Dr. Andreas G Koestler Sep 2010, fontes as, www.fontes.no

Sky News
Haiti January 13, 2010
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Haiti – first days: video from UN-OCHA
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Sky News:
January 13 th , 2010
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Bel Air
Situation before
Damaged House
Drainage channels
Spontaneous tents
President Palace
Airport
For photos press circle!
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Damage assessment

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President Palace in the center of Port au Prince with numerous improvised settlements on the roads and open spaces around.

Typical drainage channel in the lower parts of Port of
Prince, obviously functioning as sewers and solid waste collectors. The situation before the earthquake was obviously quite similar.
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Tons and tons of relief goods – immense challenge for airport and logistic staff.
Transport to sites of need is crucial and time limiting factor.
SAR teams
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Spontaneous and informal tent camps for people for the surroundings. Often such areas lack all infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation facilities or solid waste collection.

Demolition of concrete buildings during search and rescue. Some of the concrete was so poorly prepared with cement that the earthquake made it fall out between iron bars.
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Topo map of
Haiti
WASH Assessment
WatSan situation
Hazard – Risk -
Vulnerability
222,570 people died, 300,572 were injured. 188,383 houses collapsed or were damaged, of which 105,000 were completely destroyed.
60% of government, administrative and economic infrastructure destroyed, including the Presidential Palace,
Parliament and the Cathedral.
25% of remaining houses in Port au
Prince are so damaged they require demolition.
23% of all schools in Haiti affected, with
80% in the affected area destroyed or damaged.
More than half the hospitals in the affected area destroyed or damaged.
Disaster
Relief
SitRep
ACT
Alert
OCHA
SitRep
16/1-10
Haiti Earthquake
OCHA
SitRep
3/2-10
IFRC
One months on..
Interview
ICRC
Geological background
Damage Assessment
Field Assessment
SAR phase
SitRep What is this?
Save the
Children
Audio
Webcast
2
Disaster
Recovery
Interest for
WatSan situation before
6
Report
8 months later
8
Report
19 months later
months

Exercises
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List all pre-earthquake natural hazards:
Use the topographic map and general knowledge about the
Caribbean setting.
Potentially use
Google-Earth. Check later on with information from the web.
Exercises: Natural Hazards - Risk Maps
List additional risks of any type, with especial focus on risks released by the earthquake.
Topo map of
Haiti
Physical map of
Central America
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Topographic Map of Haiti
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Click for looking at satellite image of this area
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Haiti border with Dominican Republic: note differences!
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Map

Physical Map of Central Americas
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+ =
Boy playing at the riverside of Euphrates not knowing anything about his risks!
Looking more into risk reduction!
Click
here
!
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How can the vulnerability of people be effectively reduced?
Improving of housing, location of housing, etc.
Leaning to react, early warning, be prepared
Web link to
ISDR
Flooding in South Sudan

 Send the first Sitrep as early as possible, and send subsequent sitreps daily with whatever information is available at the time.
 Do not delay because certain information is lacking; send it next time.
 A Sitrep should be sent once a day unless specified otherwise.
 Remember, a Sitrep is processed information and carries considerable credibility.
 It should be informative, authoritative and timely - especially in the current age of instant media access to disaster sites.
they are affected, to which degree, what is already being done, and how many people there are in the area altogether. “5,000 houses damaged” conveys little information, The “damage” may be minimal or total. Use the guidelines given in the assessment checklist.
Exercises
Check list from UN
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Exercise: Write a SitRep
Write a SitRep of the most recent disaster or accident close to you, where more than
2 casualties or involved persons had to be reported.
Use only 20 minutes!
Remember that somebody will use the information for further action. Give contact details for follow-up.
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Pakistan Floods, August 2010
Photo AFP, BBC News
Extended exercise

Use the internet: find most recent information about developments in the famine at the Horn of
Africa. Compile most relevant information for the following purpose:
Plan for purchase of goods/food: how much is needed where?
What are the most pressing needs and how can they be met (formulate own ideas and concepts, test them critically against realistic constraints).
Present situation, way forward and challenges.
ACAPS secondary data
Find more data on Relief-Web: http://reliefweb.int/horn-africa-crisis2011
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WASH Assessment
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Manual from IFRC
On PHAST
Manual on emergency assessments
IFRC
Assessment is a vital element of the programme planning process. It provides the information on which decisions will be made. Whilst good information does not guarantee a good programme, poor information almost certainly guarantees a bad one.
The use of a standard methodology means that the information obtained through the assessment can be compared with data collected during previous assessments.

WASH Assessment
Check list:
(Develop a check list before you leave for field mission)
Check IFRC emergency assessment guidelines
First WASH SitRep from Haiti
WASH Training
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Components of a typical WatSan training
WASH Cluster coordination
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UN cluster approach
Sectoral Objectives
To reduce health risks related to unsafe water, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene practices for affected populations particularly children and women.
From OCHA
Flash appeal
Strategy and proposed activities
• In collaboration with PAHO/WHO, national authorities and other partners, needs assessment will continue while immediate identified water and sanitation needs will be addressed.
• Establish coordination and information management mechanisms with all stakeholders including technical support to the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and
Communications(MTPTC), NGOs and local partners.
• The definition of monitoring indicators in coordination with community and institutional partners will be set up. Regular field visits will be organised by UNICEF, Ministère des Travaux
Publics, Transports et Communications (MTPTC) and partners.
• Provide or ensure safe quality water supply and sanitation and hand-washing facilities at schools and health posts.
• Establish, improve and expand safe water systems and sanitation facilities.
• Establish regular hygiene promotion activities and disseminate key hygiene messages on water- and excreta-related diseases.
• Providing safe water directly to the affected population will be the main strategy to address immediate needs..
• Particular activities proposed include:
• Production and distribution of safe drinking water.
• Provision of safe drinking water, water containers and hygiene kits etc.
• Provision of water and sanitation materials.
• Rehabilitation of water systems; cleaning and chlorination of wells; vector control with technologies that mitigate future risk.
• Construction /rehabilitation of household latrines, with technologies that mitigate future risk..
• Emergency rehabilitation of water and sanitation systems will be undertaken in the areas where the most damage has occurred.
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UNOCHA Flash Appeal
Expected Outcomes o Safe access to access to safe drinking water and water and sanitation facilities.
o Population sensitised on good hygiene practice.
o Minimisation of excess mortality and morbidity o Water and sanitation systems rehabilitated using risk mitigating technologies.
o
Public sites cleaned-up and rendered accessible for provision of basic services.
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The Cluster Approach operates at two levels. At the global level, the aim is to strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies by designating global Cluster Leads and ensuring that there is predictable leadership and accountability in all the main sectors or areas of activity. At the country level, the aim is to ensure a more coherent and effective response by mobilizing groups of agencies, organizations and NGOs to respond in a strategic manner across all key sectors or areas of activity, each sector having a clearly designated lead, as agreed by the Humanitarian Coordinator and the Humanitarian Country
Team.
More information about cluster after the
Humanitarian Relief
Reform on the web
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More than 4000 physical structures were destroyed or damaged in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, by the magnitude 7 earthquake that struck the country on 12 January 2010. About
2000 residential buildings have partially or totally collapsed and the same number of buildings shows severe damage. A number of critical infrastructures such as government buildings, educational structures and hospitals have collapsed or are severely damaged. These are the preliminary findings of a rapid damage assessment carried out by the JRC based on the analysis of very high resolution satellite imagery acquired before and after the disaster.
Damage assessment
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SAR – Search and Rescue
INSARAG is a global network of more than 80 countries and disaster response organisations under the United Nations umbrella. INSARAG deals with urban search and rescue
(USAR) related issues. INSARAG aims at establishing standards for international USAR teams and methodology for international coordination in earthquake response. Members of INSARAG are both earthquake-prone and responding countries and organisations.
The INSARAG Guidelines provide guidance for the preparation and deployment of search and rescue (SAR) teams for international disaster response operations to earthquake-prone countries as well as checklists for the minimum requirements of USAR teams envisaged to deploying in international response operations. The
INSARAG Guidelines define coordination and cooperation procedures for international and national responders in major disasters.
The following phases are covered:
 Preparedness
 Activation
 Operation
 Reassignment/stand-down
 Return to home base
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ACT – ALERT – HAITI: First SitRep
Earthquake of magnitude 7.0 hits the Capital City of Haiti and Surroundings
JANUARY 14, 2010
ALERT: 02/2010 - January 14, 2010
On 12 January 2010, at 16:53pm local time, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 hit the capital city Port-au-Prince as well as the surrounding areas. It epicentre was located 20 km West of the city.
The Red Cross estimates the death toll between 45,000 to 50,000, Reuters Alertnet reports. In Port-au-Prince, it is estimated that 60 to 80% of buildings collapse. More than a million people are without shelter and no immediate prospect of accommodation in camps. These figures remain as estimates as it will take more time to have a full overview of the magnitude of the damage. Many people are sleeping outside fearing aftershocks or because homes have been reduced to rubble. The BBC reports that rescue teams and medical services are overwhelmed. There is urgent need of food and water.
ACT members in Haiti are Christian Aid, Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe (DKH), Lutheran World Federation (LWF), Interchurch
Organisation for Development Cooperation (ICCO). They reported yesterday that blocked streets continued to make needs assessments visits very difficult. Many houses in the slums have collapsed, triggered by the shallow nature of the quake. Little heavy equipment can be found to free trapped survivors, remove rubble and clear streets. Even shovels are in short supply.
Two staff, from LWF and UMCOR are among the tens of thousands feared dead, prompting requests from ACT Alliance for prayers.
The ACT Alliance will field a Rapid Support Team to reinforce the capacity of members in Haiti. The Rapid Support Team will be made up of a coordinator, a finance officer, a communicator, and a security person who are preparing to head to Haiti. As coordinator of the ACT Haiti forum, the Lutheran World Federation is taking the lead on the response.
Members of the RST are expected to stay between two and four weeks, after which time they may be replaced. The team will assist implementing members prepare their response, coordinate relief, and coordinate with other agencies on external and internal communications.
ACT member Norwegian Church Aid is preparing to send water and sanitation engineers to Haiti, as well as a communicator. A preliminary appeal, indicating the size and type of relief response, is under preparation.
Any funding indication or pledge should be communicated to Jesssie Kgoroeadira, ACT Finance Officer (jkg@actalliance.org).
ACT Alliance - Action by Churches Together is a global alliance of churches and related agencies working together for positive
and sustainable change in the lives of people affected by emergencies, poverty and injustice through coordinated and effective
humanitarian, development and advocacy work.
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Water and Sanitation
- Few days later!
A cargo plane with 36 tonnes of goods, mostly water and sanitation equipment, left Geneva airport last night (19 January).
What was it carrying and how will the equipment be used to provide clean drinking water?
The ICRC has already set up a daily water supply by trucking water into three locations in Port-au-Prince. The number of people receiving safe water through this operation doubled from 6,000 on
Monday to 12,000 by yesterday, Tuesday. The second batch of equipment that left Geneva tonight will enable our teams to double the quantity of water delivered. The equipment comprises water storage bladders, water tanks, pumps, generators, and chlorine to disinfect the water.
Water supply in Port-au-Prince was a critical issue before the earthquake. Now, with the public water network seriously damaged, we expect the problem to be far worse. Tens of thousands of people have gathered in open spaces with no access to safe water. The ICRC and other agencies have mobilized to help them.
The priority now is to provide safe water to as many people as possible as quickly as possible. The best way to do this will be to set up self-contained water storage and distribution systems at the locations where people are congregating, using the existing network wherever possible. This is a challenge, given the extent of the damage, the difficulty of moving around because of rubble, the shortage of fuel, the limited number of water tankers and the multiplicity of international and local organizations on the ground.
Access to safe water will quench thirst, improve hygiene and save lives.
Interview a few days after the earthquake on water and sanitation situation

Sanitation is already a huge problem, especially in Port-au-Prince and other urban areas.
What can the ICRC and other aid agencies do to tackle the problem? What will happen if sanitation does not improve soon?
When large numbers of people suddenly come together in densely populated areas, there is a higher risk of transmitting diseases. There have been no epidemics so far, but urgent action is needed to prevent them. The ICRC has provided latrines in several areas where people are congregating and we are working with the Haitian Red Cross on waste collection, to keep these areas as clean as possible. The ICRC is particularly worried about towns outside Port-au-Prince that have received little or no assistance so far. Helping people outside Port-au-Prince is the next challenge for the International Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
How can the ICRC and other aid agencies provide water for the thousands of people in the densely-populated urban areas of Haiti?
Repairing Port-au-Prince’s public water network is the only measure that will ensure a sustainable water supply long-term. The network is complex and qualified personnel will have to prioritize problems on the ground and coordinate their response with CAMEP, the Haitian water utility.
A water specialist with 13 years’ experience of the Port-au-Prince water network left Geneva on
18 January to join our water and habitat team in Port-au-Prince. The team’s task will be to come up with effective and innovative solutions on the ground.
Repairing the public water network will be a huge project and coordination between agencies will be essential. The ICRC has a long history of working with local authorities and will continue to support their efforts in these critical times.
Water distribution systems and health infrastructure have suffered heavy damage and repairing them is a top priority. How can the ICRC contribute to this?
Materials and equipment alone will not solve the problem. What is important is to have the right people on the spot, which is why the ICRC sent a structural engineer to Port-au-Prince the day after the earthquake. He has assessed the condition of several buildings and proposed quick repairs where necessary. He examined Cité Soleil’s main water tower on 18 January and found that the structure had suffered major damage and that the tank was leaking badly. The ICRC is
currently looking at how to repair the water system as quickly as possible.
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Robert Mardini, head of the ICRC’s water and habitat unit
Interview a few days after the earthquake on water and sanitation situation
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Further on WatSan

Q&A on Response to Haiti Earthquake
How is water affected during a disaster like this?
Underground water and sanitation pipelines and concrete water storage tanks are highly susceptible to damage from earthquakes and will likely need to be repaired or replaced.
What is the response plan to get people safe water?
The short term response typically includes bottled water and the use of high volume purification equipment. While this is expensive, it can be quickly deployed as a shortterm solution. There are many relief agencies involved in these types of efforts. The response of organizations like
Water.org involves the rehabilitation and expansion of sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure.
What is Water.org doing to help?
We will provide assistance to our local partners so that they can restore and expand water and sanitation infrastructure.
How is Water.org coordinating with other agencies?
Before the earthquake, Water.org was already coordinating with the Clinton Global Initiative, the United
Nations, and other agencies. On the ground, Water.org will work with local NGO partner organizations, consistent with our approach over the past two decades.
How has this affected Water.org’s work in Haiti?
It had made the need for safe water and sanitation even more urgent and will likely mean our focus will initially be rehabilitation, and then expansion of water services.
Web page information fro www.Water.org
…one of the hundreds of NGOs
Exercise:
How much information do you get from this webpage to further plan your actions?
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The Water & Sanitation Crisis
The water and sanitation situation in Haiti is among the most dire in the Western hemisphere. According to the
WHO/UNICEF 2008 Joint Monitoring Program report, only about 70% of urban residents and 51% of rural residents have access to improved water services.
Sanitation coverage is also very low in both urban (29%) and rural (12%) areas of the country.
How was the situation before the earthquake?
Haiti is considered a water-stressed country. Total available water resources per capita are about 1,660 cubic meters (just under the 1,700 threshold). Less than
1% of these resources are in use. Groundwater potential exists in the mountainous areas and in some coastal areas, but accessing this has been a challenge for many communities. Virtually no water treatment facilities are properly functioning for the general public in the country. Soil erosion and deforestation have also contributed to diminished water quality. Moreover, Haiti’s seasonal rainfall patterns provide too much rain for some during segments of the year and too little for others during the dry season.
Current GDP per capita is approximately $570 in nominal terms and $1,318 in purchasing power terms. An estimated 80% of people live under the poverty line.
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Drainage and sewage in Port au Prince
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Challenges??
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Sanitation solutions for staff and population

Situation before the earthquake
The New York Times
Social Conditions in Haiti
Haiti is known for its many man-made woes - its dire poverty, political infighting and proclivity for insurrection. The earthquake's devastating blows landed on an economy about one-tenth the size of
New Mexico's that was already feeble and struggling before the disaster.
The country is, by a significant margin, the poorest in the Western Hemisphere, with four out of five people living in poverty and more than half in abject poverty. Deforestation and over-farming have left much of Haiti eroded and barren, undermining subsistence farming efforts, driving up food prices and leaving the country even more vulnerable to natural disasters. Its long history of political instability and corruption has added to the turmoil.
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The United States and other countries have devoted significant humanitarian support to Haiti, financing a large United Nations peacekeeping mission that has recently reported major gains in controlling crime. International aid has also supported an array of organizations aimed at raising the country's dismal health and education levels.
Since 2008, the country's situation has worsened dramatically, as it faced food riots, government instability and a series of hurricanes that killed hundreds and battered the economy.
Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike and Tropical Storm Fay landed within the space of a month in
August and September 2008. The four storms flooded whole towns, knocked out bridges and left a destitute population in even more desperate conditions. Nationally, damages came to a total of $900 million, or nearly 15 percent of the gross domestic product. The national toll was 800 dead.
As Haitians begin to turn their attention to rebuilding a crippled economy after the earthquake, the country experienced a rapid surge in prices of crucial products.
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The WatSan situation before the earthquake

From Mission report Mai 2007
Is there an existing water and sanitation infrastructure and how is the system functioning?
The suburb Bel Air has an established water supply infrastructure. An elevated water reservoir of 1927m³ capacities in higher Bel Air at the Rue St. Come and Rue Macajou. This reservoir normally is filled three times a week through the pipeline coming Carrefour-
Delmar-Centre Ville-Bolosse, but has also a connection to the pipeline coming from Delmas-
Industrial Zone. From there, secondary pipes distribute water in Bel Air to some water kiosks and clients of Centrale Autonome Metropolitaine d'Eau Potable (CAMEP) (see map of water distribution system of Bel Air in the annex, the water supply system is also described under the planning chapter).
According to Viva Rio’s co-workers, CAMEP is not supplying at all Bel Air with water, or at least very irregularly. How far CAMEP’s system is functioning and the reasons for when it is not working should be investigated more in detail. Many, especially poorer people are deprived from access to water through the central system and are obliged to purchase water from private water vendors, trucking water with cistern trucks. A 20l bucket of water costs
2HTG according to a woman, we passed by. She than, sells the water for 4HTG per 20l bucket.
Periodically, the price for water can rise to 8 to 10HTG.
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Bel Air has a combined closed sewage and storm water system. It is not clear how far this system is still functioning. It is assumed that this system is not maintained and may have fallen into disrepair. The governmental water supply institution CAMEP is not responsible for the operation and maintenance of this system. Supposedly, the municipality of Port-au-Prince is responsible for it. We have heart that the municipality of Port-au-Prince would be a very weak governmental institution. The NCA Team assumes that the sanitation system is based on pit latrines, water flushing toilets with cess-pool and/or septic tanks and black and grey water eventually is in some cases discharged into storm-water channels. Some few open storm water channels are crossing the suburb in east-west direction. It appeared to us that there is
only a limited functioning system for solid waste management.
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Situation at Bel Air Lycee

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Water supply seems to be very sporadic and sanitation solutions very primitive at this school.
Probably the pictures are very representative for the region in town.
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How could the WatSan situation be improved? Exercise

How could the WatSan situation be improved? Exercise
Think about all approaches and solutions within a realistic framework to improve both the water supply situation and the sanitation situation. Sketch solutions and ask critical questions to your own ideas.
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Broken water supply after the earthquake
Slums in Port au Prince. What solution do you see for improved infra-structure in the future?
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Discuss critically in groups ideas, concepts, proposals and solutions.

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WatSan solutions for staff and population in town
IFRC Basecamp toilets
WatSan situation in rural areas
IFRC basecamp showers
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Cabin toilets at central square in Port au Prince for public use.

Sanitation and water supply challenges in rural areas – some solutions for temporary settlements
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Humanitarian Bulletin

Disaster Risks can be reduced by thinking in a continuum along a cycle!
Disaster
Management
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