Table 1
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Immigrant Parents and their
Children in Spain, 2010
Characteristic
Parents
Madrid
Barcelona
Children
Total
Madrid
Barcelona
Total
Age, Average
43.21
41.98
42.62
14.36
13.5
Gender (Female), %
69.25
66.02
67.72
51.46
45.98
48.66
Parent Has Spanish
Nationality, %
41.10
34.34
37.87
45.66
51.68
48.71
Years in Spain, Mean
11.9
10.7
11.4
6.8
6.2
6.5
Language Spoken
at Home:
Spanish %
Catalan, %
Other, %
77.50
0.0
22.50
71.71
2.10
26.19
74.77
0.99
24.24
73.87
0.0
26.13
65.46
2.6
31.90
69.54
1.34
29.01
3.56
3.41
3.49
3.64
3.46
3.55
67.95
73.83
70.77
66.86
65.91
66.37
32.05
26.17
29.23
33.14
34.09
33.63
Knowledge of Spanish, 1
Mean
13.91
Family Structure:
Both Biological Parents %
Other, %
34
Table 1, continued
Characteristic
Parent
Madrid
Barcelona
Children
Total
Madrid
Barcelona
Total
Parental Education2:
Less than Secondary %
Secondary, %
Some University, %
University graduate, %
Does not know, %
42.19
40.07
8.80
8.94
--
48.95
34.72
9.55
6.78
--
45.59
37.46
9.16
7.89
--
17.34
34.22
10.37
11.53
26.54
15.80
25.81
9.22
9.80
39.37
16.55
29.94
9.78
10.65
33.08
60.66
23.69
15.65
57.19
22.46
20.35
58.97
2309
17.94
87.69
10.23
2.08
80.80
17.30
1.90
84.17
13.84
1.99
85.13
86.43
85.75
87.96
88.55
88.26
4.98
17.20
1.97
59.68
16.17
5.57
12.72
3.64
62.84
15.23
5.26
15.07
2.76
61.19
15.72
25.64
21.64
14.21
29.13
9.38
28.05
15.14
15.67
31.14
10.03
26.86
18.35
14.96
30.13
9.70
Parental Employment
Situation3:
Employed, %
Unemployed, %
Disabled, other, %
Parental Occupation4:
Average Prestige Score
Educational Aspirations for
Child:
Secondary or less, %
Technical degree, %
Some University, %
University degree, %
Post-graduate, %
35
Table 1, continued
Characteristic
Parents
Madrid
Barcelona
Children
Total
Madrid
Barcelona
Total
Educational Expectations for
Child:
Secondary or less, %
Technical degree, %
Some university, %
University degree, %
Post-graduate degree, %
12.98
32.60
5.83
39.25
9.25
17.06
25.49
13.20
33.45
10.80
14.93
29.21
9.39
36.48
9.99
45.07
22.33
11.89
15.61
5.10
43.57
18.12
13.51
18.69
6.11
44.32
20.20
12.70
17.17
5.61
84.69
15.31
85.35
14.65
85.00
15.00
27.24
72.76
24.54
75.45
25.90
74.10
Future Life Plans for Child5:
Live in Spain, %
Move Elsewhere, %
1. Scores in the Knowledge of Spanish Index (KSI). Range: 1 (lowest) to 4.
2. Parental figures refer to the parent answering the survey; children’s figures are a weighted average of reported education for father
and mother.
3. Parental figures refer to the parent answering the survey; children’s figures are a weighted average of reported employment situation
for father and mother.
4. Scores in the PRESCA-2 Spanish occupational prestige scale (Carabańa and Gomez Bueno, 1997).
5. Item in the parental survey asks whether the parent wishes child to stay and live in Spain; item in the children’s survey asks for
preferred country to live as an adult.
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation (ILSEG).
36
Table 2
Determinants of Immigrant Parents’ School Involvement and Ambition in Spain, 2010
Predictor
1
School Involvement Index
Coeff.2
Age
Sex (Female)
-.005
-.024
Years of Spanish
Residence
Has Spanish
Nationality
.008
-.018
Marital Status
(married)
Socio-economic
Status (PSES)
Knowledge of
Spanish (PKSI)
National Origins:
Argentina
Bolivia
Bulgaria
Chile
China
Colombia
Ecuador
Philippines
Morocco
Peru
Dominican Rep.
Romania
Pakistan
Ukraine
Venezuela
-2.2*
-0.8
3.0**
-0.6
Educ. Expectations
Coeff.3
z-ratio
Coeff.3 z-ratio
-.009
.161
-0.9
1.2
-.009
-.038
.005
0.4
.020
2.1*
-.079
-0.6
.062
0.6
-1.2
-0.3
.077
2.4*
.044
0.3
.017
0.2
.119
5.7***
.580
5.4***
.750
9.2**
.208
7.7***
.417
3.6***
.239
2.6***
.076
.066
.069
.080
-.800
.138
.053
-.105
.040
.036
-.035
.042
.110
.009
.005
1.1
0.90
.06
0.7
-10.1***
2.2*
1.1
-1.1
0.7
0.6
-0.5
0.6
1.1
0.1
0.0
-1.031
.038
-.438
.357
-1.682
-.202
.257
-.484
-.460
-.459
-.106
-.787
.303
-.246
.161
4
Constant
R2
Pseudo R2
Chi Square (24 d.f.)
N
*P < .05
**P < .01
t
Educ. Aspirations
2.538
.221
--1705
#P < .10
***P < .001
-2.1*
0.1
-0.9
0.5
-5.3**
-0.6
1.1
-1.2
-1.7#
-1.5
-0.3
-2.5*
0.7
-0.4
0.2
-1.423
-.067
157.59***
1705
1 – See Appendix for
variable
measurement.
3 – Ordered logistic
coefficients
-.213
.219
.182
-.612
-1.726
-.146
-.489
-.445
-.075
-.077
-.604
-.463
.214
-.493
-.516
-0.5
0.8
0.4
-1.5
-5.7***
-0.6
-2.8**
-1.4
-0.3
-0.3
-2.4*
-1.8#
0.7
-1.3
-1.1
-.505
-.060
214.65***
1700
2 – Ordinary least squares
unstandardized coefficients
4 – Rest of the sample is the reference
category.
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Second Generation (ILSEG), Parental Sample.
37
Table 3-A Determinants of Educational Aspirations among Second Generation Youths in Spain, 2010
Predictors1
I
Coeff. 2
II
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
III
Z-ratio
IV
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
Parent:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Years of Spanish
Residence
-Nationality (Spanish)
-Both Parents Present
-Socio-economic Status
(PSES)
-Knowledge of Spanish
(PKSI)
-School Involvement
(PSII)
-Educational Aspirations
-Educational Expectations
-.005
.067
.013
-0.67
0.66
1.66
-.001
.068
.010
-0.18
0.63
1.32
.001
-.051
-.002
0.16
-0.46
-0.20
.003
-.016
-.006
0.27
-0.14
-0.57
-.041
-.120
.631
-0.40
-1.13
9.06***
-.082
-.150
.473
-0.80
-1.38
6.43***
-.091
-.213
.444
-0.87
-1.89#
5.69***
.015
-.233
.373
0.13
-1.99*
4.40***
.207
2.75**
.091
1.09
.020
0.22
.162
1.51
.011
0.12
-.015
-0.16
.016
0.17
.205
.607
2.63**
9.93***
.121
.491
1.47
7.51***
.145
.479
1.72#
7.18***
-.467
.427
.223
.147
.300
.537
-7.20***
4.26***
1.17
1.17
3.03**
5.38***
-.505
.390
.071
.154
.310
.608
-7.21***
3.82***
0.35
1.20
3.11**
5.93***
-.156
-1.33
-.442
-2.35*
Child:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Birthplace (Spain)
-School Type (Private)
-Year in School
-Knowledge of Spanish
(KSI)
-City of Residence
(Barcelona)
National Origin 3 :
-Ecuador
38
Table 3-A (Cont.)
Predictors
I
Coeff. 1
/ Cut 1
/ Cut 2
/ Cut 3
Wald Chi Sq.
Pseudo R2
N
II
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
III
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
IV
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
-1.367
-0.304
0.861
.092
1.225
2.478
-4.683
-3.480
-2.095
-4.572
-3.361
-1.959
123.43***
.028
1665
263.80***
.065
1636
366.24***
.100
1577
391.07***
.106
1576
Z-ratio
1. See Appendix for variable measurement.
2. Ordered logistic regression coefficients.
3. Dummy variables for 17 different nationalities are included in Step IV; only significant coefficients are presented.
# p
* P
** p
*** p
< .10
< .05
< . 01
< .001
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Second Generation (ILSEG)
39
Table 3-B Determinants of Educational Expectations among Second Generation Youths in Spain, 2010
Predictors1
I
Coeff. 2
II
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
III
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
IV
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
Parent:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Years of Spanish
Residence
-Nationality (Spanish)
-Both Parents Present
-Socio-economic Status
(PSES)
-Knowledge of Spanish
(PKSI)
-School Involvement
(PSII)
-Educational Aspirations
-Educational Expectations
-.005
-.019
.015
-0.69
-0.19
2.32*
-.002
- .001
.012
-0.22
-0.01
1.80#
.000
-.097
-.001
0.08
-0.88
-0.13
.003
-.050
-.006
0.38
-0.45
-0.70
-.087
.022
.504
-0.89
0.22
7.47***
-.104
.005
.333
-1.03
0.05
4.70***
-.124
-.033
.279
-1.21
-0.31
3.82***
-.045
-.058
.259
-0.41
-0.53
3.23**
.162
2.25*
.041
0.50
.019
0.22
.161
1.52
-.028
- 0.32
-.050
-0.56
.008
0.09
.208
.611
2.54*
9.93***
-.128
.505
1.49
7.81***
.139
.506
1.58
7.58***
-.448
.166
.319
.115
.312
.524
-7.09***
1.74#
1.74#
0.93
3.16**
5.12***
-.438
.134
.112
.135
.311
.603
-6.39***
1.39
0.58
1.06
3.08**
5.97***
Child:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Birthplace (Spain)
-School Type (Private)
-Year in School
-Knowledge of Spanish
(KSI)
-City of Residence
(Barcelona)
National Origin 3 :
-Argentina
-Ecuador
-Peru
.095
0.85
-.710
-.522
-.527
-2.09*
-2.91**
-2.38*
40
Table 3-B (Cont.)
Predictors
I
Coeff. 1
/ Cut 1
/ Cut 2
/ Cut 3
Wald Chi Sq.
Pseudo R2
N
II
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
III
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
IV
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
-.860
.474
1.535
.544
1.972
3.099
-3.817
-2.294
1.092
-2.869
-1.336
-0.112
78.80***
.018
1651
222.92***
.053
1622
320.86***
.082
1564
348.52***
.089
1563
Z-ratio
1. See Appendix for variable measurement.
.
2. Ordered logistic regression coefficients
3. Dummy variables for 17 different nationalities are included in Step IV; only significant coefficients are presented.
# p
* P
** p
*** p
< .10
< .05
< . 01
< .001
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Second Generation (ILSEG)
41
Table 4-A Determinants of Occupational Aspirations among Second Generation Youths in Spain, 2010
Predictors1
I
Coeff.
2
II
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
III
IV
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
Coeff. 2
Z-ratio
Parent:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Years of Spanish
Residence
-Nationality (Spanish)
-Both Parents Present
-Socio-economic Status
(PSES)
-Knowledge of Spanish
(PKSI)
-School Involvement
(PSII)
-Educational Aspirations
-Educational Expectations
-.002
.033
-.000
-0.23
0.29
-0.01
.001
.039
-.003
0.18
0.33
-0.38
.005
-.084
-.011
0.58
-0.68
-1.06
.004
-.062
-.015
0.49
-049
-1.26
.011
.288
.054
0.10
2.38*
0.75
-.003
.312
-.052
-0.03
2.54*
-0.67
-.001
.253
-.104
-0.01
1.98#
-1.24
.079
.246
-.074
0.61
1.88#
-0.81
.302
3.45***
.226
2.42*
.210
2.03*
.307
2.47*
.037
0.38
.006
.092
.324
0.98
4.58***
0.06
- .023
-0.22
.049
.202
0.50
2.74**
.065
.173
0.65
2.31*
-.283
.725
.146
.257
.284
.245
-3.97***
6.49***
0.72
1.77#
2.57*
2.14*
-.344
.715
.097
.298
.318
.220
-4.46***
6.32***
0.45
2.03*
2.82**
1.81#
-.239
-1.87#
-1.049
-2.33*
Child:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Birthplace (Spain)
-School Type (Private)
-Year in School
-Knowledge of Spanish
(KSI)
-City of Residence
(Barcelona)
National Origin 3 :
-Argentina
42
Table 4-A (Cont.)
Predictors
I
Coeff. 1
Constant
Wald Chi Sq.
Pseudo R2
N
-1.571
19.69**
.010
1592
II
Z-ratio
-3.13
Coeff. 2
-2.495
III
Z-ratio
-4.31
50.46***
.025
1563
Coeff. 2
.079
105.94***
.059
1508
IV
Z-ratio
0.07
Coeff. 2
.956
Z-ratio
0.74
123.38***
.069
1507
1. See Appendix for variable measurement.
2. Binomial logistic regression coefficients.
3. Dummy variables for 17 different nationalities are included in Step IV; only significant coefficients are presented.
# p
* P
** p
*** p
< .10
< .05
< . 01
< .001
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Second Generation (ILSEG)
43
Table 4-B Determinants of Occupational Expectations among Second Generation Youths in Spain, 2010
Predictors 1
I
Coeff.
2
II
t
Coeff. 2
III
t
Coeff. 2
IV
t
Coeff. 2
t
Parent:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Years of Spanish
Residence
-Nationality (Spanish)
-Both Parents Present
-Socio-economic Status
(PSES)
-Knowledge of Spanish
(PKSI)
-School Involvement
(PSII)
-Educational Aspirations
-Educational Expectations
-.016
-2.529
-.002
-0.05
-0.53
-0.01
-3.252
-5.826
7.711
5.249
.116
2.773
-.058
0.37
-0.56
-0.20
.075
-8.033
-.706
0.24
-1.56
-2.11*
.110
-7.681
-.403
0.38
-1.45
-1.33
-0.82
-1.24
4.16***
-3.561
-5.953
4.650
-0.91
-1.26
2.25*
-4.214
-7.625
2.643
-1.03
-1.56
1.25
-3.475
-7.126
3.259
0.80
-1.62#
1.47
2.09*
2.750
1.15
.735
0.25
.219
0.07
.447
0.14
.453
0.15
-.573
-0.16
2.762
8.601
0.49
2.54*
.410
5.366
0.07
1.60#
-.703
4.828
-0.11
1.44
-7.111
11.920
13.848
1.773
10.551
12.776
-3.20***
2.88**
1.42
0.48
3.85***
3.02**
Child:
-Age
-Gender (Female)
-Birthplace (Spain)
-School Type (Private)
-Year in School
-Knowledge of Spanish
(KSI)
-City of Residence
(Barcelona)
National Origin 3 :
-Argentina
-6.765
12.472
16.620
2.414
11.273
11.888
4.065
-22.562
-2.91**
3.01**
1.45
0.66
3.82***
2.92**
1.19
-1.85#
44
Table 4-B (Cont.)
Predictors
I
Coeff.
Constant
F
R2
N
142.824
5.17***
.010
1615
II
t
9.07
III
Coeff. 2
t
119.664
7.14
6.63***
.020
1588
Coeff. 2
176.369
8.78***
.043
1530
IV
t
Coeff. 2
t
5.38
183.694
3.89
4.96***
.056
1529
1. See Appendix for variable measurement.
2. Ordinary least squares unstandardized coefficients with robust standard errors.
3. Dummy variables for 17 different nationalities are included in Step IV; only significant coefficients are presented.
# p
* P
** p
*** p
< .10
< .05
< . 01
< .001
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Second Generation (ILSEG)
45
Figure 1
A Structural Model of Ambition in the Spanish Second Generation, 20101
Parents
Children
Gender
Socio-economic
Status
.108
-.038
.298
Age .678
Parental Ambition
.240
.157
Knowledge
Of
Spanish
.564
.795
Educ. Asp.
Educ. Exp.
Year in
School
.171
-.350
.420
.193
.253
Knowledge
Of
Spanish
Children’s
Ambition
.146
.796 ..868
.329 .290
Ed. Asp.
Ed.
Exp.
CFI = .934
Occ.
Asp.
.933
.936
.829
Pw2
Py2
P z2
Occ.
Exp.
TLI = .910
BIC = 51949.06
RMSEA = .06
1.
Standardized effects
2.
P variables are residual effects, estimated as P =
i
1 – R 2, where i represents each endogenous variable.
i
Source: Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation (ILSEG)
46