Tools for Memory: Database
Management Systems
Susan D. Urban
School of Computing and Informatics
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Arizona State University
7/12/2016
CPI 101
1
What is a Database?
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A database is a structured collection
items that is used for the operation of
an enterprise
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Financial data
Customer information
Sales records
Maps and directions
Medical records
Scientific and biological data
Historical data
A database supports
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Correctness and integrity of data
Integrated retrieval of related data
Concurrent user access to shared data
Analysis and decision making
Data mining and discovery
Security of data
CPI 101
2
Types of Data
Textual
Numeric
Image
Audio
Video
Geographic
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What is a
Database Management System?
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A database management system (DBMS) is the
software that assists in the creation and maintenance
of a database as well as the retrieval of data.
A DBMS includes
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A data model and data definition language (DDL) for
specifying a database schema (i.e., the types, structures, and
constraints on the data to be stored)
A database catalog for storing the database schema.
A data manipulation language (DML) for creating and
maintaining the database (i.e., inserting, modifying, and
deleting data)
A query language for retrieving data.
A transaction processing system for running application
programs
Other features to ensure security and integrity of the data
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DBMS Architectures
User View 1
User View 2
User View N
Conceptual Schema
Data
Abstraction
Logical Data Independence
Implementation Schema
Physical Data Independence
DBMS
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Different Types of Database
Systems
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Legacy Systems (originated in the 1960’s)
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Relational Database Systems
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Extends relational database systems with object-oriented features
Geographic Database Systems
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Models data using object-oriented concepts
Object-Relational Database Systems
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Models data in the form of tables
Accounts for the majority of new database projects
A $14 billion industry
Object-Oriented Database Systems
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Hierarchical
Network
Databases specifically for modeling 3D, geographic data
Multimedia Database Systems
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Databases for modeling data in different forms (audio, video, image)
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Relational Database Products
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Commercial
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Oracle 10g
IBM DB2
Microsoft Access
Microsoft SQL Server
Informix
Sybase
Open Source
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MySQL
Ingres
PostgreSQL
Berkeley DB
Cloudscape/Derby
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Data Models and the
Database Design Process
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A database is initially designed by using a
conceptual data model.
A conceptual data model is DBMSindependent
Provides a more logical way of viewing data
A conceptual design can then be mapped to
DBMS-dependent models.
The DBMS handles the internal
implementation details of the representation.
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Relationship Between Data
Modeling Concepts
Database Models
Implementation
Models
Legacy
Models
Relational
Model
Network
Model
Conceptual
Data Models
Object-Oriented
Model
Binary
Model
Entity-Relationship
Model
Object-Relational
Model
Semantic
Models
Functional
Model
Enhanced EntityRelationship Model
Hierarchical
Model
Unified Modeling Language Class
Diagrams
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Conceptual Modeling with the
Entity-Relationship Model
ID
NAME
DNUM
EMP
WORKS
DEPT
SAL
MGRID
DATE
TAKES
INST
CRSID
CNAME
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DNAME
COURSE
CPI 101
LENGTH
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The Relational Data Model
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Develop by Ted Codd at IBM in 1970
Models data in the form of tables.
Tables are based on the theoretical concept of
mathematical relations
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set theory
first-order predicate logic
Uses SQL as a declarative query language for
data retrieval
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Describes what you want to retrieve and not how to
retrieve it (the DBMS figures out the “how to” part
for you)
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Relational Database Concepts
Column/Attribute
Table/Relation
ID
Row/Tuple
Name
Addr
Phone
Age
123
Joe
Phx
9991
30
124
Sue
Phx
8888
29
125
Ann
Mesa
7772
25
Each column has a specific domain (integer, string, real, etc.)
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Relational Database Example
Course: crsid, cname, inst, length
Takes: id, crsid, date
Dept: dnum, dname, mgrid
Emp: id, name, sal, dnum
Names in bold are primary keys.
Names in italics are foreign keys used to define relationships between tables.
These relationships help to support meaningful queries over the data.
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SQL (Structured Query Language)
Find the name of the department that each employee works in.
select name, dname
from emp, dept
where emp.dnum = dept.dnum
Find the average salary of employees in each department
Select dnum, avg(sal)
from emp
group by dnum
order by dnum
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Data Import and Export
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Data Import – Getting large amounts of data
into the database
Data export – Getting large amounts of data
out of the database
Import and export is often needed to transport
data from one database to another
XML (Extensible Markup Language) has
become a standard for data transport.
Most current database systems are XMLenabled, providing a way to import and export
data using XML and to query XML data types.
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XML Example
<employees>
<emp>
<id>123</id>
<name>Joe</name>
<sal>30K</sal>
<dnum>D1<dnum>
</emp>
….
</employees>
More about this next week…..
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Distributed and Internet-Scale
Database Systems
Semistructured Data
Structured Data
DB
XML …
Query?
DB
Querying data from
different data sources in
an integrated manner
is a challenging task for
the area of information
science!
Unstructured Data
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