Carl D Perkins (Perkins IV) Career Technical Education Act Click and to edit Master title style Core Indicators, Reports, Negotiated Performance Targets, and Perkins Funds Regional Workshops Chuck Wiseley Spring 2008 1 Agenda Click to edit Master title style • Why are we here – why do we care? • Perkins IV – Legislative requirements • State & Local requirements • Negotiating & Meeting Targets – Not meeting targets & targeting funds • Perkins funds - improving student success. – Core Indicators, Reports, Performance Targets • Setting Targets & Perkins IV Local Application. Regional Workshops 2 Session 1 Goals Click to edit Master title style • Perkins funds - improving student success. • What are the Rules? • Negotiating & Meeting Targets – Tools for analysis – Not meeting targets & targeting funds Regional Workshops 3 Session 2 Goals & Objectives Click to edit Master title style • Update on development – Core Indicators, Reports, Performance Targets & Perkins IV Local Application. Participants will: • View/Review Perkins IV Indicators & Reports – what meaning can be derived – changing performance with Perkins funds • Discuss and Set Proposed Targets – – – – negotiated targets (who & when) strategies for negotiating targets. strategies for program improvement, strategies for getting buy-in – Other necessary topics for inclusion Regional Workshops 4 2004 Crystal Ball Click to edit Master title style • 109th Congress • Some changes in Accountability – Strengthened – Common measures • Wage gain – Negotiated performance State & Local 5 Perkins IV Click to edit Master title style • Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 • P.L. 109-270 • August 12, 2006. • 2007-8 Transition Year • 2008-9 First Year under the Act Regional Workshops 6 Negotiating Targets Click to edit Master title style • Perkins III – State negotiates targets USDE • Perkins IV – State negotiates targets USDE • Targets for 1 year and then 2 years (3rd & 5th) – Locals either: • Accept those targets • Negotiate local targets – Included in Local Plans • Targets for next year Regional Workshops 7 Sanctions in Law Click to edit Master title style • Perkins III – State • Bundled – WIA & ESEA • Improvement plan • Two years below, Secretary MAY withhold funds • Perkins IV – State & Locals: • 90% of Perkins Targets • Improvement Plan • Year 2 no improvement, <90% for 3 years for any single target – Feds or State SHALL provide technical assistance – MAY withhold funds (all or part) Regional Workshops 8 CCC Sanction Plan: Meeting Performance Targets Click to edit Master title style • Application is Improvement Plan • Accountability Determination – In compliance – at or above 90% • Expenditures need not be linked to the areas with the largest performance gaps – Focused Improvement Status - < 90% • Focused Improvement section • Year 2 – No Improvement: Diagnostic Study • Programs funded must address individual program performance gaps. – Priority Focused Improvement – 3rd Yr < 90% • Diagnostic Study and Action Plan Regional Workshops 9 Priority Focused Improvement Click to edit Master title style • Focused Improvement section • Diagnostic Study • Action Plan – Expected outcomes, – the Perkins and other funding dedicated to each strategy, and – the implementation dates expected for each strategy. Regional Workshops 10 Odds of being in: Click to edit Master title style • Focused Improvement? – Depends on how well the negotiation goes. • Improving after Focused Improvement? – Depends on last year. • Priority Focused Improvement? – Depends on how well the negotiation goes. – Unlikely to occur? Regional Workshops 11 The Negotiation Process Click to edit Master title style • Negotiation Workbook – Online – Tables – Charts • Negotiation Worksheet • Local Application 12 Negotiation Tables Click to edit Master title style Regional Workshops 13 Mention Office 2003 v 2007 Problem? 90% x 55.6% = 50% What has occurred? Outcomes & Diagnostics Faupl Local Application: District Click to edit Master title style 17 Perkins IV funds Click to edit Master title style • Improving student success. – Nine Requirements – 18 Permissive Uses – Should address performance gaps • Perkins IV Local Application. – Improvement Plans – Negotiating & Meeting Targets – Progressive Oversight, Improvement Plans, and Risk Monitoring Regional Workshops 19 With or Without Sanctions Click to edit Master title style Basic criteria for expending Perkins funds • Expenditures must – Meet the purpose of the Act – Be necessary and reasonable • Expenditures may not be used for – General purposes – Maintenance of existing programs 20 What rulestitle apply? Click to federal edit Master style • Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act (Perkins IV) • EDGAR (Education Department General Administration Regulations) 21 What federal rules apply? (Continued) Click to edit Master title style • OMB Circulars (Office of Management and Budget) – – – – Circular A-87 Cost Principals – State and Local Circular A-21 Cost Principals – Education Institutions Circular A-133 Single Audit Requirements Circular A-102 Grants and Cooperative Agreements with State and Local Governments – Circular A-110 Uniform Administration Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals and Other Non-Profit 22 Organizations What types of costs are Click to edit Master title style generally considered eligible? • • • • • • • • Administrative Costs (5%) Personnel Services (time records) Operating Expenses Stipends Consultants Instructional Materials Travel Instructional Equipment 23 What costs are NOT eligible? Click to edit Master title style 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Student expenses or direct assistance to students * College tuition, fees, books* Entertainment Awards and memorabilia Individual memberships Membership with orgs. that lobby Fines and penalties Insurance/self-insurance 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Expenses that supplant Audits except single audit Contributions and donations Contingencies Facilities and furniture * General advertising Alcohol Fund raising General administration 24 What are the 9 requirements for Click to editIV Master title style Perkins expenditures? Funds made available to eligible recipients under this part shall be used to support career and technical education programs that1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strengthen academic & technical skills of students Link secondary and postsecondary CTE programs (at least one program of study) Provide students with strong experience and understanding all aspects of an industry (WBL) Develop, improve, & expand use of technology Professional development 6. 7. 8. 9. Evaluate programs with emphasis in meeting needs of spec. pops. Initiate, improve, expand and modernize quality programs Provide services & activities of sufficient, size, scope and quality Provide activities to prepare special pops. for high skill, high wage, or high demand occupations leading to selfsufficiency. 25 20 permissive uses of funds: Click to edit Master title style 1. Involve parents, business and labor in planning & operation 2. Career guidance & academic counseling 3. Business Partnerships - Work-related experience students & faculty 4. Programs for spec. pops. 5. CTE student organizations 6. Mentoring & support services 7. Upgrading equipment 8. Teacher prep. programs 9. Improving and developing new CTE courses including distance ed. 10. assist transition to BA degree programs 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. support entrepreneurship education initiatives for secondary students obtaining postsecondary credit to count towards an AA/AS or BA/BS degree support small CTE learning communities Family & consumer sciences Adult CTE programs Job placement programs Support Nontraditional activities Automotive technologies *Pooling funds – Teacher prep, data & accountability, assessments 20. Support other CTE programs Regional Workshops 26 Effects of not achieving targets Click to edit Master title style • Above 90% of targets: – Freedom to fund any program improvements – Encouraged to address low performance • Below 90% - year 1 – Focused Improvement section • Requires some analysis to write the narrative – Must address low performance in funded Programs – Encouraged to start a diagnostic study Regional Workshops 27 Effects of not achieving targets Click to edit Master title style continued... • Below 90% - year 2 or no improvement – Focused Improvement section – Diagnostic study – Propose Effective Practice solutions • Probably a more district level approach to expenditures Regional Workshops 28 Effects of not achieving targets Click to edit Master title style continued... • Below 90% of target - 3 years – Focused Improvement section – Submit Diagnostic study w Action Plan to CO – Action Plan • Proposed Effective Practice solutions & Implementation dates • Probably an even more district level approach to expenditures – Risk Monitoring Regional Workshops 29 Break time Click to edit Master title style • I am the messenger – don’t kill the messenger • Questions • 20 minute break Regional Workshops 30 Data: Why? Click to edit Master title style • Funding • Outcomes Analysis • Telling the story Regional Workshops 31 Defining the Data Click to edit Master title style • • • • SAM Codes TOP Codes Data Elements Core Indicators – – – – Funding “The Law” Definitions Negotiated Performance Targets Measurement Approaches/Formulas Regional Workshops 32 Student Accountability Model (SAM) Click to edit of Master title(TOP) style & Taxonomy Programs • Priority “A“ - Apprenticeship – Must have the approval of the Division of Apprenticeship Standards • Priority “B“ – Advanced Vocational – Used sparingly, no more than two courses in any one program – “B” level courses must have a “C” prerequisite in the same program area • Priority "C" – Clearly Occupational – Generally taken in the middle stage of a program, detracts "drop-ins." Regional Workshops 33 Student Accountability Model (SAM) Click to edit Master(TOP), title style & Taxonomy of Programs Continued • Priority "D" – Possibly Occupational – Taken by students in the beginning stages of their occupational programs – Can be survey course • Priority “E” = Non-Occupational Vocational Flag on TOP code – Designed to identify vocational “Programs” for federal reporting (*) - see Taxonomy of Programs, Sixth Edition, July 2007 Regional Workshops 34 Data Elements MIS System title style Click to edit Master • Students, Courses, Degrees, Services • Student VTEA Data Elements – – – – – – Economically Disadvantaged Single Parent Displaced Homemaker Cooperative Work Experience Education Tech Prep Migrant Worker Regional Workshops 35 Accountability Requirements Click toSection edit Master 113(b)title style 5 core indicators of performance: 1. Student attainment of technical skill proficiencies; 2. Student attainment of credential, certificate, or degree; 3. Student retention in postsecondary education or transfer; 4. Student placement in military, apprenticeship, or employment 5. Student participation/completion of non-traditional training • State and Local adjusted levels of performance – • Levels of performance negotiated with USDE / State Results reported annually Regional Workshops 36 Perkins III (1998) Indicators Click to Core edit Master title style 1. Skill Attainment Student Achievement – Successful course completion • • Academic Vocational and Technical 2. Completions Student program completion – Certificates & Degrees 3. Placement and (3b) Retention Placement and retention in employment 4. Equity -- Non-Traditional Employment Participation/Completion of non-traditional training • • 4a - Participation 4b Completion Regional Workshops 37 Core Indicators Click to edit Master title style 1. Technical Skill Attainment Successful CTE course completion 2. Completions Program completion–Certificate, Degree & Transfer Ready 3. Persistence & Transfer Student persistence in Higher Ed 4. Placement Placement in apprenticeship, employment, military, fed gov 5. Equity -- Non-Traditional Employment Participation (5a)/Completion (5b) - non-traditional training Regional Workshops 38 Cohort Definitions for Master Measurement ClickUsed to edit title style Participant: NT Participation – Perkins III -Any enrollment in a CTE course (TOP) – Perkins IV – concentrator using assigned major Concentrator: All other indicators • Cohort of students enrolled during the cohort year and – Successfully completed at least one course in the middle or end of a program (SAM A-C) and 12 vocational units within a single discipline (two digit TOP) or – Program completion as indicated by receipt of ANY vocational credit certificate or degree Leavers: Not enrolled in year following cohort year – 2P1 - Completions – 4P1 - Placement (Employment) Regional Workshops 39 Assigning a Program to a Student Click to edit Master title style 1. Award –TOP code of CTE Certificate or Degree 2. Concentrators • Hierarchy based on SAM Priority code • Assigned to the TOP where most CTE units occurred Regional Workshops 40 What is not decided Click to edit Master title style • Concentrator – How long to accumulate 12 units in a two digit TOP (discipline) • Two, three, or five years • Completions – Transfer Ready or Prepared • Employment – Which period for “employed”? • Feds want quarter 2 - Oct-Dec • Any of 4 quarter • NT Participation • CRCC Regional Workshops 41 Negotiating Targets Click to edit Master title style • Perkins III – State negotiates targets USDE • Perkins IV – State negotiates targets USDE • Targets for 1 year and then 2 years (3rd & 5th) – Locals either: • Accept those targets • Negotiate local targets – Included in Local Plans • Targets for next year • Negotiations complete by May 15 Regional Workshops 42 Sanctions in Law Click to edit Master title style • Perkins III – State – Bundled with WIA, ESEA, Adult Ed • Improvement plan • Two years below, Secretary MAY withhold funds • Perkins IV – State – Perkins – each indicator • 90% of Target • 3 years for any single target – Locals: • 90% of Targets • Improvement Plan • Year 2 no improvement, 3 years <90% for any single target – State SHALL provide technical assistance – State MAY withhold funds (all or part) Regional Workshops 43 CCC Sanction Plan: Meeting Performance Targets Click to edit Master title style • Application is Improvement Plan • Accountability Determination – In compliance – at or above 90% – Focused Improvement Status - < 90% • Focused Improvement section • Year 2 – No Improvement: Diagnostic Study – Priority Focused Improvement – 3rd Yr < 90% • Diagnostic Study and Action Plan Regional Workshops 44 Timeline for Outcomes & Outputs Click to edit Master title style • Negotiating Performance 2008-09 – Spring 2008 • Cohort Year (2006-07) • +1 yr for outcomes (2007-08) – – – – Transfer Persistence Employment Spring 2009 • Outcomes have already occurred – Target low performance now! 45 Local Application: District Click to edit Master title style Regional Workshops 46 Spring 2008 Sessions Click to edit Master title style 7 Regional Sessions for District/College Teams – Content so far from this session • • • • TOP & SAM Codes Data Elements Core Indicators “The Law” – Definitions & Negotiated Performance Levels – CCC Strategies – CI Measurement Approaches/Formulas/Targets – Reports • Negotiation – Strategies • Compliance – Local App • Program Improvement Regional Workshops 47 Core Indicators & Targets Click to edit Master title style 1. Technical Skill Attainment Successful CTE course completion 2. Completions Program completion–Certificate, Degree & Transfer ready 3. Persistence & Transfer Student persistence in Higher Ed 4. Placement Placement in apprenticeship, employment, military, fed gov 5. Equity -- Non-Traditional Employment Participation (5a)/Completion (5b) - non-traditional training Regional Workshops 48 Core Indicator 1 Click to edit Skill Master title style Technical Attainment • Successful Course Completions – Technical Skill Proficiencies • Vocational (CTE) Courses – SAM A-C – Vocational TOP • G.P.A. Concentrators – Grade reports (moved to Data Mart) Regional Workshops 49 Core Indicator 1: Measurement & Click Performance to edit Master title style Levels SAM A - C Courses: # Students with GPA > 2.00 ÷ # Students with Grades A - F Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 TargetActual* 77.76% 84.01% 78.76% 84.73% 79.76% 84.70% 84.02% 83.69% 83.70% ??.??% * Based on Perkins III data. Regional Workshops 99.6% 50 Core Indicator 1: Measurement & Click to edit Master title style Performance Levels (Analysis) SAM A - C Courses: # Grades A-C & Cr ÷ # Grades A–F, Cr-NoCr, W, & I Regional Workshops 51 Core Indicator 2 ClickProgram to edit Master title style Completions • Completers (numerator) – Award in Current Year – AA/AS degrees – Certificates – Transfer Ready (or Prepared) – or Equivalent • Leavers & Completers (denominator) – Left system (college) for one year and/or – Award in Current Year – AA/AS degrees – Certificates – Transfer Ready Regional Workshops 52 CI 2-Completions: Click to edit title style Measurement & Master Performance Levels Certificate/Degree/Transfer Ready ÷ All Concentrators (Leavers & Completers) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 TargetActual* 59.82% 76.36% 59.82% 74.89% 60.82% 73.42% 73.00% 73.73% 73.00% ??.??% * Based on prior indicator definition. Regional Workshops 53 Core Indicator 3 ClickPersistence to edit Master title style & Transfer Concentrators who were not leavers in the year following the cohort year Or Transfers (CSU/UC/Clearinghouse) ÷ All Concentrators Regional Workshops 54 Core Indicator 4 Click to edit Master title style Placement • Placement • UI wage file match 1st year out • Apprenticeship, Military, Fed Gov • Minus Continuing in Four Year Institution – CSU, UC, Clearinghouse • Not resolved • Four quarters in Academic Yr after leaving • Quarter 2 Regional Workshops 55 CI 4 Placement : Click to edit title style Measurement & Master Performance Levels Leavers & Completers in UI covered employment or Apprenticeship, Military, Fed Gov ÷ All Leavers & Completers Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 TargetActual* 83.19% 84.08% 83.19% 82.53% 83.19% 82.07% 82.07% 81.76% 98.65% 99.62% *Based on prior indicator definition. Regional Workshops 56 Core Indicator 5 Click to edit Master Gender Equitytitle style Training leading to Nontraditional Employment (e.g., Men in Nursing – Women in Auto) 75% / 25% from 2000 census employment data • Job codes (SOC) mapped to 2000 Census data • SOC codes mapped to CIP (USDE) • NAPE developed Nontraditional CIP table • CIP codes mapped to TOP (CCC) Regional Workshops 57 Core Indicator 5 Click to edit Master Gender Equitytitle style In Programs leading to Nontraditional Employment Nontraditional Gender Students ÷ All Students in NT Program Regional Workshops 58 CI 5a: Participation Click to edit&Master title style Measurement Performance Levels Nontraditional participants enrolled in a nontraditional TOP Code ÷ All participants enrolled in a nontraditional TOP Code Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Target 27.98% 28.98% 29.98% 35.31% Regional Workshops Actual 36.98% 36.80% 35.31% 37.16% 59 CI 5b Completion: Click to edit title style Measurement & Master Performance Levels Nontraditional “completers” of nontraditional programs ÷ All “completers” of nontraditional programs Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 TargetActual 26.95% 24.42% 26.95% 24.21% 25.05% 23.25% 23.25% 25.66% Regional Workshops 60 CI 5b Completion: Click to edit title style Measurement & Master Performance Levels Nontraditional “completers” of nontraditional programs ÷ All “completers” of nontraditional programs Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 TargetActual 26.95% 24.42% 26.95% 24.21% 25.05% 23.25% 23.25% 25.66% Regional Workshops 90.6% 89.8% 92.8% 61 Click to edit Master title style Do these indicators really measure what education in CCC does? Regional Workshops 62 Click to edit Master title style Do these indicators really measure what education in CCC does? They are only indicators. Regional Workshops 63 Click to edit Master title style Are they meaningless? Regional Workshops 64 Click to edit Master title style Are they meaningless? No. Student success matters. Regional Workshops 65 Click to edit Master title style How can we use the indicators to improve student success? Regional Workshops 66 Click to edit Master title style How can we use the indicators to improve student success? Understand “What” is happening to students. Regional Workshops 67 Click to edit Master title style How can we use the indicators to improve student success? Understand “What” is happening to students. Why is it happening? SLOs, CATs, Research, etc. Regional Workshops 68 Click to edit Master title style How important is setting an appropriate target ? Regional Workshops 69 Accessing the Data Click to edit Master title style • • • • • Access Report Formats Report Structures Report Contents Report Examples Regional Workshops 70 Reports Click to edit Master title style • New reports – Developed for negotiations • • • • District and College Level Special Pops detail 8 years history Final version mid February 2008 • All Reports – Easier access – Excel or SQL reports – ??? Late February 2008 ??? • Progressive scrutiny on use of reports – Below 90% of Targets in Regional Workshops 71 Access Click to edit Master title style • http://www.cccco.edu • Important Documentation – – – – Quick Reference Negotiation Report Instructions System Documentation System Requirements • No more Installing plug-in • No Administrative rights requirements Regional Workshops 72 Report Formats Click to edit Master title style • Print Version – For administrators, faculty, students & PIOs • Printing from the WWW • Local Applications and Final Reports • For exporting to – word processor – spreadsheet • Data Download Version – For Researchers, IS & Technophiles • CSV For Export to: – Excel » SPSS, SAS or other Stat Package » BRIO » Access or other database software Regional Workshops 73 Data Download Click to edit Master title style Regional Workshops 74 Negotiation Workbooks Click to edit Master title style • • • • Instructions Counts Percentages Charts – Rates – Counts • Data work tables 75 Negotiation Tables Click to edit Master title style Regional Workshops 76 Negotiation Charts Click to edit Master title style 3P1 - Rates 100.00% 95.00% 91.4% 92.1% 92.7% 93.6% 94.0% 94.8% 95.0% 94.6% 93.3% 93.2% 93.8% California Employment Rate (source: BLS) 90.00% Grand Total Female 83.32% 85.00% 84.07% 84.18% 84.60% 84.90% 84.08% Est 82.53% 82.07% 80.99% 80.00% 81.14% 79.15% Male Non-traditional Economically Disadvantaged CA Empl Rate 75.00% 70.00% 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-1 2001-2 2002-3 Regional Workshops 2003-4 2004-5 2005-6 est 77 2P1 - Counts 140,000 Fee increases seemed to have the impact starting in 2002-3 academic year. 120,000 114,362 100,000 104,203 93,319 80,000 88,227 106,925 96,833 92,159 70,296 69,356 68,890 69,700 62,140 60,000 50,507 44,245 40,000 32,438 118,405 117,427 119,035 39,790 41,990 40,881 42,100 45,166 60,376 46,101 64,125 48,028 68,337 50,172 Es 72,572 Es 52,296 30,963 20,000 fees increase Sp 2003 from $11 - $18 CA hits 6.6% high unemp rate Jan 04 2001-2 2002-3 2003-4 2004-5 2005-6 est fees increase Fall 2004 from $18 - $26 0 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-1 Total 50,507 44,245 70,296 69,356 68,890 69,700 62,140 60,376 64,125 68,337 72,572 Success 32,438 30,963 39,790 41,990 40,881 42,100 45,166 46,101 48,028 50,172 52,296 All CCC Awards 88,227 93,319 92,159 96,833 104,203 106,925 114,362 118,405 117,427 119,035 Est SP 23,991 25,362 34,210 36,598 36,090 36,483 38,287 Program Year Regional Workshops 38,394 40,004 43,589 46,604 Total Success All CCC Awards Est SP Although CCs are helping more people succeed (including special population students), the numbers of students leaving the system without a certificate or degree is increasing at a higher rate. Report Structures Click to edit Master title style • Negotiation Workbooks • Forms • Perkins IC - Local Application • Perkins IC - Final Report • Summaries – All five Indicators on one page • Answer Sheet Style • Detailed – Percents and counts – Detailed breakouts for each Indicator component Regional Workshops 79 CI Report Contents Click to edit Master title style • CI Reports – State, District, College – 2-4-6 digit TOP – Special Populations breakouts – Identified on each report • Performance below negotiated levels – Performance below is highlighted – Low numbers (denominator < 10) • Blue-italics Regional Workshops 80 CI Contents (continued) Click to edit Master title style 1. Summary • • • College, District & State Identifying Low Performance & Low Numbers Comparing Performance across Programs 2. Detailed • • • • Program Area (6 digit TOP) Three Year Trends Identifying Low Performance areas Comparing Performance within Programs Regional Workshops 81 Report Examples Click to edit Master title style • Final Report Form • College by TOP Form • Summary – College – Summary - 5 digit TOP • Summary – Detail • Core 2 – Completions – Core 2 - 5 digit TOP • Course Voc Status/SAM Code Regional Workshops 82 Negotiation Report Contents Click to edit Master title style • District, College? • Special Populations breakouts • Numerators, Denominators, & Rates • Charts for analysis Regional Workshops 83 College Local App -Final Report Form Regional Workshops Dist Local App - Final Report Form Regional Workshops Final Report Form Regional Workshops College by TOP Form Regional Workshops Summary - College Regional Workshops Summary – College 5 Digit Regional Workshops Summary - Detail Regional Workshops Core 2 - Completions Regional Workshops Core 2 - Completions 5 digit Regional Workshops Course Voc Status/SAM Code Regional Workshops Using the Data Click to edit Master title style • Negotiate or accept state-adjusted levels – Trends over time for your college – By program, special population, Tech Prep • Workshops, Committees & Faculty Information – Circulate to faculty for their use & input • Factor in allocation decision-making for Local Plans – Supplement MIS data with your own knowledge and follow-up of students Regional Workshops 94 Practice using the Data Click to edit Master title style Negotiation Exercise: • Review FAUPL Worksheet • Walk through common scenarios • Review the pre-printed report for a sample college • Conduct a guided practice using first indicators • Negotiate or Accept State Targets Regional Workshops 95 Faupl Click to edit Master title style 96 Negotiation Workbook Click to edit Master title style 97 Discussion Click to edit Master title style • Improving Session Content: – Order – Negotiations earlier or later – Detail – Strengthen funding ties or are sanction threats sufficient? – Other? – Resources: JSPAC, IWITTS, NAPE Chuck Wiseley, cwiseley@cccco.edu, 916.327.5895 Regional Workshops 98