Chapter 14
Nutrition during
Pregnancy and
Lactation
Recommendations for Weight Gain
during Pregnancy
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Pattern of Weight Gain during Pregnancy
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Physical Activity during Pregnancy
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Discomforts of Pregnancy
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Physiological changes during pregnancy can
cause uncomfortable side effects for the
mother. These can include:
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Edema
Morning sickness
Heartburn
Constipation and hemorrhoids
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Complications of Pregnancy
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Pregnancy can cause complications for the
mother and the child. These can include:
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Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes
gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and
eclampsia
Gestational diabetes mellitus
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Nutritional Needs
of Pregnancy
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What is in a Prenatal Supplement?
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Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk
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Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk
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Micronutrient
Needs of
Pregnant Teens
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Fetal Development
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Physiology of Lactation
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Lactation involves the synthesis of milk components,
including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement
of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple.
Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first
days after delivery. Colostrum is rich in protein and
immune factors.
The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is
referred to as let-down.
The let-down of milk is triggered by the hormone
oxytocin.
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Maternal Nutrient Needs during
Lactation
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The need for nutrients is even greater during lactation
than during pregnancy.
Human milk contains about 160 kcalories per cup (240
ml).
The EER for lactation is estimated by adding the TEE
of nonlactating women and the energy in the milk and
then subtracting the energy supplied by maternal fat
sources.
Lactating women require approximately an additional
liter of fluid a day.
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Nutritional Needs of Infants
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Assessing
Infant Growth
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Comparing Breast Milk and Formula
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Chapter 15
Nutrition from
Infancy to
Adolescence
What are Children in the US Eating?
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Diet-Related Disease Conditions in
Children
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High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets
combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead
to the following:
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Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Elevated serum cholesterol
Heart disease
Hypertension
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Monitoring
Children’s
Growth
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Monitoring
Children’s
Growth
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Energy and
Protein Needs
for Children
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Typical Meal Patterns for Infants
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Food Allergies and Food Intolerances
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Food allergies are more common in infants than adults.
Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the
immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen.
Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives,
cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many
others.
Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24
hours.
Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening.
Food intolerances do not cause antibody production.
Food intolerances create problems during digestion.
Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an
example.
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MyPyramid for Kids
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Meal Patterns for Children of Different
Ages
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Healthy Snacks for Young Children
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Nutrition and Health Concerns in
Children
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A number of diet and lifestyle factors put
children at risk for illness and malnutrition.
They can include:
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Dental caries
Lead toxicity
Hyperactivity
Childhood obesity
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Preventing Childhood Obesity
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The “Saturday Morning Pyramid”
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Fitness for Children
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Lean Body
Mass in
Adolescent
Males Versus
Females
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Dietary Concerns for Teenagers
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Dietary Concerns for Adolescents
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Adolescence is a time of independence and
changed behaviors. Dietary choices in
adolescence can lead to nutrient
deficiencies. Adolescents may be making
decisions about:
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Vegetarianism
Eating for appearance and/or performance
Smoking
Alcohol use
Oral contraceptive use
Teenage pregnancy
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Chapter 16
Nutrition and Aging:
The Adult Years
Life Expectancy in the United States
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How Long Can You Expect to be
Healthy?
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What Causes Aging?
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As organisms become older, the number of cells they
contain decreases and the function of the remaining
cells declines.
As tissues and organs lose cells, the ability of the
organism to maintain homeostasis decreases.
Loss of cells occurs throughout life but is not felt for a
long time, as organisms begin with reserve capacity.
In young adults, the reserve capacity of organs is four
to ten times that required to sustain life.
As a person ages, reserve capacity decreases and the
effects of aging become evident.
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What Affects the Rate of Aging?
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Nutrient Needs for Older Adults
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Factors that Increase the Risk of
Malnutrition
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Consequences of Malnutrition
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Physiological Changes that Occur with
Aging
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It is difficult to determine which changes that occur as
we age are inevitable and which can be attributed to
disease states. Some of the changes seen in aging can
include:
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Sensory decline
Macular degeneration
Cataracts
Periodontal disease
Atrophic gastritis
Decline in size and functioning of liver and kidneys
Increase in body fat, decrease in lean body tissue
Reduced hormone levels
Decrease in mobility
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
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Nutrient and Drug Interactions
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Nutrient and Drug Interactions
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Keeping Older Adults Healthy
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There are a variety of social and economic
changes that often accompany aging. These
factors are interrelated and can affect
nutritional status by decreasing the
motivation to shop for, prepare and enjoy
food and beverages.
These changes can include:
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Income level
Dependent living
Depression
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Keeping Older Adults Healthy
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Keeping Older Adults Healthy
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Physical Activity for Older Adults
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Warning Signs of Malnutrition in
Older Adults
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National
Nutrition
Programs for
Older Adults
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