Comprehensive Final Focus
1. Negative feedback vs. positive feedback mechanisms
2. Forms of stored energy used by cells
3. Enzymes: what types of molecules they are, what they
do
4. pH, acids, bases, buffers
5. The structure of the cell membrane; the roles of
membrane proteins
6. Movement of particles/water: diffusion, osmosis &
hydrostatic pressure
7. How stuff gets in and out of cells: what types of
materials can pass across the membrane without help,
what materials need proteins or vesicles to pass, leak
channels, facilitated diffusion, active transport,
vesicular transport
8. The Na+-K+ exchange pump
9. Serous membranes
10.
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes &
osteoprogenitor cells (roles)
11.
Hormones affecting bone growth and maintenance
12.
Skeletal muscle cell contraction events
13.
Muscle energetics
14.
Nervous system organization (systems & divisions)
15.
Membrane potentials: resting, depolarized,
hyperpolarized. The movement of which ions leads to
depolarization? The movement of which ions leads to
hyperpolarization? Don’t worry about the details of
the events in the action potential of a neuron.
16.
Events at a synaptic terminal when an action
potential reaches it
17.
Absolute refractory period; what it is and its
significance in cardiac muscle
18.
All roles of Ca2+ discussed thus far
19.
Relative concentrations between the extracellular
fluid and intracellular fluid of: Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+,
proteins20.
Effects of sympathetic activity on body functions
(ie, increased heart rate, nutrient mobilization, etc)
and Nt used on effectors
21.
Effects of parasympathetic activity on body
functions and Nt used on effectors
22.
Know the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland
23.
Related to the above, understand the GnRH/FSH, LH system.
Know the target cells of GnRH and its effect on them and the target cells of
FSH and LH and their effects.
24.
Know which hormone classes enter cells and activate genes, and
which use second messengers to activate proteins. Know the best
understood 2nd messenger by name (cAMP). Know 2nd messenger
systems rely on a cascade of activations that end in the activation (or
inactivation) of the target protein, but don't focus on the actual events.
25.
Know the renin-Angiotensin activation system
26.
Know what the receptor cells are called in the senses of hearing,
equilibrium, sight, taste and smell; understand what stimulates them (ex,
fluid movement, light, chemical binding); ex, in hearing, the receptor cells
are mechanoreceptors called hair cells, and they are stimulated indirectly
by fluid movement.
27. Know where RBC and WBC are made, know the significance of erythropoietin
(what effect it has on RBC production)
28. Know the significance of fibrin.
29. Know that pacemaker cells set the basic rhythm of the heart, and that contraction
is caused by ions travelling through gap junctions of adjacent cells. Know that the
atria are mostly electrically isolated from the ventricles, so that they contract
before the ventricles. Don't worry about the specific ions, gates, etc.
30. Know the effect that the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, and thyroid
hormone and E/NE have on heart rate and contractility.
31.
Understand complete tetanus vs. twitch, know
which is most common in skeletal muscle and cardiac
muscle
32.
Know the significance of P, QRS and T waves on an
ECG
33.
Understand how all of the following are related
(and, when appropriate, where structures are located)
in terms of coordinating heart rate, blood pressure
and respiration: chemoreceptors in the aortic and
carotid bodies and at the medulla; cardiovascular
centers; respiratory centers; sympathetic division,
parasympathetic division, JG cells, NE, Ach, renin,
ANP, CO2.
34.
Mechanisms of venous return
35.
Capillary dynamics (BCOP, CHP, etc)
36.
Understand why air enters the lungs from the
atmosphere; understand why CO2 and O2 move in the
directions they do (comparing alveoli with blood with
tissues)
37. Know the 3 ways CO2 is transported through the blood,
understand the bicarbonate system
38. Know that the proteases all have to be activated; know ONLY pepsin in terms of
the inactive form and how it's activated
39.
How do parietal cells make HCl
40.
List the digestive enzymes we covered and state what they
hydrolyze and what is produced. (ex, amylase hydrolyzes starch into
maltase). Know where each enzyme is released, and where in the GI tract
certain types of nutrients are being chemically digested.
41. List several functions of hepatocytes.
42. What's the function of bile in digestion? Where is it stored? Where is it made?
43. What endocrine products does the pancreas make? Exocrine? Where does it send
the exocrine products?
44. What do the terms filtration, reabsorption and secretion mean? Where does
filtration occur in the kidneys?
45.
What effect do PTH, ADH, ANP and Angiotensin II have on the
kidneys? What other effects do these hormones have (ie, in other parts of
the body)?
46.
How is blood pH regulated?