Water Corruption
Stefanie Kaiser, seecon international gmbh
Water Corruption
1
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source
is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in
the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing
organisations.
To view an official copy of the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document
Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document.
Under the following conditions:
Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Water Corruption
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. What is Corruption?
3. Water & Corruption: A Destructive Partnership
4. Who Is Involved in Water Corruption?
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
6. References
Water Corruption
3
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
1. Introduction
Why is Corruption in the Water Sector an Issue?
 Water corruption is a cause and
catalyst for the water crisis.
Source: UNDP (2011)
Water Corruption
4
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
1. Introduction
Why is Water Corruption an Issue?
Water corruption affects all aspects
and many stakeholders of the water sector:
Water resources
management
Drinking water
Irrigation
Hydropower
Sanitation services
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2008)
Water Corruption
5
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. What is Corruption?
Source: QUINO (n.y.)
Water Corruption
-->
6
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. What is Corruption?
Source: QUINO (n.y.)
Water Corruption
7
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. What is Corruption?
Source: RODRIGO (2009)
 “Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2009)
Water Corruption
8
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
2. What is Corruption?
Definition
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability KLITGAART (1988)
Corruption can entail acts of:
• Omission or commission
• Legal or illegal activities
• Internally in the organisation (e.g. embezzlement) or externally (e.g.
extortion)
 Corruption leads to inefficiency, injustice and inequity.
Adapted from KLITGAART et al. (1996)
Water Corruption
9
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive Partnership
Water crisis
cause
catalyst
Water corruption
Source: http://ethanolfamine.com/
water.jpg [Accessed: 06.11.2012]
 Water corruption catalyses the worldwide water sector crisis:
• Removes investment
• Diverts finance from the maintenance of infrastructure
• Charges escalated costs and bribes for drinking water from the
poor.
• Discourages the society in believing in a well functioning water
sector. Adapted from PLUMMER (2008)
Water Corruption
10
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive Partnership
Water crisis
cause
catalyst
Water corruption
Source: http://ethanolfamine.com/
water.jpg [Accessed: 06.11.2012]
 Water crisis is a crisis of governance:
• Misuse of power & authority
• Low accountability
• Institutional dysfunction
• Low transparency
• Poor financial management
• Low participation
PLUMMER (2000); WIN (2011)
Water Corruption
11
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
3. Water and Corruption: A Destructive Partnership
The Impact of Corrupt Practices Can Also Be Environmental
•
Increased pollution
•
Depleted groundwater
•
Increased salinity
•
Increased deforestation and desertification
PLUMMER (2008)
Water Corruption
12
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
4. Who is Involved in Water Corruption?
It’s not only the politicians!
Corrupt politicians. Source: UNKNOWN (n.y.)
It includes a wide range of stakeholders:
• International actors (donor
representatives and companies)
• Construction companies
• Consultancy firms and suppliers
• Large and small operators
• A range of middlemen
Water Corruption
• Consumers
• Civil Society Organisations
• National/ regional/ local politicians
• Civil servants and utility staff
• Enforcement Bodies
Adapted from PLUMMER & CROSS (2006)
13
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
..
How
to Fight Against Water Corruption? An Overview
• Identifying corruption risks
• Anti-corruption laws and institutions
• Improve transparency and access to information
• Strengthening accountability
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
 The fight against water corruption is crucial for development in
the water and sanitation sector.
Water Corruption
14
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Identifying Corruption Risks
The water sector needs to be better informed on corruption
risks:
• By assessing potential corruption risks.
• Link identified corruption risks to actions against corruption.
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
Water Corruption
15
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Anti-Corruption Laws and Institutions
• Anti-corruption laws, i.e. legal definitions of criminal offences,
authorities which investigate infractions and enforce laws when
they are violated.
• International conventions as advocacy tools (e.g. UN Convention
Against Corruption)
• Institutional reforms (e.g. decentralisation, stakeholder
participation, private sector participation, a new goal for the
organisation)
• Strengthening accountability through anti-corruption agencies,
ombudsmen, public auditors, judiciaries, the media and NGOs
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
Water Corruption
16
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Tools to Improve Transparency and Access to Information
• Public meetings with stakeholders and citizens (including a
facilitator, e.g. a NGO)
• “Access-to-information”-laws
• Community participation methodologies (e.g. participatory appraisal,
community mapping)
• Raising citizens’ voice by cooperation with local action groups.
• Participatory budgeting
• Complaints and ombudsman’s offices
• Monitored procurement
 Promoting access to information is a key tool for strengthening
transparency.
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
Water Corruption
17
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Some Simple Actions to Improve Water Integrity
• Keep technologies and designs as simple, practical and relevant
as possible.
• Plan water service with the community, involving leaders, rich
and poor, men as well as women.
• Simplify information, plans, designs, reports and accounts so
that they are understandable by all stakeholders.
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
Water Corruption
18
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Strategies for Strengthening Accountability
• Working on parallel fronts to influence policies and laws, their
implementation and monitoring, support of action groups,
community participation, research and tools, etc.
• Preventive and positive approaches to ensure that individuals
and institutions are willing to improve accountability.
• Collaboration and partnerships: always work with a number and
mix of actors from the government, the public and private sector,
as well as formal and informal groups.
• Awareness raising and capacity building of institutions and their
personnel.
• Clarifying responsibilities in private and governmental sector.
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY et al. (n.y.)
Water Corruption
19
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
5. Anti-Corruption: Training Manual on Water Integrity
Time to wake up. Source: http://www.wsp.org/about/Cartoon%20Calendars/2006%20Calendar [Accessed: 16.01.2013]
Water Corruption
20
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
References
ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU, MAHARASHTRA (n.y.): Flyer Don‘t Give, Don‘t Take. URL:
http://agarwalad.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/anti_corruption_poster.257140335_large.jpg [Accessed:
21.11.2012]
KLITGAART, R. (1988): Controlling Corruption. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
KLITGAART, R.; MACLEAN-ABAROA, R.; PARRIS, H.L. (1996): A Practical Approach to Dealing With Municipal Malfeasance.
Urban Management Programme. Marrakech: UNDP/UNCHS/WORLD BANK. URL:
http://www.bezkorupce.cz/documents/studie/klitgaard-parris-strategie-pro-mesta.pdf [Accessed: 22.11.2012].
PLUMMER, J. (2008): Water and corruption: a destructive partnership. In: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (Editor) (2008):
Global Corruption Report 2008. Corruption in the Water Sector. New York. URL:
http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32994/505946 [Accessed: 07.01.2010].
PLUMMER, J.; CROSS, P. (Editor) (2006): Tackling Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sector in Africa. Starting the
Dialogue. In: Campos, E. ; Pradhan, S. (Editor) (2007): The Many Faces of Corruption. Tracking Vulnerabilities at the
Sector Level. Washington D.C.
RODRIGO (2009). Corruption. URL: http://www.toonpool.com/user/1631/files/corruption_664345.jpg [Accessed:
02.11.2012].
QUINO (n.y.). Corruption. URL: http://razzmatazz.mgis.in/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/corruption.jpg [Accessed:
22.11.2012].
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (Editor) (2008): Global Corruption Report 2008. Corruption in the Water Sector. New York:
Cambridge University Press. URL: http://www.transparency.org/content/download/32994/505946 [Accessed:
07.01.2010].
Water Corruption
21
Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.
References
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2009): The Anti-Corruption Plain Laguage Guide. Berlin: Transparency International. URL:
http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/pub/the_anti_corruption_plain_language_guide [Accessed: 16.01.2013]
UNDP (2011): Fighting Corruption in the Water Sector: Methods, Tools and Good Practices. New York: United Nations
Development Programme. URL: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/anticorruption/fighting_corruptioninthewatersector.html [Accessed: 08.01.2013].
UNKNOWN (n.y.): Corrupt politicians. URL: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W7kKcXQGgYc/Tuty2inekI/AAAAAAAACC8/5hqqq242hc0/s1600/Corrupt+Politicians.jpg [Accessed: 21.11.2012]
WATER GOVERNANCE FACILITY; WATER INTEGRITY NETWORK; WATERNET; CAP-NET (n.y.): Training Manual on Water
Integrity. New York: United Nations Development Programme. URL:
http://www.watergovernance.org/sa/node.asp?node=1095 [Accessed: 08.01.2013].
WIN (2011): TAP risk map of water supply. Assessing Transparency, Accountability and Participation (TAP) in the
relationships of stakeholders in local water supply. Berlin: Water Integrity Network. URL:
http://www.waterintegritynetwork.net/images/stories/WIN_Library/Tool_Sheets/Tool_Sheet_TAPrisk.pdf [Accessed:
16.01.2013]
Water Corruption
22
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an
initiative
supported by:
Created
by:
Water Corruption
23