SOCIALIZATION
WHAT MAKES US HUMAN?
© Robert J. Atkins, Ph.D.
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NATURE OR NURTURE?
• Feral children
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IS SOCIAL EXPERIENCE CRUCIAL IN
FORMING PERSONALITY?
• Anna & Isabelle
• Effect of minimal human contact
• Without social experience, a child is incapable of thought
or meaningful action
• Institutionalized patient
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WHAT ABOUT ISOLATION IN OTHER
SPECIES?
• Harlow monkey studies
• Isolation produced permanent developmental
damage in both humans and monkeys
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DO YOU REMEMBER?
• What did feral children show us?
• What did Anna and Isabelle show us?
• What did the Harlow monkey studies show us?
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WHAT ARE THE RESULTS OF
SOCIALIZATION?
• Personality
• Thought
• The social self
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Ask yourself…
HOW DID I DEVELOP MY
PERSONALITY?
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PERSONALITY
• Sigmund Freud
• Id = Basic drives
• Sex & violence
• Ego = Balance
• Balances demands of society and
pleasure-seeking drives
• Superego = Conscience
• Culture
• Humans internalize social
norms
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HOW DID YOU LEARN TO THINK AND
REASON?
• Jean Piaget
• Cognition (thinking)
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What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive
development?
• Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
• Object permanence
• Preoperational stage (2-7)
• Use of language
• Egocentric
• Concrete operations stage (7-12)
• Logic develops
• Conservation of matter
• Formal operations
• Abstract thought - imagine alternatives
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WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE?
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WHAT IS YOUR SOCIAL SELF?
• George H. Mead’s idea
• The “self” comes from social experience
• Self-awareness and self image
• Generalized other
• Cultural norms & values we use as a reference in evaluating
ourselves.
• “Taking the role of the other”
• Imaging the situation from another person’s point of view
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How do you develop the “Generalized
Other”?
• Imitation
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Play
• Game
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Generalized other
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WHAT IS ANOTHER IDEA ABOUT YOUR
SOCIAL SELF?
• Charles H. Cooley’s idea
• The Looking-glass Self
• People see themselves the way they think others
see them.
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DO YOU REMEMBER?
• What are Freud’s three parts of the personality?
What does each do?
• How did Mead think you developed your self
image?
• How did Cooley think you developed your self
image?
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What do you think is good – bad – right –
wrong?
• How did you develop your morality?
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What are the stages in Kolberg’s moral
reasoning?
• Pre-Conventional (0-9 yrs)
• Self interest
• Avoid punishment
• Conventional (To adolescence)
• Upholding laws
• Post-conventional (Adult)
• “What is right”
• Ethical principles
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CAN YOU BE RE-SOCIALIZED?
• Re-socialization
• Goffman = Re-socialization is breaking down an old identity,
then building a new identity
• Total institutions
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Used to radically changing a personality
Cult
Military boot camp
Prison
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DO YOU REMEMBER?
• What are the stages in Kolberg’s development of
moral reasoning?
• Why do people do what they think is right in each
of these stages?
• What is the process of re-socialization?
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