotiations channel
 Buy and sell agreements are reached
 購買定量商品後，買方可在一定條件限制下、行使
option(優先續約權、買賣特權)，繼續重複一次或多次之
購買！
 Cambridge soundworks (劍橋音響)則透過目錄（跳過零售
商）來賣音響系統
http://www.cambridgesoundworks.com/store/category.cgi?cat
egory=cs_main
2016/7/13
1-32
 Financing channel財務通路
 Payments for goods
 Promotion channel
 Promoting a new or existing product
 兌換獎品和促銷品之Logistics channel為截然不同
的！
 Logistics channel
 Moving and storing product throughout the channel
2016/7/13
1-33
 一些促進交換的公司可稱為super-organization(超組
織)。通路中之不同公司多相互依賴、有相同目標
 通路內99%決策都為repeat purchase(重複購買＝
rebuy再購)
 Goodwill(商譽)也出現在許多交易中；人們傾向和喜
歡的人做生意。如P&G(寶僑家品)和客戶合作，在
客戶端來收運費，減少其處理成本
2016/7/13
1-34
 Logistics channel對整體通路流程最重要之貢獻
為sorting function
sorting function有四步驟：
 sorting out挑選：不同產品中挑出同類品
 accumulating累積：不同來源中找出相似品
 allocating分配：將同質品分小批
 assorting組合：組合不同品來賣
2016/7/13
1-35
Channel Intermediaries or
Facilitators
 通路中介商＝促進者：物流通路中一些較不為人
知但重要的角色，如翻譯員, public warehouses
2016/7/13
1-36
 Ownership channel
 Ex: Banks
 Negotiations channel
 Brokers(經紀人：買賣雙方間的中介商)
 Financing channel
 Banks, insurance companies
 Promotions channel
 Advertising agencies, public relations agencies如耐吉有廣告、
人員銷售、公關等
 Logistics channel
 Freight forwarders，咖啡檢驗公證人等
2016/7/13
1-37
1.6 Activities in the
Logistical Channel
 Customer service
 Facility location decisions
 Inventory management
 Order management
 Production scheduling(生
產排程:make to stock(計
畫生產) vs. make to order)
 Returned products(退貨)
 Transportation
management
2016/7/13
 Demand forecasting
 Industrial packaging
 Materials handling
 Parts and service support
 Procurement
 Salvage and scrap
disposal(廢料處理)
 Warehousing management
1-38
1.7 Responsibilities of
Logistics Managers
A specialist
 Freight rates
 Warehouse layouts
 Inventory analysis
 Production
 Purchasing
 Transportation law
2016/7/13
A generalist
 Understands functional
relationships
 Relates logistics to other
firm operations,
suppliers, and customers
 Controls large
expenditures
1-39
Logistics Careers
 Most business organizations are potential employers
 Logistics is the second-largest employment sector in the
United States (2001~2002調查)
 The CEO of Wal-Mart began his Wal-Mart career in the
logistics area!
 全球經濟遲緩易使物流人力市場略微清淡
2016/7/13
1-40
Appendix: Logistics Professionalism
Professional Organizations Dedicated to
Advancing the Professional Knowledge of their members:
Council of Logistics Management
http://cscmp.org/Default.asp
Canadian Association of Logistics Management
http://www.sclcanada.org/index.php?id=46
American Production and Inventory Control Society
(APICS)美國資源管理教育協會
http://www.apics.org/certification/
American Society of Transportation and Logistics
http://www.astl.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1
2016/7/13
1-41
Transportation Research Forum
http://www.trforum.org/
 Delta Nu Alpha
http://www.deltanualpha.org/
 International Society of Logistics
http://www.sole.org/
Warehousing Education and Research Council
https://www.werc.org/Default.aspx
2016/7/13
1-42
Study questions
How does supply management differ from
purchasing?
2016/7/13
1-43
進階討論
 影響財務部門與物流互動之因素有哪些？為什
麼？
2016/7/13
1-44