1. Douglas Fir
“Christmas tree”, erect branches
BUD
Douglas Fir 1 of 3 dominant trees, needles go all around
the stem, cones with ‘rat tails’, pointed buds
Western Hemlock
Needles of 2 different lengths, flat spray, drooping
top = Western Hemlock
2. Western Red Cedar
Western Red
Cedar,
1 of 3 codominants in
PNW,
Wetlands, scalelike leaves,
Tiny cones
Bigleaf Maple
“5 fingers”
flowers
Branching Patterns
All Maples have Opposite Branching Patterns
Winged
seeds
Vine Maple
Opposite branching 7-9 “fingers”
Black Cottonwood
Black
Cottonwoods live
to about 100
years, and may
drop their heavy
branches at any
time, hence their
nickname
“Widowmakers.”
Pacific or Coast Rhododendron
Washington State Flower
Rhododendron
dull evergreen
leaf
Red Alder: deciduous tree,
simple leaves, wetlands
Red Alder –
Alternate branching, simple leaves
Pacific
Madrone
Likes drier
Sunny
spots,
Many have
a fungal
disease.
Willows
• Wetlands,
facultative
• Salicylic acid
• Waxy or hairy
leaves
• Good for
restoration as
broken stems reroot
Pacific Willow
Native Wetland
shrubs
Piper's Willow
Pacific
Willow
Pacific Willow with
flowering catkins
SHRUBS
Salal Shrub, native, evergreen, simple leaf,
alternate branching, edible berries!
Oregon Grape
Shrub, compound
evergreen leaf
Wild Rose/ Nooka Rose,
shrub, compound leaf,
alternate branching
Wild Rose with ‘rose hips’
Wild Strawberry Native, Rose family
Salmonberry Rubus
sp. Native, rose family
Salmonberry, edible fruit
Rubus sp. Native
“Evil” Himalayan
Blackberry, rose family
invasive non-native,
compound 5-part leaflet,
big thorns
Goats: Living Weed Eaters
Instead of herbicides, some
people turn to goats to clear
properties of invasive weeds.
Japanese
Knotweed,
invasive nonnative
Ocean Spray
Native, alternate
branching,
simple leaf
Ocean
Spray
Goatsbeard
Elderberry
compound
leaves,
opposite
branching
Ninebark
Alternate
branching,
simple
leaves!
Red flowering current
HERBS
Oxalis
Skunk Cabbage
Native Obligate wetland species.
Height: 1-5 feet
Bleeding Heart
English Ivy - Invasive
non-native, climbing
trees
Reed canary grass
Reed canary grass is an invasive species in wetlands, three to six feet in
height. It forms dense, single species stands that pose a major threat to
many wetland ecosystems. The species grows so vigorously that it is able
to inhibit and eliminate competing species .
Ferns and
other spore
reproducing
plants + lichens
Swordfern likes upland soils, but maybe
found near wetlands on a hummock of
higher ground.
The dots under the Swordfern leaves are spores
Horsetails
Wetlands
Whorled
branching
Spores for
reproduction
Lichenssymbiosis of algae
+ fungi
the grey flakey
stuff growing on
the tree branches
or on rocks
Sometimes lichens
grow on rocks!