Chem 131 Final Exam Review: Roadmap
1. Learning Objectives
2. Functional Groups
3. Nomenclature
4. Organic Reactions
5. Drawing Molecules
6. Isomers
7. Chirality
8. Acetals & Hemiacetals
9. Carboxylic Acid acid/base chemistry
10. Alkaloids
11. Types of Lipids
12. Carbohydrates: chirality & cyclic forms
13. Amino Acids & Proteins
14. Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
15. Protein synthesis
16. Coenzymes
17. Citric Acid Cycle
18. Metabolism Overview
19. Glycolysis
Learning Objectives Chapter 11-15
 Difference between organic and inorganic molecules
 Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, alkynes,
 Name characteristic features of organic compounds
aromatic compounds
 Draw organic compounds, including skeletal structures  Alkene, Alkyne, Aromatic nomenclature
 Identify common bond types, angles, and molecule
shapes
 Stereoisomers
 Addition Reactions
 Name functional groups
 Polymers
 Understand polarity and its effect on solubility and
 Substitution Reactions
boiling point
 Name organic compounds with carbon-heteroatom
 Explain the difference between fat and water soluble
vitamins
 Describe alkane characteristics
single bonds (oxygen, halogens, sulfur)
 Identify 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols and alkyl halides
 Predict the products or reactants for following reactions:
 Draw alkanes as full, condensed, and skeletal
 Alcohol dehydration
 Alcohol oxidation
structures
 Bond angle around alkane carbons
 Sulfur oxidation
 Draw constitutional isomers and ID longest carbon
chain
 ID 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° carbons
 Name simple alkanes and cycloalkanes
 Predict products of combustion & balance reaction
equations





 Sulfur reduction
Understand the difference between Chiral and Achiral
molecules
Identify chiral centers
Draw the enantiomers & diastereomers of a chiral
molecule (using dashes & wedges to show geometry)
Draw fischer projections of chiral molecules
Explain the relevance of chiral centers in Biochemistry
Learning Objectives Chapter 16-20
 Nomenclature for aldehydes & ketones
 Identify structure and describe bonding of
aldehydes & ketones
 Aldehyde oxidation without alcohol oxidation



Acid-base chemistry of amines
Neurotransmitter amines
Amines and common drugs

Identify basic structure & function of lipids:
 Hydrolyzable Lipids:
 Waxes
 Triglycerols
 Phospholipids (and phospholipid
bilayers)
 Nonhydrolyzable Lipids
 Steroids
 Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
 Eicosanoids
 Addition reactions at C – O double bond
 Hemiacetal & acetal formation
 Identify cyclic hemiacetals
 Nomenclature for carboxylic acids, esters, & amides
 Identify and describe structure of carboxylic acids, esters
& amides
 Acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acids (think soap!)
 Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids

 Formation of esters

 Formation of amides
 Hydrolysis of acyl compounds
 Ester hydrolysis

 Amide hydrolysis
 Structure & formation of polyamides & polyesters

 Identify amines and describe bonding & structure
(1°, 2°, 3°)

 Nomenclature for amines

 Amine hydrogen bonding
 Alkaloids & Nitrogen heterocycles
Identify carbohydrates
Draw Fischer projections of carbohydrates
 Classify as D or L
 ID multiple chiral center and draw enantiomers
Draw common monosaccharides: glucose, galactose,
fructose
Draw cyclic monosaccharides & identify hemiacetal
  &  isomers
 draw Haworth projections
Reduction & oxidation of monosaccharides
Describe & draw polysaccharides
Learning Objectives Chapter 21-24
 The 20 common, naturally occurring Amino Acids
 stereochemistry
 acid/base chemistry
 Peptide Formation
 Proteins
 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
structure
 Hydrolysis and denaturation
 Enzymes: Catalysis & Inhibition
 Nucleosides & Nucleotides: structure
 DNA & RNA base pairs: names & structures
 Phosphate addition
 Nucleic Acids
 Formation & primary structure
 DNA double helix structure, hydrogen bonding
 Replication, Transcription, Translation
 RNA
 rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
 Genetic Code: codon & anticodon
 Protein Synthesis: initiation, elongation, termination
 Mutations
 Recombinant DNA: formation & use




Stages of Metabolism
ATP: structure, hydrolysis, & formation
Coupling reactions
Coenzymes
 NAD+ & NADH
 FAD & FADH2
 Coenzyme A
 Citric Acid Cycle: all 8 steps
 Electron Transport Chain
 ATP synthesis by Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Role in Metabolism of fatty acid oxidation,
glycolysis, & Amino acid catabolism
 Reactions catalyzed by: kinase, isomerase,
dehydrogenase, decarboxylase, carboxylase
 Glycolysis: steps & net reaction
 Pyruvate conversion to acetyl Coenzyme A
Functional
Groups
Overview
Hydrocarbon
Functional
Groups
Alkane
C−C
Alkene
C=C
Alkyne
C=C
Aromatic
5
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Functional
Groups
Overview
Alkyl
halides
Single Bond
to a
Heteroatom
Functional
Groups
Alcohols
Ethers
Amines
Thiols
6
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Functional
Groups
Overview
Aldehydes
Carbonyl
Functional
Groups
Carboxylic
Acids
Esters
Ketones
Amides
7
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkanes
Nomenclature
#
1
prefix +
prefix
6
4
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
5
parent +
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
What, where are the substituents?
Example: 2,4- dimethyl
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Example: hex
suffix
What is the functional group?
Example: ane
2,4-dimethylhexane
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
Cycloalkanes
Nomenclature
5
4
6
3
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
prefix + cyclo- + parent + suffix
prefix
What, where are the substituents?
Example: 1,3- dimethyl
parent
How many carbons in the ring?
Example: hex
suffix
What is the functional group?
Example: ane
1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
Alkenes & Alkynes
Nomenclature
#
1
prefix +
prefix
6
4
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
5
parent +
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
First give location and type of substituents
Second give location of double bond
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
How many of the functional group and
what is it?
Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
2,4-dimethyl 1,5- hexa diene
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 multiple bond the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkenes & Alkynes
Nomenclature
#
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
4
5
prefix +
prefix
parent +
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
First give location and type of substituents
Second give location of double bond
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
How many of the functional group and
what is it?
Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
4-methyl 2- pent yne
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
Cyclo Alkenes & Alkynes
Nomenclature
#
4
5
3
2
prefix +
prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
parent +
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
First give location and type of substituents
Second give location of double bond
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
How many of the functional group and
what is it?
Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne
3-methyl 1- cyclo pent ene
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
Aromatics: Benzene
Nomenclature
5
6
o-
1
2
4
m-
3
prefix +
parent
prefix
Give location, number, and type of
substituent. You can also replace location &
number with o, m, p
parent
“Benzene”
pPolysubstituted Benzenes:
1,2-dimethyl benzene
o-dimethyl benzene
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
1.
2.
3.
Number to give lowest #s around ring
Alphabetize substituents
If part of common root name the
molecule as a derivative of a
monosubstituted benzene with
common root at C1.
Alcohols
Nomenclature
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
OH
1
prefix +
prefix
6
4
2
3
5
parent +
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
First give location and type of substituents
Second give location of double bond
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
How many of the functional group and
what is it? Alcohol = “ol”
2-methyl 4-
hexan
ol
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
*Note: after the greek root of the parent use “an”, ie hexan
* Second Note: when we have more then 1 multiple bond the parent name has an “a” after the greek root: hexa 14
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Ethers
Nomenclature
#
1
O
prefix +
prefix
4
2
parent +
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
suffix
Use alkyl substitutant naming roots, but drop
the “yl” and use “oxy” for the simplest alkyl
group bonded to the ether oxygen.
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
Use alkane ending: ane
2-ethoxy but ane
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
Ether Group
Structure
Name
CH3Methoxy
CH3CH2Ethoxy
CH3CH2CH2Propoxy
CH3CH2CH2CH2Butyoxy
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Pentoxy
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexoxy
15
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Thiols
Nomenclature
#
5
3
prefix +
parent +
prefix
SH
2
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
Give location and type of substituents, then
give location of thiol group.
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
Hydrocarbon functional group suffix
+ “thiol”
2,4-dimethyl 1-
pent anethiol
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
16
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkyl Halides
Nomenclature
1
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
6
4
Cl
prefix +
3
5
parent +
suffix
prefix
Give location and type of substituents.
Replace “ine” in halide name with “o”, ie
Chlorine = chloro
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
suffix
What is the hydrocarbon functional
group? If alkane then “ane” suffix
2-chloro 4-methyl
hex
Halide
Cl
Br
F
I
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
Full Name
Chlorine
Bromine
Flourine
Iodine
Halide Group
Name
Chloro
Bromo
Flouro
Iodo
ane
17
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Aldehydes
Nomenclature
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
O
4
2
5
3
prefix +
parent +
prefix
1
suffix
Greek Straight Chain
Root Alkane Name
methane
meth
ethane
eth
propane
prop
butane
but
pentane
pent
hexane
hex
heptane
hept
octane
oct
nonane
non
decane
dec
First give location and type of substituents.
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Aldehyde @ C1, Ketone @ lowest # C
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Aldehyde = -al; Ketone = -one
2,4-dimethyl
petan al
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 aldehyde or ketone the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
18
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Ketones
Nomenclature
O
O
2
4
1
3
prefix +
prefix
parent +
6
5
suffix
• Ketone is C1 in cyclic ketones
• then number to make the
first substituent on the
smallest C #
• Common names for ketones:
• Name both alkyl groups
• Order alphabetically
• Add the work ketone
First give location and type of substituents.
Then the location of the ketone
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Aldehyde @ C1, Ketone @ lowest # C
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Aldehyde = -al; Ketone = -one
2,3 - hexa dione
#
Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkyl Group
Structure
Name
CH3methyl
CH3CH2ethyl
CH3CH2CH2propyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2pentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2hexyl
* Note: when we have more then 1 aldehyde or ketone the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex
19
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Carboxylic Acids
Nomenclature
O
4
5
2
3
1
OH
prefix +
parent +
Suffix
ane
ene
yne
ol
halide
thiol (SH)
aldehyde
ketone
Prefix
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
hydroxy
alkoxy
fluoro,
chloro,
bromo,
iodo
mercapto
formyl
oxo
amide
carbamoyl
amide
suffix
prefix
First give location and type of substituents.
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Carboxylic acid @ C1
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Carboxylic acid: “-oic acid”
2,4-dimethyl
Functional
Group
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alcohol (OH)
ether
petan
oic acid
thiol
al
one
oic acid
carboxylic
carboxylic acid
carboxy
acid
ester
oxycarbonyl
oate
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex 20
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Esters
Nomenclature
Functional
Group
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alcohol (OH)
ether
O
3
4
prefix +
1
2
parent +
O
Suffix
ane
ene
yne
ol
halide
thiol (SH)
aldehyde
ketone
Prefix
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
hydroxy
alkoxy
fluoro,
chloro,
bromo,
iodo
mercapto
formyl
oxo
amide
carbamoyl
amide
suffix
prefix
First give location and type of substituents.
Then give the name of the alky group bonded
to the ester functional group
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Carbonyl carbon @ C1
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Ester: “-oate”
methyl butan
oate
thiol
al
one
oic acid
carboxylic
carboxylic acid
carboxy
acid
ester
oxycarbonyl
oate
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex 21
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Amide
Nomenclature
O
3
4
1
2
N
H
H
prefix +
prefix
parent +
Suffix
ane
ene
yne
ol
halide
thiol (SH)
aldehyde
ketone
Prefix
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
hydroxy
alkoxy
fluoro,
chloro,
bromo,
iodo
mercapto
formyl
oxo
amide
carbamoyl
amide
suffix
First give location and type of substituents.
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Carbonyl carbon @ C1
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Amide: “-amide”
3-methyl butan
Functional
Group
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alcohol (OH)
ether
amide
thiol
al
one
oic acid
carboxylic
carboxylic acid
carboxy
acid
ester
oxycarbonyl
oate
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex 22
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Amide
Nomenclature
Functional
Group
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alcohol (OH)
ether
O
3
4
1
2
prefix +
prefix
parent +
N
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Carbonyl carbon @ C1
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Amide: “-amide”
butan
amide
carbamoyl
amide
suffix
Use “N” to indicate naming amide R groups
NN-dimethyl
Suffix
ane
ene
yne
ol
halide
thiol (SH)
aldehyde
ketone
Prefix
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
hydroxy
alkoxy
fluoro,
chloro,
bromo,
iodo
mercapto
formyl
oxo
amide
thiol
al
one
oic acid
carboxylic
carboxylic acid
carboxy
acid
ester
oxycarbonyl
oate
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex 23
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Amines
Nomenclature
3
4
prefix +
1
2
N
parent +
Suffix
ane
ene
yne
ol
halide
thiol (SH)
aldehyde
ketone
Prefix
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
hydroxy
alkoxy
fluoro,
chloro,
bromo,
iodo
mercapto
formyl
oxo
amide
carbamoyl
amide
amine
amino
amine
suffix
prefix
Give location and type of substituents.
Indicate naming the amine R groups with “N”
parent
How many carbons in longest chain?
Amine @ C1
suffix
What is the functional group? How many?
Amine = “amine”
N,N-dimethyl
Functional
Group
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alcohol (OH)
ether
butan
amine
thiol
al
one
oic acid
carboxylic
carboxylic acid
carboxy
acid
ester
oxycarbonyl
oate
* Note: when we have more then 1 functional group the parent name has an “a” added on: hexa instead of hex 24
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Nomenclature
Amines
Reactions
Summary
H
OH
2 eq ROH (alcohol)
H2SO4
RO
OR
H2O
Hydration
H2SO4
H
Dehydration
OH
H2SO4
H2O
Hydrolysis of
Acetals & Hemiacetals
RO
OR
H2O/H2SO4
Acetal & Hemiacetal
formation
H2O
ROH (alcohol)
H2SO4
Esterification
H2O
OR
HNR2
Amide Formation
Δ
Ester/Amide
Hydrolysis
NR2
H2O/H2SO4
NR2
Ester/Amide
Hydrolysis
H2O/NaOH
OR
O- Na+
Reactions
Summary
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Nucleophile
Nuc
H2SO4
HX
(X = Br or Cl)
Hydrohalogenation
[O]
Oxidation
Ag2O
Selective Oxidation
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrogenation
X
H
NH4OH
[O]
2 RSH
RS
SR
[H]
[H] or H2
Pd, Pt, or
Rh catalyst
RS
SR
2 RSH
Summary
Reactions
[H] or H2
Pd, Pt, or
Rh catalyst
Reduction
Cl
X2
Chlorination or
Bromination
FeX3
(X = Cl or Br)
NO2
HNO3
Nitration
H2SO4
SO3H
SO3
Sulfonation
H2SO4
Amine Acid/Base
HCl
NH3
NaOH
NH4
NH3
Drawing Chemical Structures
..
Lewis Dot Structures
Structural Formula or
Complete Structure
Structural Formula or
Complete Structure with
Geometry Indicated
Condensed Structure
Skeletal Structure
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H H
H
CH3CH2CH2=CH2
H
Alkanes
Longest Carbon Chain
1
2
1
1
2
3
3
4
3
4
2
5
4
5
6
5
6
7
Longest Carbon
Chain
30
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alkanes
1°, 2°, 3°, 4°
R
H
H
C
R
C
H
H
H
1°
2°
R
R
R
C
R
R
R
C
H
R
3°
4°
R
R = a Carbon atom
31
Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Alcohols
& Alkyl
Halides
1°, 2°, 3°
Structure
Amines
Structure
Amides
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
34
ISOMERS
Same chemical formula
Stereoisomers
Constitutional
Isomers
Spatial Isomers
Structural Isomers
Different connectivity between atoms
Different spatial arrangement of atoms but with
the same connectivity
Enantiomers
Diastereomers
Mirror images of a chiral molecule
that are not superimposable
All stereoisomers that are not mirror
images of one another
Cis/Trans
Isomers
Conformational
Isomers
Rotation around C-C single bonds
R
R
R
R
Chiral
Molecules
Fischer Projections
A Fischer Projection takes a 3D tetrahedral shape,
and re-draws it:
36
Smith. General Organic & Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Stereoisomers
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu
Multiple Chiral Centers
37
Ketones &
Aldehydes
Acetal Formation
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
38
Ketones &
Aldehydes
Acetal Hydrolysis
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
39
Carboxylic
Acids
Acid/Base Chemistry
Amines
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are compounds that
contain an amine.
Cocaine
Biochemistry
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine affects the
brain processes that
control
movement, emotions,
and pleasure
When norepinephrine
levels increase, a
person
feels elated, and then
manic if levels go too
high.
Serotonin is important
in mood, sleep,
perception,
and temperature
regulation.
Acetylcholine is a
quaternary
ammonium ion
that serves as a
neurotransmitter
between neurons
and muscle cells
Lipids
Categories of Lipids
Lipids
Categories of Lipids
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
generally have 3 to 6 C atoms in a
chain with an aldehyde or ketone
ending and many –OH groups.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Aldehyde
monosaccharides are
aldoses
ketone
monosaccharides are
ketoses.
45
Carbohydrates
D vs L Monosaccharides
The configuration of the chirality center farthest
from the carbonyl group determines whether
a monosaccharide is D or L.
All naturally occurring sugars are D sugars.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
46
Carbohydrates
Cyclic Monosaccharides
The C atom that is part of the hemiacetal is a new
chirality center, called the anomer carbon.
Haworth projections
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
47
Carbohydrates
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Disaccharides
48
Amino Acids
Basic Structure
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
49
Peptides
Amide Bond Formation
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
50
Proteins
1°, 2°, 3°, 4° Structure
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
51
Enzymes
Function
http://leavingbio.net/enzymes.htm
52
Enzymes
Inhibition
53
http://o.quizlet.com/i/WRLW8kdWLDOY1YZbEdKgyA_m.jpg
Nucleotides
Summary of Structure
54
Nucleic Acids
Definition
•Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of
nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
55
DNA
Base Pairs
The bases always
line up so that a
pyrimidine
derivative can
hydrogen bond to
a purine
derivative on the
other strand.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
56
RNA
Translation & Protein Synthesis
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
57
Mutations
Types
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
58
ADP/ATP
Hydrolysis & Phosphorylation
•This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−),
releasing 7.3 kcal/mol of energy.
•Phosphorylation is the reverse
reaction, where a phosphate group is
added to ADP, forming ATP requiring
7.3 kcal/mol of energy.
59
Coenzymes
Citric Acid
Cycle
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Overview
61
Electron
Transport
Definition
•The electron transport chain is a multistep
process using 4 enzyme complexes (I, II, III and IV)
located along the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
62
Metabolism
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
Steps
63
Biochemical
Rxns
Common Enzymes
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
64
Glycolysis
Energy Investment & Generation
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
65
Glycolysis
Overall Reaction
•2 ATPs are used in phase one of
glycolysis, and 4 ATPs are made in
phase two of glycolysis.
•The net result is the synthesis of 2
ATPs from glycolysis
•The 2 NADHs formed are made in
the cytoplasm and must be
transported to the mitochondria to
join the electron transport chain and
make ATP.
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
66
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Pyruvate can be converted into three possible
products depending on the conditions and the
organism.
under aerobic
conditions
under anaerobic
conditions
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
in fermentation
by microorganisms
67
Glycolysis
Smith, Janice Gorzynski. General, Organic,
& Biological Chemistry 2nd Ed.
ATP Yield
68