IDENTIFY THE PATTERN
UNIT 4
WITH YOUR GROUP, PLEASE:
1. State what your pattern is (e.g. LISTING,
SEQUENCE, COMPARISON, etc.)
2. Show an example paragraph of your
pattern from the book
3. Explain when/why we use that pattern
4. Is there any language that helps us
recognize that pattern?
5. Get ready to explain your pattern to other
groups.
CAUSE AND EFFECT, P 181: STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
 States that something causes something else—or is
caused by something else
e.g.
1. Stress at work can cause loss of sleep.
2. Loss of sleep can be caused by stress.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 Explains/gives examples of the causes and/or
effects
CAUSE AND EFFECT, P 181:
COMMON LANGUAGE
When the cause comes first:
cause, create, make, produce, influence, contribute
to, lead to, result in
When the effect comes first:
be due to, be caused by, be the result of, be the
consequence of, result from
LISTING, P 173
•A. Structure
•B. Common language
LISTING, P 173: STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
=generalization and tells you to expect a list of facts
or ideas
e.g. In the Trobriand Islands, the yam (a root
vegetable) is important in several ways.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
LISTING, P 173: COMMON LANGUAGE
FOR THE MAIN IDEA:
• Many, several, a lot of, some, a few, a number of,
various, all kinds of
FOR THE SUPPORTING DETAILS:
• First…, In addition/Additionally…, Finally/Lastly…
• One (way the yam is important is…)…, Another ….,
A final…
SEQUENCE, P 175
•A. Structure
•B. Common language
SEQUENCE, P 175: STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
describes sequence of events OR steps that
happen in a certain order
1. Franklin Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United
States, served his country for most of his life.
2. Doing laundry is not difficult./Doing laundry is a
simple process.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 the events or steps that follow
SEQUENCE, P 175: COMMON
LANGUAGE
FOR THE MAIN IDEA:
For events: A word or phrase that refers to a
date, time or period:
• 1945, life, was born, history, began, career, a
long time
For a process:
• How to, doing, prepare, process, steps
SEQUENCE, P 175: COMMON
LANGUAGE
FOR THE SUPPORTING DETAILS:
For events:
A date, a time, the age of a person, or phrases with
time: early in the morning, two o’clock, for an hour
For a process:
Phrases that tell about the order of events or steps
• First…, Second…, Then…, Next…, Finally…
• before, while, now, after, last
COMPARISON, P. 179
•A. Structure
•B. Common language
COMPARISON, P. 179: STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
presents two or more things, people or ideas and
says how they are similar, different or both
In most ways, Ukrainian cooking is different from
Japanese cooking.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 the specific similarities and/or differences between
the two things compared
COMPARISON, P. 179: STRUCTURE
MAIN IDEA
usually includes the two things that will be compared
and the fact that they are mostly similar, mostly different,
or both (if the paragraph will discuss both)
SUPPORTING DETAILS
Words that show similarity:
alike, like, similar, same, also, both, too, in the same way, in
common
Words that show difference:
different, unlike, but, however, although, while, whereas,
on the other hand, in contrast, rather, instead
PROBLEM/SOLUTION, P. 184
•A. Structure
•B. Common language
PROBLEM/SOLUTION, P. 184:
STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
presents a problem of some kind
In many developing countries, homes do not
have electricity and people do not own
refrigerators.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 Explains and gives details about the problem,
then explains and gives details about a solution
to the problem
PROBLEM/SOLUTION, P. 184:
COMMON LANGUAGE
Words that indicate a problem:
problem, situation, trouble, crisis, issue,
question, dilemma
Words that indicate a solution:
solution, solve, resolution, resolve,
decide