Restrictions
Stefanie Keller & Michael Kropac, seecon international gmbh
Restrictions
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Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
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Restrictions
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Contents
1.
Concept
2.
How it can optimize SSWM
3.
Design Principles
4.
Things to consider before Applying Restrictions
5.
Applicability
6.
Advantages and Disadvantages
7.
Example
8.
References
Restrictions
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1.Concept
Where do Restrictions belong to?
 Restrictions are command and control tools that belong to the
software implementation tools in Sustainable Sanitation and Water
Management
Restrictions
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1. Concept
Command and Control Tools…
…are direct regulations of requirements, bans and rules. With
command and control tools, you only change the behaviour of people
because they want to avoid penalties for non-compliance.
Tools:
• Prohibitions
• Restrictions
• Permits
• Standards
• Etc.
Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpressengine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
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1. Concept
Restrictions
Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions
are legal tools that have a direct impact
on the forms of conduct.
In water use restrictions, public
authorities or independent regulatory
agencies establish restrictions and bans
that water users and provides are obliged
to follow.
Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpressengine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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2. How it can optimize SSWM
• Restrictions are like all other command and control tools, top-down
instruments that can be used to achieve a more sustainable water use.
• Good tool to reduce water use in punctual situations.
• Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a
sustainable use of water in the long run.
• Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that can
be applied in critical situations.
Apply the lowest restriction level as
possible to reach a targeted goal.
Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2007/2007148-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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3. Design Principles
• Restrictions are most efficient if used sporadically.
• In special cases, there are non-drought water use restrictions for all
year.
• People have to understand restrictions and see their need.
• It is essential that the compliance with restrictions can be monitored,
and non compliance can be sanctioned.
It is important to act before it is too
late.
Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2006/2006586-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]
Restrictions
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3. Design Principles
Main Implementation Actors and Target Groups
• Although their implementation may be (partly) delegated to private
bodies, the final decision on their application and eventual enforcement
measures remains with the public authorities.
• Used to influence the behaviour of any target group: individuals as well
as corporate actors or private companies. Basically, these instruments
apply in the same way to every actor or group of actors specified in the
legal norm.
• Industry and agriculture use more water than individual users, and it
can therefore help to target those groups first.
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4. Things to consider before Applying Restrictions
• Enforcement and economic mechanisms are fundamental to make
restriction instruments work.
• Implementation needs technical competence as well as human and
financial resources to control restrictions.
• Legislation must be clear, on how will be controlled and how will be
punished
• Longer-lasting reductions in different kinds of pollution or overuse are
achieved by a combination of software tools such as awareness rising,
education for specific user groups, economic tools etc.
Water Policeman in Australia
controlling that water is properly
used.
Source: http://www.ballardian.com/images/water_police.jpg
Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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5. Applicability
• Water use restrictions can be applied at different levels: national,
regional or local.
• The legal frame for establishing restrictions is different in every
country.
• Should be used in combination with other measures such as
awareness rising campaigns and Information and Education campaigns
to make people understand and see their use.
It is important to the adapt restrictions
to the local needs and demands.
Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2009/2009-014-future-water-restrictions.gif Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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6. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• Highly foreseeable
effectiveness
Disadvantages:
• Only effective if compliance
can be controlled and punished
•
Rapidly implemented, once
laws are established
•
•
Effective, to avoid penalties
for non-compliance
•
•
Long term learning effect
•
Is not a flexible tool, so it is
not empowering environmental
policies
Instrument based on
imposition do not motivate to
collaborate
High administrative and
control costs
To avoid confusions, people using other water
supplies have to signalize it in Australia.
Source:
http://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/images/Engineering%20Images/Water%20Use%20S
ign%20Picture%20%282%29.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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7. Example
Australia Drought Stages Planning
• Done in Australia at different governmental levels for many years.
•Success is due to sensitising campaigns, long experience, good
monitoring and good sanctioning systems.
When applying water restrictions, they indicate:
• Commencement and termination dates
• Description of water restriction levels and where they apply
• Definitions for each restriction level
• Water savings target and geographic area
Awareness raising campaign on TV in
Sydney, watering before 10 am.
Source:
http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/
Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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7. Example
Australia Drought Stages Planning
Reticulation
sprinklers:
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Daily
Alternate
days
3 times/week
Twice weekly
Once
weekly
Sprinkler
times:
Car washing:
Stage 7
No sprinklers
Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm
Hose watering
of gardens:
Swimming
pools:
Stage 6
Any time
No
restriction
No over-filling
No restriction
No hose watering
No topping-up
No filling
Bucket only
Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently
be applied in Western Australia
Source: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/waub2007297/sch2.html Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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8. References
KAUFMANN-HAYOZ, R.; BÄTTIG, C.; BRUPPACHER, S.; DEFILA, R.; DI GIULIO, A.; FLURY-KLEUBER, P.;
FRIEDERICH, U.; GARBELY, M.; GUTSCHER, H.; JAEGGI, C.; JEGEN, M.; MOSLER, H.J.; MUELLER, A.;
NORTH, N.; ULLI-BEER, S.; WICHTERMANN, J. (2001): A Typology of Tools for Building Sustainability
Strategies. In: Kaufmann-Hayoz, R. & Gutscher, H. (Eds.): Changing Things – Moving People. Strategies
for Promoting Sustainable Development at the Local Level. Basel: Birkhaeuser. 33-108.
PORTO, M.; LOBATO, F. (2004): Mechanisms of Water Management: Command & Control and Social
Mechanisms (Part 1 of 2). In: REGA (Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina) 1 (2), 113-129.
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (2008): Summary Report for Providing New, Ongoing and Historical
Water Information. Information about water restrictions. Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. URL:
http://www.bom.gov.au/water/regulations/report-summary.php?personid=244 [Accessed: 8.04.2010]
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Water Management & Agriculture”
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