CHAPTER 2
The Supply-Chain Concept
Four Learning Objectives
 To learn about supply chains and their management
 To understand differences between transactional and
relational exchanges
 To realize the importance of leveraging technology(運用科
技)
 To appreciate(瞭解) barriers to supply-chain management
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 18 Key Terms




Bullwhip effect
Contract logistics
Coopetition
Customer power(客戶
權力)
 Fourth-party logistics
(4PL)
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 JIT II
 Lead logistics provider
(LLP主要物流供應商)
 Logistics outsourcing
 Partnerships
 Relational
exchanges(關係式交換)
2-3
 SCOR model(供應
鏈管理參考模式)
 Strategic alliances
 Supply chain
 Supply chain
councils
 Supply chain
management
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 Third-party
arrangements（第
三方安排）
 Third-party
logistics
 Transactional
exchanges（交易式
交換）
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Contents
 2.1供應鏈管理之主要特性
 2.2供應鏈管理之障礙
 2.3供應鏈管理與整合
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About Supply Chains…
 A supply chain “encompasses all activities
associated with the flow and transformation(轉變)
of goods from the raw material stage (extraction),
through to the end user, as well as the associated
information flows.”

Source: Robert B. Handfield and Ernest L. Nichols, Jr., Introduction to Supply Chain Management
 如後圖
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Figure 2-1:
Different Supply Chain Configurations
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Supply Chain Management
 Supply chain management is “the systemic, strategic
coordination of the traditional business functions and the
tactics across these business functions within a
particular company and across businesses in the supply
chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term
performance of the individual companies and the supply
chain as a whole.”
Source: John T. Mentzer et al., “ Defining Supply Chain Management,” Journal of Business
Logistics
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Successful Supply Chains
have…
 an enterprise-to-enterprise point of view…接受傳統
所無之新行為
 a systems approach across all organizations in the
supply chain.
 Companies recognize interdependencies(瞭解相互依賴
關係)
 Goals and objectives are compatible，如最高服務vs.求
低成本
 廣泛應用於供應鏈管理之模式如後圖
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Figure 2-2: The Supply Chain
Operations Reference (SCOR) Model
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 增進供應鏈績效之重要科技投資主要在和order
fulfillment（訂單履行）活動相關之軟體上！……
如食物與飲料業者
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JIT II(即時系統II)
 Developed by Bose Corporation（音響公司）
 http://www.bose.com/controller?event=VIEW_S
TATIC_PAGE_EVENT&url=/index_2.jsp
 It is a supplier integration program
 A more realistic competitive perspective
 “In-plants”…各供應商在BOSE公司內有駐廠辦公室可
互動
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Globalization of Supply
Chains
 Increasing globalization
 Lower priced materials and labor
 Global perspective of companies
 Development of global competition
 Extremely difficult to execute due to differences
 Cultural, economic, and technological
 Political, spatial, and logistical
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2.1 Six Key Attributes of
Supply Chain Management
 Customer power
今日客戶要求公司將其視為不同個體、並以客戶條件來做生
意,Ex: 零售商Target corporation:供應鏈快速、應變
http://sites.target.com/site/en/company/page.jsp?contentId=
WCMP04-031799
 Long-term orientation
 Relational exchanges……..long term
 Transactional exchanges…short term
 Leveraging technology…Ex: internet: B to B, B to C
 Enhanced communication across organizations…Ex:卡車
司機利用掌上型電腦
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 Inventory control
 Bullwhip effect(牛鞭效應：供應鏈成員間訂單需求變化、
產生存貨lumps（囤積）)
 JAZ method (just about zero趨零): Ex: 消除周轉較慢之
品、需求拉動…等來降低存貨。如911 attack後、生產停
擺------>重新降低庫存
 Interactivity, interfunctional, and interorganizational
coordination
 Supply chain councils: 定期聚會、評估績效
 Coopetition: Ex: Ford, GM等為Covisint網站之合作伙伴
http://www.covisint.com/
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2.2 Five Barriers to Supply
Chain Management
 Regulatory and political considerations
 Lack of top management commitment
 Reluctance to share, or use, relevant data
 Incompatible information systems
 Incompatible corporate cultures…..分述於後
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 Regulatory and political considerations
 如印、巴間政治不穩，某些公司不願參與位於戰
區之供應鏈
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 Lack of top management commitment
 如：某些公司因進入長期合作關係會限制其營
運彈性，因此未能合作
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 Reluctance to share, or use, relevant data
 如雜貨連鎖店之會員卡資料，可能會侵犯客戶
隱私權，而不願使用之
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 Incompatible information systems
 Ex: ERP systems安裝可能需花上百萬美元、
歷時數年才能完成！若要整合、更不易順利！
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 Incompatible corporate cultures
 如：工作規定不同、伙伴關係易失敗！
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2.3Supply Chain Management
and Integration
 Long-term mutually beneficial agreements:有不同名稱…




Partnerships
Strategic alliances
Third-party arrangements
Contract logistics
 3 Methods used to integrate
 Vertical integration，如噴漆、汽車輪胎業
 Formal contracts: franchiser企業主vs. franchisee加盟店。如
Martin-Brower供應麥當勞加盟店http://www.martinbrower.com/history.html
 Informal agreements：由供應鏈中最大組織進行控制…獨裁？
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 Third-Party Logistics (3PL)
 =Logistics outsourcing
 =Contract logistics…如DanzasAEI(飛迅捷運、被DHL合
併)
 Fourth-party logistics (4PL) primarily used in global
companies, such as HP, GM
 =Lead logistics provider (LLP)=總包商：協調不同的3PL
 如Vector SCM負責管理GM所有物流服務供應商
http://www.vectorscm.com/vectorscm/en/index.shtml
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 Supply chain software
廠商：i2 technology(智佳科技), EXE technologies
(被Infor合併)…
Software package:
WMS, TMS.
CRM, CPFR.
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Study Questions
 科技是影響供應鏈改變之主要因素。您同意否？
為何？
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