Stress

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Stress
• Listen to the sentences below. Which words are
stressed? Draw a circle over the words that have
stress.
Stress
• the (content)words that have stress:
important words/ word for new information
 Nouns and verbs are almost always
pronounced strongly.
 Adjectives and adverbs
• the (function)words that are not stressed:
Prepositions (on/ in /out of/ etc.)
auxiliary verbs (will /can/may/ etc.)
Pronouns (you/they/I /he/she etc.)
Conjunctions (and, so, because, if, etc.)
English Rhythm
(摘自劉振蘋教授)
• (如何掌握英語的節奏感?
• 很多同學唸英文的時候,喜歡一個字一個字的唸,仔細聽,好像每個
字的發音都很正確,但是整體連貫來聽,卻像是唸經,一點兒也不像
英文。
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• 這些同學都犯了一個毛病,那就是,他們忽略了英語是一個講究節奏
的語言。簡單地說,英語的「節奏」(rhythm),是由一個重音節和一
個(或一個以上)輕音節交互出現而形成的。以下句為例:
• In recent years jogging has come to enjoy great popularity.
• · ●·
● ● · ·
● ·
·● ● · ·
●··
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(大圈: 重音節,小圈: 輕音節)
• (Our Textbook: P 16)
• (1) I finish at four, so I get home early.
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· ● · ● · ·● ● ●
• (2) Getting to work and getting around is sometimes busy.
• (3) So, what’s it like living here?
• (4) Going to work at seven or eight is just crasy.
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重讀的字是名詞 (years, jogging, popularity),形容詞 (recent, great) 和動詞 (come, enjoy),也
就是實詞 (content words) 類;輕讀的字是介系詞 (in, to) 和助動詞 (has),也就是功能詞
(function words) 類。全句有七個重音,因此有七個節拍。每一節拍必含重音節一個,但
輕音節卻不一定,可有可無,可多可少。唸時每一節拍的時間一樣長,因此,一拍裏
面,若輕音節數目不多,輕音節就唸得慢,語流的速度當然也較慢。反之,輕音節數
目愈多,輕音節就唸得愈快,語流的速度自然也會跟著快起來。
為了幫助自己把句子的節奏找出來,練習說英語時,可以用手來打拍子。
下面再談一些說英語時,有助於英語流暢的特別技巧。
(1) 連音 (linking)。如It’s an interesting game because it shows that reactions of
people
︶︶
︶
to different things and tells you a lot about the people themselves. 句中的「子音
︶
︶
字尾」和 「母音字首」可以連在一起。
(2) 音的弱化 (reduction)。 如:(a) She’ll // make a cake. (b) You’re // just in time. (c) What
have you // done? (d) You could have // said so. (e) That would // be good. (f) Give him //
some. 句中功能詞的母音,通常會被弱化成 /,,/ 的音,而字首的子音有時會被消音。
(3)音的同化 (assimilation)。如:(a) Is this your // book? (b) Is your // brother coming? (c)
What’s your // name? (d) Hide your // camera. 句中字尾的子音和字首的半母音 // 連讀時,
語音產生了同化的現象。這些特別技巧,並不困難,只要常常練習,就能圓熟。
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談到語調 (intonation),一般同學都知道「123上升」和「231下降」的基本語調。但是英
文句子有長有短,想要一口氣、用一種基本語調唸完一個長句,幾乎是不可能的事。
所以有時必須將長句拆散成幾個「字羣」方可,每段「字羣」原則上以一口氣說完為
準,我們稱它為「氣羣」(breath group);
至於在文法上密不可分的一羣字,我們稱它為「意羣」(thought group)。例如下面這個
長句,就可以分成三個「氣羣」、七個「意羣」:Once upon a time / there was a farmer
/ who had two sons, / and they all lived together / in a little village / tucked away / in a great
valley.
三個「氣羣」是:
(1) Once upon a time there was a farmer who had two sons
(2) and they all lived together in a little village
(3) tucked away in a great valley.
七個「意羣」是:
(1) Once upon a time (2) there was a farmer (3) who had two sons (4) and they all lived
together (5) in a little village (6) tucked away (7) in a great valley.
仔細體會上述例句,可知在實際唸時,氣羣之間停頓 (pause) 較長,而意羣之間停頓則
較短。停頓處,為了表示語意未完,視情況需求,聲調須停在2或3 的音階上,等全句
最後一個字說出時,才降至1的音階。
下面再談「意羣」劃分的原則。究竟那些字羣可以自成一羣呢?簡單地說,主詞,述
語,副詞片語,介詞片語,分詞片語,含有who,that,which,when,where等關係詞
的子句等,均可自成一個單元。
同學若能持之以恆,每天找一小段文字來練習「斷句」,相信不久之後,英語就會和
英美人士說得一樣流利順暢了。
Tom’s Diner
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=8cy5Xn42Ymo
• The first time
• Listen attentively and
• Take notes.
Q1: What are the main ideas?
Q2: What are the events or actions
described in the song? Give some
examples.
Tom’s Diner
• The second time:
• Listen and find out the missing parts.
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