Team: Mountain、Laura、Jasmine
Date: August 16, 2009
Chapter 20 (Adverbial Clauses: Conditionals & Wishes)
副詞子句: 條件句和假設語氣
典型的條件句含有 if 子句 (表條件) + 結果子句。ex.: If it rains, the streets get wet.
20-1.基本動詞型式用於條件句:
If 子句
假設情況
+結果子句
現在、未來
If I have enough time,
現在簡單式
I watch TV every evening.
現在簡單式 (見 exercise2-1)
會是事實 20-2
If I have enough time,
現在簡單式
I will watch TV later on tonight.
will+Vr.(做 exercise2-2)
現在、未來
會是事實 20-2
If I had enough time,
過去簡單式(V.ed)
I would watch TV now or later on.
過去式助動詞 +Vr.
與現在事實相反 20-3
(would /could /might/should)
(做 exercise2-3、4)
If I were to have money,
were to+Vr.
I would watch TV tomorrow.
過去式助動詞 +Vr.
與未來事實相反(補充)
(would /could /might/should)
★ 與過去事實相反
有時態上的混合使用
20-4/6
例句:如果那個老頭會彈貝斯,我就……..
If the old fellow can play the bass, I chop the cockroaches’ head off every day.
If the old fellow can play the bass, I will chop my head off later on.
If the old fellow could play the bass, I would chop my head off now or later on.
20-2 現在、未來會是事實 (P.414)
句型: (1) If + S + 現在簡單式 , S + 現在簡單式 (表習慣性活動 or 情況)
Ex: If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class.
句型: (2) If + S + 現在簡單式 , S + will + Vr.
(表既成的、可預見的、一般真理 or 表未來特定的活動或情況)
Ex: Water freezes (or will freeze) if the temperature reaches 32℉/0℃.
Ex: If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class.
句型: (3) If + S +現在簡單式 , S + should /might / can /could /ought to + Vr / 祈使句
( If 引導條件子句推測未來結果時 , 亦可用其他助動詞來代替 will )
Ex: If you do not have to work tomorrow, we can go to the beach.
If it rains, we might decide to stay home.
Exercise 4- 3、5、10 (P.415、416)
★If + S + should+ V 原形, S + should /might / can /could /ought to + Vr (未來推測不確定性較高)
這種假設表示「對未來強烈懷疑」時,可用下列的句型:
句型: If + S + should (萬一) + Vr, S + would /could /might/should + Vr
(or+ will /can /may / shall)
Ex: If I should fail, I would (or will) do it again.
(萬一我失敗,我會再做一次。)
Ex: If it should rain tomorrow, the picnic would (or will) be cancelled.
(萬一明天下雨,野餐將被取消。)
Exercise: 不用擔心,萬一失敗了,我還是會支持你(back you up)。
Don’t worry. If you
,I
you up.
20-3 與現在事實相反。 (P.415)
這種假設表示「現在幾乎不可能或完全不可能發生的事實或願望」
句型: (1) If + S + were, S + would /could /might/should + Vr
Ex: If he were here right now, he would help us. ─事實上他現在不在這裡
Ex: If I were you, I would accept their invitation. ─事實上我不是你。
句型: (2) If + S + 過去簡單式 , S + would /could /might/should + Vr
Ex: If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests. ─事實上我不教這班
Ex: If I had the money, I would set up an organization to help tsunami victims.
Ex: If I could fly, I would fly to you right now.
20-3 與未來事實相反 (P.415)?
這種假設表示「未來完全不可能發生」。
句型: (1)If + S + were to + Vr , S + would /could /might/should + Vr
Ex: If Lester were to finish his novel, he could sell it for a lot of money.
─事實上他不可能完成小說
Ex: If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you.
─事實上這是不可能完成發生的狀況
Exercise:即使太陽從西邊(in the west)升起,我也不會改變我的心意(change my mind)。
If the sun
,I
─事實上,太陽絕對不可能從西邊出來
.
Exercise:如果我能重生(reborn),我要成為 be 一位音樂家。
If I
,I
─事實上,你不可能再被生一次。
.
20-4 與過去事實相反(P.418)
這種假設表示「過去並未發生的事實、或是過去未能實現的願望」。
句型: (1) If + S + 過去完成式(had + P.P.), S + would /could /might/should + have + P.P
Ex: If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.
─事實上,你當時沒有告訴我。
Ex: If they had studied, they would have passed the exam.
─事實上,他們當時沒有念書,所以考試沒有及格。
Ex: If Dan had told me about the meeting, I would have finished the report earlier.
Ex: If Sue hadn’t forgotten the envelopes, we could have mailed all the letters the
morning. [刪除]
Exercise 7- 3、6、9 (P.418)
★句型: (2-1) 20-6 「混合時間」(P.424)
欲表示「過去的假設影響到現在的結果時, 亦即條件句違反過去事實,
而結果子句違反現在的事實」時使用的句型。
If + S+過去完成式(had + P.P.), S + would /could /might/should + Vr.
(與過去事實相反)
(與現在事實相反)
Ex: 真實: I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
條件句: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now.
(與過去事實相反)
(與現在事實相反)
Ex: If Bill had left college, he wouldn’t have the great job he has now.
.
(與過去事實相反) (與現在事實相反)
Ex: If Adam had not told us, we wouldn’t know that Tina had been promoted.
(與過去事實相反)
(與現在事實相反)
結果子句(主要子句)的意思和「現在」有關時,其動詞要改為 would /could /might/should + Vr.;
此句型的通常和 now,today 等字連用。
Exercise 7- 8 (P.418)
★句型: (2-2) 20-6 (P.424)
欲表示「如某項假定一直成立的話, 當時就不會發生某事」時, 由於條件句表示與現在事實相反,
所以 If 子句用過去式[即現在事實相反]表示。
If + S + were / V.ed... , S + would /could /might/should + have +P.P
(與現在事實相反) (與過去事實相反)
Ex: 真實: He is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday.
條件句: If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday.
(與現在事實相反)
(與過去事實相反)
比較：a. If it were not for your help, I would not have succeeded.
(與現在事實相反)
(與過去事實相反)
要不是一直有你的幫忙 , 我當時是不會成功的。
b. If it had not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.
(與過去事實相反)
(與過去事實相反)
當年要不是有你幫忙 , 我那時候是不會成功的。
c. If I were Paul, I would have chosen a different university.
(與現在事實相反) (與過去事實相反)
如果我是保羅的話 , 我當年會選擇不同的大學就讀。
d. If I had been in Paul’s shoes, I would have chosen a different university.
(與過去事實相反)
(與過去事實相反)
當年如果我處於保羅的處境 , 我會選擇不同的大學就讀。
Exercise 16- 2、6、7(P.424)
參考資料：
Azar, B. Schrampfer. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3rd ed. Chinese
Translation. Taipei: Caves Books, 2000./ 活用圖解英文法 A 本(革新版),建弘出版社