United States History
Chapter 15
The Spirit of Reform
1820-1860
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American Literature and Art
Early America used the art and literature that they brought with them from other
_____________________.
Soon, though America began developing her own __________________ and
voice in literature and art.
Famous American Writers: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
James Fennimore Cooper, Herman _________________, Edger Allen Poe
Notable American Scientists
__________________ advanced during this time period
Using the __________________ _________________, men and women began
to study creation and discover more deeply how things worked.
Medicine, astronomy, physics, physical sciences and geology all took
_________________ forward.
Early Education in the U.S.
In the 1830’s reformers began demanding better schools
________________ School Movement – Led by Horace Mann, wanted to raise
the standards of schools across the country and pay for them through taxes.
Most people didn’t pay any ______________in the 1830’s and they didn’t
support paying a school tax
Minorities Education
____________________ only received a basic education if any (they were
taught morals & manners)
___________________ Americans were generally not allowed any education
(some exceptions existed on the lower levels)
Hearing & Visually ____________________ were also not educated prior to
the early 1800’s
– 1817 the first school for the hearing impaired opened, and in 1831 the first
school for the blind opened.
Prison Reform
In the early 1800’s many wanted to reform ___________________.
Focus turned from _____________________ to reforming prisoners.
Most reform came through work and _____________________ study.
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Mentally Ill
Dorothea __________ studied the New England prison systems for two years.
She investigated hundreds of ___________________.
Her greatest achievement was convincing many states to open hospitals for the
mentally __________, and stop treating them as _______________________.
Temperance Movement
In the early 1800’s many saw ______________________________ as a
primary reason for higher crime rates, poverty, and abuse.
The __________________________ movement was a campaign against
drinking alcohol.
The movement called for the _____________________, or banning, of alcohol
all together.
Southerners really pushed for prohibition
1851 Maine banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol, several other states
followed.
Second Great Awakening
• This was a time period were people wanted to renew religious faith and
______________ the evils of society.
• Religious groups and revival meetings increased, and thousands of new
________________________ were created.
• Charles Finney was influential as a “_________________preacher” (or
traveling preacher).
• This era saw the birth of “_______________________________ Theology”.
• Many different denominations and sects began during this time as a split
emerged from Christian ____________________________.
• Examples of groups: ____________________, Shakers, Campbellites, Seventhday Adventist, The _________________ Community.
• Communal groups or communal living became a popular idea from some
groups in attempt to create a “__________________” here on Earth.
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Antislavery Movement
By 1840 nearly ___________ million slaves were in the south.
South depended on slave labor.
Northern states ______________________________ slavery by 1804 and
slaves tried to escape to the north.
Antislavery movement began with the _____________________ in 1775
By _____________ antislavery groups were popping up all over the U.S.
American ________________________ Society was established in 1817.
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Created a colony for ___________ blacks in West Africa called Liberia
Most free blacks didn’t want to leave the U.S. and felt like this was an
attempt to remove free blacks and their ______________________ to
slavery from the U.S.
Abolitionists
____________________________ were people who wanted to end slavery
They demanded the immediate __________________________, or freeing, of
slaves.
Abolitionists created the American _____________________________ Society
in 1835.
There were many famous abolitionists:
– William Lloyd ______________________, Angelina & Sarah Gimke, Elijah
Lovejoy, Horace Greeley, Wendell Phillips, & Sojourner______________
– Most famous was ___________________________ Douglas
• A former ________________ that escaped in 1838 and began writing and
preaching about the brutality of slavery.
Underground Railroad
• This was not a real railroad, but a series of “_____________houses” called
stations, that were used to transport runaway slaves from the south to the north.
• _________________________ were those that helped guide runaway slaves
from station to station.
• The most famous conductor was _____________________ ________________
– Former slave that returned to the south _______ times and led over 300
slaves out of the south.
– Slave ______________________ offered a $40,000 reward for her dead or
alive.
Response to Anti-Slavery
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Many northerners _____________________ the movement
They did business with the south and ___________________ that this would
hurt business
– Northern factory workers ________________ that freed slaves would come
north and take their jobs
– Abolitionist speakers were __________, ridiculed, attacked, and some killed
• South
– Southerners ____________________________ slavery
– Southern way of life was ____________________________.
– Southerners wanted abolitionist materials suppressed by the government
• The Anti-Slavery Movement helped ______________ the gap between the
North & the South
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Women’s Rights Movement
______________________ were a large part of the Anti-Slavery Movement.
As they fought for _______________________, many women began to
question their own social status
Women could not ____________, hold public office, _______________ in
public, & their husbands owned all property.
Movement Begins
• 1840 ________________ women from the U.S. attended the World AntiSlavery Convention in London.
– They were not allowed to _______________ the convention.
– Two of those women decided to form a convention back in America and
make a stand for women’s rights
• Lucretia Coffin _______________ & Elizabeth Cady _______________formed
the Seneca Falls Convention eight years later.
Seneca Falls Convention
• July 19, 1848 the first women’s rights convention was held in ______________
________________, New York
• They created the Seneca Falls Declaration which said “all men and women are
created equal”
– They attached many _________________, one of which was the right to
vote (__________________).
• This was a bold move that narrowly passed at the convention
• Women ________________win all things that they wanted, but some states
began to slowly give women more rights, such as ___________________
ownership
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Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony
___________ ______________ was a large part of the Women’s Rights
movement.
– She paid her own way through college (some help from her ___________)
– Stone became a public speaker for the women’s rights movement in 1847.
___________________ B. ______________________ brought experience and
organization skills to the movement
She had participated in the Temperance and Anti-Slavery movements
Became _________________________ of the American Woman Suffrage
Association
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